ABSTRACT
Modern neuromuscular electrodiagnosis (EDX) and neuromuscular ultrasound (NMUS) require a universal language for effective communication in clinical practice and research and, in particular, for teaching young colleagues. Therefore, the AANEM and the IFCN have decided to publish a joint glossary as they feel the need for an updated terminology to support educational activities in neuromuscular EDX and NMUS in all parts of the world. In addition NMUS has been rapidly progressing over the last years and is now widely used in the diagnosis of disorders of nerve and muscle in conjunction with EDX. This glossary has been developed by experts in the field of neuromuscular EDX and NMUS on behalf of the AANEM and the IFCN and has been agreed upon by electronic communication between January and November 2019. It is based on the glossaries of the AANEM from 2015 and of the IFCN from 1999. The EDX and NMUS terms and the explanatory illustrations have been updated and supplemented where necessary. The result is a comprehensive glossary of terms covering all fields of neuromuscular EDX and NMUS. It serves as a standard reference for clinical practice, education and research worldwide. HIGHLIGHTS: Optimal terminology in neuromuscular electrodiagnosis and ultrasound has been revisited. A team of international experts have revised and expanded a standardized glossary. This list of terms serves as standard reference for clinical practice, education and research.
Subject(s)
Dictionaries as Topic , Electrodiagnosis/classification , Neuromuscular Diseases/classification , Neuromuscular Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Societies, Medical/classification , Ultrasonography/classification , Humans , United StatesABSTRACT
This paper is a short review of the electrodiagnostic technique of "evoked potentials", a technique recently introduced to Zimbabwe. The types of evoked potentials recorded, the method of recording and their clinical applications are discussed. Abnormal evoked potentials from a variety of neurological disorders are illustrated. "Advances in electrodiagnosis in Zimbabwe" Part I discussed peripheral nerve conduction measurements and electromyography. This paper (Part II) will review the physiological basis of "Evoked Potentials" and their clinical applications.
Subject(s)
Electrodiagnosis/methods , Evoked Potentials , Electrodiagnosis/classification , Electrophysiology , HumansABSTRACT
Heart rate variability (HRV) is a complex signal that results from the contribution of different sources of oscillation related to the autonomic nervous system activity. Although linear analysis of HRV has been applied to sleep studies, the nonlinear dynamics of HRV underlying frequency components during sleep is less known. We conducted a study to evaluate nonlinear HRV within independent frequency components in wake status, slow-wave sleep (SWS, stages III or IV of non-rapid eye movement sleep), and rapid-eye-movement sleep (REM). The sample included 10 healthy adults. Polysomnography was performed to detect sleep stages. HRV was studied globally during each phase and then very low frequency (VLF), low frequency (LF) and high frequency (HF) components were separated by means of the wavelet transform algorithm. HRV nonlinear dynamics was estimated with sample entropy (SampEn). A higher SampEn was found when analyzing global variability (Wake: 1.53+/-0.28, SWS: 1.76+/-0.32, REM: 1.45+/-0.19, p=0.005) and VLF variability (Wake: 0.13+/-0.03, SWS: 0.19+/-0.03, REM: 0.14+/-0.03, p<0.001) at SWS. REM was similar to wake status regarding nonlinear HRV. We propose nonlinear HRV is a useful index of the autonomic activity that characterizes the different sleep-wake cycle stages.