Pharmacology of Hydrogen Sulfide and Its Donors in Cardiometabolic Diseases.

Cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs) are major contributors to global mortality, emphasizing the critical need for novel therapeutic interventions. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has garnered enormous attention as a significant gasotransmitter with various physiological, pathophysiological, and pharmacological impacts within mammalian cardiometabolic systems. In addition to its roles in attenuating oxidative stress and inflammatory response, burgeoning research emphasizes the significance of H2S in regulating proteins via persulfidation, a well known modification intricately associated with the pathogenesis of CMDs. This review seeks to investigate recent updates on the physiological actions of endogenous H2S and the pharmacological roles of various H2S donors in addressing diverse aspects of CMDs across cellular, animal, and clinical studies. Of note, advanced methodologies, including multiomics, intestinal microflora analysis, organoid, and single-cell sequencing techniques, are gaining traction due to their ability to offer comprehensive insights into biomedical research. These emerging approaches hold promise in characterizing the pharmacological roles of H2S in health and diseases. We will critically assess the current literature to clarify the roles of H2S in diseases while also delineating the opportunities and challenges they present in H2S-based pharmacotherapy for CMDs. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This comprehensive review covers recent developments in H2S biology and pharmacology in cardiometabolic diseases CMDs. Endogenous H2S and its donors show great promise for the management of CMDs by regulating numerous proteins and signaling pathways. The emergence of new technologies will considerably advance the pharmacological research and clinical translation of H2S.

Deficiency of neutral cholesterol ester hydrolase 1 (NCEH1) impairs endothelial function in diet-induced diabetic mice.

BACKGROUND: Neutral cholesterol ester hydrolase 1 (NCEH1) plays a critical role in the regulation of cholesterol ester metabolism. Deficiency of NCHE1 accelerated atherosclerotic lesion formation in mice. Nonetheless, the role of NCEH1 in endothelial dysfunction associated with diabetes has not been explored. The present study sought to investigate whether NCEH1 improved endothelial function in diabetes, and the underlying mechanisms were explored. METHODS: The expression and activity of NCEH1 were determined in obese mice with high-fat diet (HFD) feeding, high glucose (HG)-induced mouse aortae or primary endothelial cells (ECs). Endothelium-dependent relaxation (EDR) in aortae response to acetylcholine (Ach) was measured. RESULTS: Results showed that the expression and activity of NCEH1 were lower in HFD-induced mouse aortae, HG-exposed mouse aortae ex vivo, and HG-incubated primary ECs. HG exposure reduced EDR in mouse aortae, which was exaggerated by endothelial-specific deficiency of NCEH1, whereas NCEH1 overexpression restored the impaired EDR. Similar results were observed in HFD mice. Mechanically, NCEH1 ameliorated the disrupted EDR by dissociating endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) from caveolin-1 (Cav-1), leading to eNOS activation and nitric oxide (NO) release. Moreover, interaction of NCEH1 with the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase ZNRF1 led to the degradation of Cav-1 through the ubiquitination pathway. Silencing Cav-1 and upregulating ZNRF1 were sufficient to improve EDR of diabetic aortas, while overexpression of Cav-1 and downregulation of ZNRF1 abolished the effects of NCEH1 on endothelial function in diabetes. Thus, NCEH1 preserves endothelial function through increasing NO bioavailability secondary to the disruption of the Cav-1/eNOS complex in the endothelium of diabetic mice, depending on ZNRF1-induced ubiquitination of Cav-1. CONCLUSIONS: NCEH1 may be a promising candidate for the prevention and treatment of vascular complications of diabetes.

Vaccarin suppresses diabetic nephropathy through inhibiting the EGFR/ERK1/2 signaling pathway.

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is recognized as one of the primary causes of chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease. Vaccarin (VAC) confers favorable effects on cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Nonetheless, the potential role and mechanism of VAC in the etiology of DN have yet to be completely elucidated. In this study, a classical mouse model of T2DM is experimentally induced via a high-fat diet (HFD)/streptozocin (STZ) regimen. Renal histological changes are assessed via H&E staining. Masson staining and immunohistochemistry (IHC) are employed to assess renal fibrosis. RT-PCR is utilized to quantify the mRNA levels of renal fibrosis, oxidative stress and inflammation markers. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), as well as the content of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), are measured. The protein expressions of collagen I, TGF-ß1, α-SMA, E-cadherin, Nrf2, catalase, SOD3, SOD2, SOD1, p-ERK, p-EGFR (Y845), p-EGFR (Y1173), p-NFκB P65, t-ERK, t-EGFR and t-NFκB P65 are detected by western blot analysis. Our results reveal that VAC has a beneficial effect on DN mice by improving renal function and mitigating histological damage. This is achieved through its inhibition of renal fibrosis, inflammatory cytokine overproduction, and ROS generation. Moreover, VAC treatment effectively suppresses the process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a crucial characteristic of renal fibrosis, in high glucose (HG)-induced HK-2 cells. Network pharmacology analysis and molecular docking identify epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) as a potential target for VAC. Amino acid site mutations reveal that Lys-879, Ile-918, and Ala-920 of EGFR may mediate the direct binding of VAC to EGFR. In support of these findings, VAC reduces the phosphorylation levels of both EGFR and its downstream mediator, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), in diabetic kidneys and HG-treated HK-2 cells. Notably, blocking either EGFR or ERK1/2 yields renal benefits similar to those observed with VAC treatment. Therefore, this study reveals that VAC attenuates renal damage via inactivation of the EGFR/ERK1/2 signaling axis in T2DM patients.

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Acute kidney injury (AKI) remains a global public health problem with high incidence, high mortality rates, expensive medical costs, and limited treatment options. AKI can further progress to chronic kidney disease (CKD) and eventually end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Previous studies have shown that trauma, adverse drug reactions, surgery, and other factors are closely associated with AKI. With further in-depth exploration, the role of gut microbiota in AKI is gradually revealed. After AKI occurs, there are changes in the composition of gut microbiota, leading to disruption of the intestinal barrier, intestinal immune response, and bacterial translocation. Meanwhile, metabolites of gut microbiota can exacerbate the progression of AKI. Therefore, elucidating the specific mechanisms by which gut microbiota is involved in the occurrence and development of AKI can provide new insights from the perspective of intestinal microbiota for the prevention and treatment of AKI.

Myricetin-induced suicidal erythrocyte death.

BACKGROUND: Myricetin, a type of flavonol commonly found in fruits and herbs, has demonstrated anticancer properties by triggering the process of apoptosis or programmed cell death in tumor cells. Despite the absence of mitochondria and nuclei, erythrocytes can undergo programmed cell death, also known as eryptosis.This process is characterized by cell shrinkage, externalization of phosphatidylserine (PS) on the cell membrane, and the formation of membrane blebs. The signaling of eryptosis involves Ca2+ influx, the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the accumulation of cell surface ceramide. The present study explored the effects of myricetin on eryptosis. METHODS AND RESULTS: Human erythrocytes were exposed to various concentrations of myricetin (2-8 µM) for 24 h. Flow cytometry was used to assess the markers of eryptosis, including PS exposure, cellular volume, cytosolic Ca2+ concentration, and ceramide accumulation. In addition, the levels of intracellular ROS were measured using the 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFDA) assay. The myricetin-treated (8 µM) erythrocytes significantly increased Annexin-positive cells, Fluo-3 fluorescence intensity, DCF fluorescence intensity, and the accumulation of ceramide. The impact of myricetin on the binding of annexin-V was significantly reduced, but not completely eliminated, by the nominal removal of extracellular Ca2+. CONCLUSION: Myricetin triggers eryptosis, which is accompanied and, at least in part, caused by Ca2+ influx, oxidative stress and increase of ceramide abundance.

Requirement of Na+/H+ Exchanger NHE1 for Vasopressin-Induced Osteogenic Signaling and Calcification in Human Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Vasopressin is a powerful stimulator of vascular calcification, augmenting osteogenic signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) including upregulation of transcription factors such as core-binding factor α-1 (CBFA1), msh homeobox 2 (MSX2), and SRY-Box 9 (SOX9), as well as of tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (ALPL). Vasopressin-induced osteogenic signaling and calcification require the serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1 (SGK1). Known effects of SGK1 include upregulation of Na+/H+ exchanger 1 (NHE1). NHE1 further participates in the regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). NHE1 has been shown to participate in the orchestration of bone mineralization. The present study, thus, explored whether vasopressin modifies NHE1 expression and ROS generation, as well as whether pharmacological inhibition of NHE1 disrupts vasopressin-induced osteogenic signaling and calcification in VSMCs. METHODS: Human aortic smooth muscle cells (HAoSMCs) were treated with vasopressin in the absence or presence of SGK1 silencing, SGK1 inhibitor GSK-650394, and NHE1 blocker cariporide. Transcript levels were determined by using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, protein abundance by Western blotting, ROS generation with 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate fluorescence, and ALP activity and calcium content by using colorimetric assays. RESULTS: Vasopressin significantly enhanced the NHE1 transcript and protein levels in HAoSMCs, effects significantly blunted by SGK1 inhibition with GSK-650394 or SGK1 silencing. Vasopressin increased ROS accumulation, an effect significantly blocked by the NHE1 inhibitor cariporide. Vasopressin further significantly increased osteogenic markers CBFA1, MSX2, SOX9, and ALPL transcript levels, as well as ALP activity and calcium content in HAoSMCs, all effects significantly blunted by SGK1 silencing or in the presence of GSK-650394 or cariporide. CONCLUSION: Vasopressin stimulates NHE1 expression and ROS generation, an effect dependent on SGK1 and required for vasopressin-induced stimulation of osteogenic signaling and calcification of VSMCs.

Synthesis and evaluation of novel fluorinated hematoporphyrin ether derivatives for photodynamic therapy.

A photosensitizer with high phototoxicity, suitable amphipathy and low dark toxicity could play a pivotal role in photodynamic therapy (PDT). In this study, a facile and versatile approach was adopted to synthesize a series of novel fluorinated hematoporphyrin ether derivatives (I1-I5 and II1-II4), and the photodynamic activities of these compounds were studied. Compared to hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether (HMME), all PSs showed preferable photodynamic activity against A549 lung tumor cells. The longest visible absorption wavelength of these compounds was approximately 622 nm. Among them, II3 revealed the highest singlet oxygen yield (0.0957 min-1), the strongest phototoxicity (IC50 = 1.24 µM), the lowest dark toxicity in vitro, and exhibited excellent anti-tumor effects in vivo. So compound II3 could act as new drug candidate for photodynamic therapy.

Tuberculosis-related stigma and its determinants in Dalian, Northeast China: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: The stigma of tuberculosis (TB) poses a significant challenge to TB control because it leads to delayed diagnosis and non-adherence. However, few studies on TB-related stigma have been completed in China. The aim of the current study was to explore the status of TB-related stigma and its associated predictive factors among TB patients in Dalian, Northeast China. METHODS: An institution-based, cross-sectional survey was conducted among outpatients at Dalian Tuberculosis Hospital in Liaoning Province, Northeast China. Data were collected by using a questionnaire that measured TB-related stigma, treatment status, anxiety, social support, doctor-patient communication and so on. A multiple linear regression model was used to determine the predictors of TB-related stigma. RESULTS: A total of 601 eligible participants were recruited. The mean score for TB-related stigma was 9.07, and the median score was 10. The average scores for anxiety, social support and doctor-patient communication were 4.03, 25.41 and 17.17, respectively. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that patients who were female (ß = 1.19, 95% CI: 0.38-2.01, P < 0.05), had self-assessed moderate or severe disease (ß = 1.08, 95% CI: 0.12-2.03 and ß = 1.36, 95% CI: 0.03-2.70, respectively, P < 0.05), and had anxiety (ß = 0.38, 95% CI: 0.30-0.46, P < 0.001) were more likely to have a greater level of TB-related stigma than their counterparts. However, a significantly lower level of TB-related stigma was observed in patients with good social support (ß = - 0.25, 95% CI: - 0.33--0.17, P < 0.001) and doctor-patient communication (ß = - 0.14, 95% CI: - 0.29--0.00, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that stigma among TB patients was high. Targeted attention should be paid to female patients and patients with moderate or severe disease in TB stigma-related interventions. Moreover, the important role of social support and doctor-patient communication in reducing TB-related stigma should also be emphasized.

Effect of MgCl2 and GdCl3 on ORAI1 Expression and Store-Operated Ca2+ Entry in Megakaryocytes.

In chronic kidney disease, hyperphosphatemia upregulates the Ca2+ channel ORAI and its activating Ca2+ sensor STIM in megakaryocytes and platelets. ORAI1 and STIM1 accomplish store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) and play a key role in platelet activation. Signaling linking phosphate to upregulation of ORAI1 and STIM1 includes transcription factor NFAT5 and serum and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase SGK1. In vascular smooth muscle cells, the effect of hyperphosphatemia on ORAI1/STIM1 expression and SOCE is suppressed by Mg2+ and the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) agonist Gd3+. The present study explored whether sustained exposure to Mg2+ or Gd3+ interferes with the phosphate-induced upregulation of NFAT5, SGK1, ORAI1,2,3, STIM1,2 and SOCE in megakaryocytes. To this end, human megakaryocytic Meg-01 cells were treated with 2 mM ß-glycerophosphate for 24 h in the absence and presence of either 1.5 mM MgCl2 or 50 µM GdCl3. Transcript levels were estimated utilizing q-RT-PCR, protein abundance by Western blotting, cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) by Fura-2 fluorescence and SOCE from the increase in [Ca2+]i following re-addition of extracellular Ca2+ after store depletion with thapsigargin (1 µM). As a result, Mg2+ and Gd3+ upregulated CaSR and blunted or virtually abolished the phosphate-induced upregulation of NFAT5, SGK1, ORAI1,2,3, STIM1,2 and SOCE in megakaryocytes. In conclusion, Mg2+ and the CaSR agonist Gd3+ interfere with phosphate-induced dysregulation of [Ca2+]i in megakaryocytes.

Stimulation of ORAI1 expression, store-operated Ca2+ entry, and osteogenic signaling by high glucose exposure of human aortic smooth muscle cells.

Diabetes and chronic kidney disease (CKD) both trigger vascular osteogenic signaling and calcification leading to early death by cardiovascular events. Osteogenic signaling involves upregulation of the transcription factors CBFA1, MSX2, and SOX9, as well as alkaline phosphatase (ALP), an enzyme fostering calcification by degrading the calcification inhibitor pyrophosphate. In CKD, osteogenic signaling is triggered by hyperphosphatemia, which upregulates the serum and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase SGK1, a strong stimulator of the Ca2+-channel ORAI1. The channel is activated by STIM1 and accomplishes store-operated Ca2+-entry (SOCE). The present study explored whether exposure of human aortic smooth muscle cells (HAoSMCs) to high extracellular glucose concentrations similarly upregulates ORAI1 and/or STIM1 expression, SOCE, and osteogenic signaling. To this end, HAoSMCs were exposed to high extracellular glucose concentrations (15 mM, 24 h) without or with additional exposure to the phosphate donor ß-glycerophosphate. Transcript levels were estimated using qRT-PCR, protein abundance using Western blotting, ALP activity using a colorimetric assay kit, calcium deposits utilizing Alizarin red staining, cytosolic Ca2+-concentration ([Ca2+]i) by Fura-2-fluorescence, and SOCE from increase of [Ca2+]i following re-addition of extracellular Ca2+ after store depletion with thapsigargin (1 µM). As a result, glucose enhanced the transcript levels of SGK1 and ORAI1, ORAI2, and STIM2, protein abundance of ORAI1, SOCE, the transcript levels of CBFA1, MSX2, SOX9, and ALPL, as well as calcium deposits. Moreover, glucose significantly augmented the stimulating effect of ß-glycerophosphate on transcript levels of SGK1 and ORAI1, SOCE, the transcript levels of osteogenic markers, as well as calcium deposits. ORAI1 inhibitor MRS1845 (10 µM) significantly blunted the glucose-induced upregulation of the CBFA1 and MSX2 transcript levels. In conclusion, the hyperglycemia of diabetes stimulates expression of SGK1 and ORAI1, thus, augmenting store-operated Ca2+-entry and osteogenic signaling in HAoSMCs.

Reversal of phosphate-induced ORAI1 expression, store-operated Ca2+ entry and osteogenic signaling by MgCl2 in human aortic smooth muscle cells.

In chronic kidney disease, renal phosphate retention leads to hyperphosphatemia with subsequent vascular osteogenic signaling and calcification. Osteogenic signaling involves up-regulation of the transcription factors CBFA1, MSX2, and SOX9, as well as alkaline phosphatase (ALP), an enzyme stimulating calcification by degrading the calcification inhibitor pyrophosphate. Stimulation of osteogenic signaling and calcification by phosphate donor ß-glycerophosphate in human aortic smooth muscle cells (HAoSMCs) is attenuated by MgCl2, an effect mimicked by Ca2+-sensing receptor agonist GdCl3. Most recent observations revealed that the effect of ß-glycerophosphate on osteogenic signaling requires ORAI1, a Ca2+-channel accomplishing store-operated Ca2+-entry (SOCE), which is stimulated by Ca2+-sensor STIM1. The present study explored whether ORAI1 and/or STIM1 expression and, thus, SOCE and osteogenic signaling in HAoSMCs are sensitive to MgCl2 and/or GdCl3. To this end, transcript levels were estimated using q-RT-PCR, protein abundance with western blotting, cytosolic Ca2+-concentration ([Ca2+]i) by Fura-2-fluorescence, and SOCE from increase of [Ca2+]i following re-addition of extracellular Ca2+ after store depletion with thapsigargin (1  µM). As a result, 24 h exposure to ß-glycerophosphate (2 mM) significantly enhanced transcript levels of ORAI1 and STIM1 as well as SOCE, effects significantly blunted or virtually abrogated by 1.5 mM MgCl2 and by 50  µM GdCl3. In conclusion, MgCl2 and GdCl3 are powerful inhibitors of ORAI1 and STIM1 expression and store-operated Ca2+-entry, effects affecting osteogenic signalling in vascular smooth muscle cells.

The effects of family, society and national policy support on treatment adherence among newly diagnosed tuberculosis patients: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Non-adherence to tuberculosis (TB) treatment is the most important cause of poor TB outcomes, and improving support for TB patients is a primary priority for governments, but there has been little research on the effects of family, social and national policy support factors on TB treatment adherence. The current study evaluated treatment adherence among newly diagnosed TB patients in Dalian, north-eastern China, and determined the effects of family, society, and national policy support factors on treatment adherence. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among newly diagnosed TB patients treated at the outpatient department of Dalian Tuberculosis Hospital from September 2019 to January 2020. Data were collected using a questionnaire that measured medication adherence, family support, social support, and national policy support and so on. Differences between groups were assessed using Chi-square tests and Fisher's exact tests. Ordinal logistic regression analysis was used to determine the predictors of adherence. RESULTS: A total of 481 newly diagnosed TB patients were recruited, of whom 45.7% had good adherence, and 27.4 and 26.8% had moderate and low adherence, respectively. Patients who had family members who frequently supervised medication (OR:0.34, 95% CI:0.16-0.70), family members who often provided spiritual encouragement (OR:0.13, 95% CI:0.02-0.72), a good doctor-patient relationship (OR:0.61, 95% CI:0.40-0.93), more TB-related knowledge (OR:0.49, 95% CI:0.33-0.72) and a high need for TB treatment policy support (OR:0.38, 95% CI:0.22-0.66) had satisfactory medication adherence. However, patients who had a college degree or higher (OR:1.69, 95% CI:1.04-2.74) and who suffered adverse drug reactions (OR:1.45, 95% CI:1.00-2.11) were more likely to have lower adherence. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggested that non-adherence was high in newly diagnosed TB patients. Patients who had family members who frequently supervised medication and provided spiritual encouragement and a good doctor-patient relationship and TB-related knowledge and a high need for policy support contributed to high adherence. It is recommended to strengthen medical staff training and patient and family health education and to increase financial support for improving adherence.

Protective Effects and Mechanisms of Vaccarin on Vascular Endothelial Dysfunction in Diabetic Angiopathy.

Cardiovascular complications are a major leading cause of mortality in patients suffering from type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Vascular endothelial dysfunction is a core pathophysiological event in the early stage of T2DM and eventually leads to cardiovascular disease. Vaccarin (VAC), an active flavonoid glycoside extracted from vaccariae semen, exhibits extensive biological activities including vascular endothelial cell protection effects. However, little is known about whether VAC is involved in endothelial dysfunction regulation under high glucose (HG) or hyperglycemia conditions. Here, in an in vivo study, we found that VAC attenuated increased blood glucose, increased glucose and insulin tolerance, relieved the disorder of lipid metabolism and oxidative stress, and improved endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation in STZ/HFD-induced T2DM mice. Furthermore, in cultured human microvascular endothelial cell-1 (HMEC-1) cells, we showed that pretreatment with VAC dose-dependently increased nitric oxide (NO) generation and the phosphorylation of eNOS under HG conditions. Mechanistically, VAC-treated HMEC-1 cells exhibited higher AMPK phosphorylation, which was attenuated by HG stimulation. Moreover, HG-triggered miRNA-34a upregulation was inhibited by VAC pretreatment, which is in accordance with pretreatment with AMPK inhibitor compound C (CC). In addition, both reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) and VAC abolished HG-evoked dephosphorylation of AMPK and eNOS, increased miRNA-34a expression, and decreased NO production. These results suggest that VAC impedes HG-induced endothelial dysfunction via inhibition of the ROS/AMPK/miRNA-34a/eNOS signaling cascade.

Vaccarin administration ameliorates hypertension and cardiovascular remodeling in renovascular hypertensive rats.

Sympathetic overdrive, activation of renin angiotensin systems (RAS), and oxidative stress are vitally involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension and cardiovascular remodeling. We recently identified that vaccarin protected endothelial cell function from oxidative stress or high glucose. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether vaccarin attenuated hypertension and cardiovascular remodeling. Two-kidney one-clip (2K1C) model rats were used, and low dose of vaccarin (10 mg/kg), high dose of vaccarin (30 mg/kg), captopril (30 mg/kg) were intraperitoneally administrated. Herein, we showed that 2K1C rats exhibited higher systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), left ventricular mass/body weight ratio, myocardial hypertrophy or fibrosis, media thickness, and media thickness to lumen diameter, which were obviously alleviated by vaccarin and captopril. In addition, both vaccarin and captopril abrogated the increased plasma renin, angiotensin II (Ang II), norepinephrine (NE), and the basal sympathetic activity. The AT1R protein expressions, NADPH oxidase subunit NOX-2 protein levels and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were significantly increased, whereas superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities were decreased in myocardium, aorta, and mesenteric artery of 2K1C rats, both vaccarin and captopril treatment counteracted these changes in renovascular hypertensive rats. Collectively, we concluded that vaccarin may be a novel complementary therapeutic medicine for the prevention and treatment of hypertension. The mechanisms for antihypertensive effects of vaccarin may be associated with inhibition of sympathetic activity, RAS, and oxidative stress.

Interactions of TLR4 and PPARγ, Dependent on AMPK Signalling Pathway Contribute to Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Vaccariae Hypaphorine in Endothelial Cells.

Background /Aims: Accumulating evidence indicates that endothelial inflammation is one of the critical determinants in pathogenesis of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Our previous studies had demonstrated that Vaccariae prevented high glucose or oxidative stress-triggered endothelial dysfunction in vitro. Very little is known about the potential effects of hypaphorine from Vaccariae seed on inflammatory response in endothelial cells. METHODS: In the present study, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of Vaccariae hypaphorine (VH) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged endothelial EA.hy926 cells. The inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) and vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) were measured by real-time PCR (RT-PCR). The expressions of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) were detected by Western blotting or immunofluorescence. RESULTS: We showed that LPS stimulated the expressions of TNF-α, IL-1ß, MCP-1, VCAM-1 and TLR4, but attenuated the phosphorylation of AMPK and ACC as well as PPARγ protein levels, which were reversed by VH pretreatment. Moreover, we observed that LPS-upregulated TLR4 protein expressions were inhibited by PPARγ agonist pioglitazone, and the downregulated PPARγ expressions in response to LPS were partially restored by knockdown of TLR4. The negative regulation loop between TLR4 and PPARγ response to LPS was modulated by AMPK agonist AICAR (5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide riboside or acadesine) or A769662. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, our results suggested that VH ameliorated LPS-induced inflammatory cytokines production in endothelial cells via inhibition of TLR4 and activation of PPARγ, dependent on AMPK signalling pathway.

Salusin-ß mediates high glucose-induced endothelial injury via disruption of AMPK signaling pathway.

The dysregulated proliferation, migration, apoptosis and angiogenesis of endothelial cells are involved in diabetic endothelial dysfunction. The circulating salusin-ß levels were increased in diabetic patients, and salusin-ß contributes to diabetic cardiomyopathy in rats. However, the roles of salusin-ß in diabetes mellitus-induced endothelial dysfunction are not fully understood. Herein, we demonstrated the increased expressions of salusin-ß in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) cultured in HG medium. Exposure of HUVECs to HG inhibited the proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis, retarded cell cycle progression of endothelial cells, which were rescued by knockdown of salusin-ß. We also established that silencing of salusin-ß with adenoviruse-mediated shRNA reduced high glucose-induced apoptosis by up-regulating Bcl-2 expression and down-regulating Bax and caspase-3 expressions. Blockade of salusin-ß ameliorated HG-induced suppression of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway. Of note, pretreatment with AMPK inhibitor Compound C abolished salusin-ß silencing-mediated endothelial protective effects. In summary, our results highlighted the involvement of salusin-ß in HG-related endothelial dysfunction, and salusin-ß contributed high glucose-induced endothelial injury via inactivation of AMPK signaling pathway.

Vaccaria hypaphorine alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation via inactivation of NFκB and ERK pathways in Raw 264.7 cells.

BACKGROUND: Activation of macrophage is involved in many inflammation diseases. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a powerful inflammatory signal contributing to monocytes/macrophages activation associated with increased proinflammatory cytokines expressions. We recently identified that vaccarin was expected to protect endothelial cells from injury. Hypaphorine was abundantly found in vaccaria semen. However, the potential roles and underlying mechanisms of vaccaria hypaphorine on macrophage inflammation have been poorly defined. METHODS: This study was designed to determine the effects of vaccaria hypaphorine on LPS-mediated inflammation in RAW 264.7 cells. RESULTS: In this study, we demonstrated that vaccaria hypaphorine dramatically ameliorated LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) release and productions of proinflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), IL-6, IL-10, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in RAW 264.7 cells. LPS-stimulated expressions of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were down-regulated by vaccaria hypaphorine. Furthermore, vaccaria hypaphorine retarded LPS-induced phosphorylation of ERK, nuclear factor kappa beta (NFκB), NFκB inhibitor IκBα, and IKKß. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that vaccaria hypaphorine eliminated the nuclear translocation of NFκB in LPS-treated RAW 264.7 cells. CONCLUSION: It was seen that vaccaria hypaphorine counteracted inflammation via inhibition of ERK or/and NFκB signaling pathways. Collectively, we concluded that vaccaria hypaphorine can be served as an anti-inflammatory candidate.

Hypaphorine Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Endothelial Inflammation via Regulation of TLR4 and PPAR-γ Dependent on PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signal Pathway.

Endothelial lesion response to injurious stimuli is a necessary step for initiating inflammatory cascades in blood vessels. Hypaphorine (Hy) from different marine sources is shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory properties. However, the potential roles and possible molecular mechanisms of Hy in endothelial inflammation have yet to be fully clarified. We showed that Hy significantly inhibited the positive effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on pro-inflammatory cytokines expressions, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) and vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), as well as induction of the phosphorylation of Akt and mTOR in HMEC-1 cells. The downregulated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ) and upregulated toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expressions in LPS-challenged endothelial cells were prevented by Hy. Inhibition of both PI3K and mTOR reversed LPS-stimulated increases in TLR4 expressions and decreases in PPAR-γ levels. Genetic silencing of TLR4 or PPAR-γ agonist pioglitazone obviously abrogated the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in LPS-treated HMEC-1 cells. These results suggest that Hy may exert anti-inflammatory actions through the regulation of TLR4 and PPAR-γ dependent on PI3K/Akt/mTOR signal pathways. Hy may be considered as a therapeutic agent that can potentially relieve or ameliorate endothelial inflammation-associated diseases.

C1q/TNF-Related Protein-9 Ameliorates Ox-LDL-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction via PGC-1α/AMPK-Mediated Antioxidant Enzyme Induction.

Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) accumulation is one of the critical determinants in endothelial dysfunction in many cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis. C1q/TNF-related protein 9 (CTRP9) is identified to be an adipocytokine with cardioprotective properties. However, the potential roles of CTRP9 in endothelial function remain largely elusive. In the present study, the effects of CTRP9 on the proliferation, apoptosis, migration, angiogenesis, nitric oxide (NO) production and oxidative stress in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) exposed to ox-LDL were investigated. We observed that treatment with ox-LDL inhibited the proliferation, migration, angiogenesis and the generation of NO, while stimulated the apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in HUVECs. Incubation of HUVECs with CTRP9 rescued ox-LDL-induced endothelial injury. CTRP9 treatment reversed ox-LDL-evoked decreases in antioxidant enzymes including heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAD(P)H) dehydrogenase quinone 1, and glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL), as well as endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). Furthermore, CTRP9 induced activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ co-activator 1α (PGC1-α) and phosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Of interest, AMPK inhibition or PGC1-α silencing abolished CTRP9-mediated antioxidant enzymes levels, eNOS expressions, and endothelial protective effects. Collectively, we provided the first evidence that CTRP9 attenuated ox-LDL-induced endothelial injury by antioxidant enzyme inductions dependent on PGC-1α/AMPK activation.

Ganlu formula ethyl acetate extract (GLEE) blocked the development of experimental arthritis by inhibiting NLRP3 activation and reducing M1 type macrophage polarization.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The Tibetan medicine Ganlu Formula, as a classic prescription, is widely used across the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau area of China, which has a significant effect on relieving the course of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the active compounds and underlying mechanisms of Ganlu Formula in RA treatment remain largely unexplored. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study aimed to elucidate the active substances and potential mechanisms of the ethyl acetate extract of Ganlu Formula ethyl acetate extract (GLEE) in the treatment of RA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) was utilized to analyze and identify the chemical constituents within GLEE. Discovery Studio molecular virtual docking technology was utilized to dock the interaction of GLEE with inflammation-related pathway proteins. The GLEE gene library was obtained by transcriptome sequencing. Collagen-induced arthritic（CIA) rats were utilized to assess the antiarthritic efficacy of GLEE. Micro-CT imaging was employed to visualize the rat paw, and ultrasound imaging revealed knee joint effusion. Evaluation of synovial tissue pathological changes was conducted through hematoxylin-eosin staining and saffranine solid green staining, while immunohistochemical staining was employed to assess NLRP3 expression along with inflammatory markers. Immunofluorescence staining was utilized to identify M1 macrophages. RESULTS: Metabolomic analysis via UPLC-Q-TOF-MS identified 28 potentially bioactive compounds in GLEE, which interacted with the active sites of key proteins such as NLRP3, NF-κB, and STAT3 through hydrogen bonds, C-H bonds, and electrostatic attractions. In vitro analyses demonstrated that GLEE significantly attenuated NLRP3 inflammasome activation and inhibited the polarization of bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) towards the M1 phenotype. In vivo, GLEE not only prevented bone mineral density (BMD) loss but also reduced ankle swelling in CIA rats. Furthermore, it decreased the expression of the NLRP3 inflammasome and curtailed the release of inflammatory mediators within the knee joint. CONCLUSION: GLEE effectively mitigated inflammatory responses in both blood and knee synovial membranes of CIA rats, potentially through the down-regulation of the NLRP3/Caspase-1/IL-1ß signaling pathway and reduction in M1 macrophage polarization.