Surgical Management of Non-Malignant Esophageal Perforations: A Single-Center Analysis Over a 15-Year Period.

PURPOSE: Esophageal perforations are associated with high morbidity and mortality. Different nonoperative and operative treatment options have been proposed. This study focuses on the impact of different surgical treatments in nonmalignant esophageal perforations and tries to identify predictors of mortality in a single tertiary center over a 15-year period. METHODS: From 2002 to 2017, patients with surgically managed esophageal perforation were identified from our database. Patients with esophageal malignancies were excluded. Etiology, clinical data, treatment, and outcome were analyzed. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the impact on mortality. RESULTS: A total of 72 patients were identified. The majority of perforations were iatrogenic (54.2%) followed by Boerhaave's syndrome (23.6%). Most ruptures were found in the distal third of the esophagus (59.7%) measuring <3 cm (61.1%). Patients were treated with exploration and drainage (8.3%), primary suture and patch reinforcement (36.1%), resection and restoration of continuity (25.0%), or resection without restoration of continuity (30.6%). Delayed therapy significantly correlated with sepsis (p < 0.0001) and mortality (p = 0.032). A correlation between an increasing perforation length with sepsis (p = 0.012) was observed. A higher Perforation Severity Score (PSS; OR 4.430; 95% CI 1.143-17.174; p = 0.031) and a higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score (OR 2.923; 95% CI 1.011-8.448; p = 0.048) were associated with mortality in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: Esophageal perforations are associated with high mortality, and larger ruptures are associated with worse outcome. Rapid diagnosis and treatment are crucial for patient survival. Hence, PSS and ASA score help to identify high-risk patients. The advantage of surgical management lies in the rapid control of the septic focus in an already critically ill patient. Though, the kind of surgical technique needs to be adjusted to the individual situation.

Aorto-oesophageal fistula and aortic pseudoaneurysm caused by a swallowed fish bone.

We describe a rare case of aorto-oesophageal fistula and aortic pseudoaneurysm in a middle-aged man, who presented with chest pain and haematemesis 1 week after swallowing a fish bone. Oesophagogastroduodenoscopy and computed tomographic angiography findings were consistent with oesophageal perforation, proximal descending aortic pseudoaneurysm, and aorto-oesophageal fistula. Thoracic endovascular aortic repair was performed. The patient died from severe mediastinal sepsis. Early surgical intervention and broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy are crucial in preventing life-threatening mediastinal infection.

Cervical oesophageal and hypopharyngeal perforations after anterior cervical spine surgery salvaged with regional and free flaps.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The object of the study was to present our own experience in the management of cervical oesophageal and hypopharyngeal perforations after anterior cervical spine surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study group consists of 5 patients treated in Department of Otolaryngology Poznan University of Medical Sciences in 2009-2011. Different materials and techniques were used to repair the perforations: infrahyoid flap, primary sutures supported by sternocleidomastoid muscle flap, thigh flap and forearm flap in two cases. RESULTS: Four out of 5 patients were referred to our department in a poor general condition, with infected neck fistulas, three patients after prolonged conservative treatment, and three patients after initial attempts to repair the perforation outside our institution. One-stage reconstructive surgery was successful in three cases, while in two others secondary interventions were necessary. Total hospital stay ranged in the analysed group from 23 to 191 days, hospital stay in our department from 1 to 62 days, hospital stay from the final procedure from 18 to 26 days. Swallowing function was within normal limits in all cases 12-14 days after the surgery. CONCLUSIONS: The authors' experience shows that in long-lasting and infected cervical oesophageal and hypopharyngeal perforations following anterior cervical spine surgery distant flaps should be primarily used as a source of a well-vascularized and unchanged tissue. It seems to be crucial to repair the perforations immediately after the first symptoms appear - such an approach significantly reduces total hospital stay and improves the prognosis.

Type B aortic dissection resulting in acute esophageal necrosis.

In the present article, we report a case in which acute esophageal necrosis (AEN) of the intrathoracic esophagus was caused by extensive thrombosis in the false lumen of an aortic dissection, thereby occluding the blood flow to the intercostal arteries and thus the esophagus. According to the previously published data, AEN after aortic dissection is very rare and usually fatal. Besides esophageal ischemia secondary to arterial occlusion, direct extrinsic compression of the arteriovenous network surrounding the esophagus, caused by the traumatic pathology of the aorta, by extensive extravasation may also cause AEN. AEN is most commonly confirmed by esophagoscopy, typically showing a black, diffusely necrotic, and ulcerated esophageal mucosa.

[Treatment for esophageal perforations: analysis of 11 cases]. / Özofagus perforasyonlarinda tedavi: On bir olgunun analizi.

BACKGROUND: We present 11 cases with esophageal perforations who were treated in our department, with the intent of underlining the importance of surgical intervention. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 11 cases of esophageal perforation who were treated from 2005 to 2010. The cases diagnosed within the first 24 hours were regarded as early diagnoses; those diagnosed later than this period were regarded as late diagnoses. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 45.8 years. Following the perforation, 3 of the patients had early diagnoses and the others had late diagnoses. Of the 3 cases with early diagnosis, all had primary repair; of the late diagnosis cases, 4 had primary repair, 2 had colonic interposition, 1 had stent implantation, and 1 received medical treatment. All the cases with late diagnoses underwent drainage. The 3 cases who received early treatment recovered without complications. Of the other 8 cases, 1 had leakage from the anastomosis and 1 developed a fistula. Two (18.1%) of our patients died. CONCLUSION: Treatments performed before the development of mediastinitis are lifesaving in esophageal perforation patients. We think that surgical treatment performed within the first 72 hours that includes primary repair would yield favorable results.

Unexpected high incidence of esophageal injury following pulmonary vein isolation using robotic navigation.

INTRODUCTION: Robotic navigation (RN) is a novel technology for pulmonary vein isolation (PVI). We investigated the incidence of thermal esophageal injury using RN with commonly used power settings in comparison to manual PVI procedures. methods: Thirty-nine patients underwent circumferential PVI using a 3.5-mm irrigated-tip-catheter. In the manual (n = 25) and the RN(1) group (n = 4) power was limited to 30 W (17 mL/min flow, maximal temperature 43 degrees C, max. 30 sec/spot) at the posterior left atrial (LA) wall. In RN-based procedures, ablation was performed with a contact force of 10-40 g. The operator was blinded to the esophageal temperature (T(eso)). In the RN(2) group ablation power along the posterior LA wall was reduced to 20 W and ablation terminated at T(eso) of 41 degrees C. Endoscopy was carried out 2 days post-ablation. RESULTS: PVI was achieved in all patients. In the manual group no esophageal lesions, minimal lesions, or ulcerations were found in 15 of 25 (60%), 7 of 25 (28%), and 3 of 25 (12%) patients, respectively. All patients in the RN(1) group had an ulceration and one developed esophageal perforation. A covered stent was placed 14 days post-PVI and removed at day 81. In the RN(2) group, only a single minimal lesion was found. CONCLUSIONS: A high incidence of thermal esophageal injury including a perforation was noted following robotic PVI using 30 W along the posterior LA wall. During RN-based PVI procedures esophageal temperature monitoring is advocated. Reduction of ablation power to 20 W and termination of energy delivery at T(eso) of 41 degrees C significantly reduced the risk of esophageal injury.

Clip closure versus endoscopic suturing versus thoracoscopic repair of an iatrogenic esophageal perforation: a randomized, comparative, long-term survival study in a porcine model (with videos).

BACKGROUND: Esophageal full-thickness wall repair is an important but unsolved issue in endoscopy. It is unknown how well endoscopic clip closure (ECC) and endoscopic closure with suturing (ECS) perform compared with the criterion standard of thoracoscopic closure (TC). OBJECTIVE: Comparison of technical success, feasibility, long-term patency, complications, and histological quality of the different closure techniques (ECC, ECS, TC) for esophageal perforations. DESIGN: Comparative animal study. SETTING: Approved animal facility. SUBJECTS: Eighteen pigs. INTERVENTIONS: Eighteen pigs were randomized, 6 each into 3 groups (ECC, ECS, TC). After endoscopic wall incision and mediastinoscopy, closure was performed by using 1 of the 3 techniques. After 8 to 12 weeks, pre-euthanasia endoscopic, necropsy, histological, and morphometric analyses were performed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENT: Long-term survival and histological quality of the repair. RESULTS: The closure of the esophageal incisions was successful in all pigs. On days 2 and 6, 1 animal died of mediastinitis, 1 in the ECS group because of reflux of gastric contents into the mediastinum before the repair and 1 in the TC group because of leakage of the sutured closure (P = 1.0). No strictures were seen on prenecropsy endoscopy. At necropsy, 1 mediastinal abscess was found in an ECS animal (P = 1.0). Minor complications included periesophageal adhesions and reactive lymph nodes in 3 of 6 (ECC group) and 5 of 6 (TC and ECS groups). Histology showed muscle layer defects up to 12 mm in width and 21 mm in length, with a trend toward smaller defect size of width and length in the ECS group of animals. LIMITATIONS: Animal study of limited size. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, ECS and ECC performed similarly to TC. ECS showed the smallest histological defects in the long-term repair.

A rat esophageal model to investigate stent-induced tissue hyperplasia.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the feasibility of stent placement and the formation of tissue hyperplasia caused by stent placement in a rat esophageal model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups to assess differing stent diameters and design (group I, 4 mm diameter and a large mesh gap; group II, 5 mm diameter and a large mesh gap; group III, 5 mm diameter and a small mesh gap; and group IV, barbs added to the group III stents). Follow-up, 1-week, and 3-week esophagograms were obtained. Rats were euthanized 3 weeks after stent placement. Microscopic findings were evaluated in groups with an incidence of less than 50% stent migration. RESULTS: Stent placement was technically successful in all rats, and there were no procedure-related complications. No esophageal perforation occurred during follow-up. The incidence of stent migration was 100%, 60%, 40%, and 0% in groups I through IV, respectively. The esophagi with stent migration showed only a small amount of tissue hyperplasia; however, esophagi without stent migration showed gross tissue hyperplasia through the mesh. The microscopic findings were evaluated in groups III and IV. The degree of inflammatory cell infiltration, papillary projection thickness, granulation tissue area, and percentage of the granulation tissue area were higher in group IV than in group III; however, there was no statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: Esophageal stent placement was feasible in a rat model, and formation of tissue hyperplasia was evident in rats without stent migration. With barbed stents, there was the least incidence of stent migration without esophageal perforation.

[A child's birthday with consequences]. / Ein Kindergeburtstag mit folgen.

Foreign body ingestion is a common pediatric emergency and if the foreign body cannot be detected radiologically or endoscopically further investigations are required. In this article the case of a radiolucent, ingested foreign body (mini-candleholder of a birthday cake) is presented. The foreign body could not initially be identified via X-ray and endoscopy due to its parapharyngeal localization but was finally visualized by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) which additionally uncovered the co-existence of acute mediastinal inflammation.

[A rare cause of haematemesis with fatal gastrointestinal bleeding]. / Seltene Ursache einer Hämatemesis mit letalem Ausgang.

A 73-year-old man was admitted to the hospital due to severe hematemesis and collapse, severe anemia and inflammation. Two months ago, the patient had been treated with antibiotics due to septicemia with staphylococcus aureus. At that time CT scan had shown only thoracic arteriosclerosis. The subsequent high urgency upper endoscopy identified a circular mucosal defect in distal esophagus as bleeding origin. The patient died 10 hours after admission. Performing autopsy, a fistula between the thoracic aortic aneurysm and the distal esophagus was found in the background of severe arteriosclerosis. The rapid onset of an aneurysm with rupture after a bacterial infection is typical for a mycotic aneurysm.

Characteristics of Atrial Fibrillation Patients Suffering Esophageal Injury Caused by Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation.

The close proximity of esophagus to the left atrial posterior wall predisposes esophagus to thermal injury during catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF). In this retrospective study, we aimed to investigate risk factors of esophageal injury (EI) caused by catheter ablation for AF. Patients who underwent first-time AF ablation from July 2013 to June 2018 were included. The esophagus was visualized by oral soluble contrast during ablation for all patients and a subset of patients were selected to undergo endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) to estimate EI post ablation. Degree of EI was categorized as Kansas City classification: type 1: erythema; type 2: ulcers (2a: superficial ulcers; 2b: deep ulcers); type 3: perforation (3a: perforation without communication with the atria; 3b: atrioesophageal fistula [AEF]). Of 3,852 patients, 236 patients (61.5 ± 9.7 years; male, 69%) received EUS (EUS group) and 3616 (63.2 ± 10.9 years; male, 61.1%) without EUS (No-EUS group). In EUS group, EI occurred in 63 patients (type 1 EI in 35 and type 2 EI in 28), and no type 3 EI was observed during follow up. In a multivariable logistic regression analysis, an overlap between the ablation lesion and esophagus was an independent predictor of EI (odds ratio, 21.2; 95% CI: 6.23-72.0; P < 0.001). In No-EUS group, esophagopericardial fistula (EPF; n = 3,0.08%) or AEF (n = 2,0.06%) was diagnosed 4-37 days after ablation. In 3 EPF patients, 2 completely recovered with conservative management and 1 died. Two AEF patients died. Ablation at the vicinity of the esophagus predicts risk of EI. EUS post ablation may prevent the progression of EI and should be considered in management of EI. It remains challenging to identify patients with high risk of EI.

What is new in esophageal injury (infection, drug-induced, caustic, stricture, perforation)?

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: We will focus separately on infectious, drug-induced and caustic injury of the esophagus and their possible complications such as stricture and perforation. RECENT FINDINGS: There has been a decrease in opportunistic esophageal infection in HIV-positive patients, in particular candidiasis, which remains an important cause of inpatient charges, length of stay and total hospital costs, and new antifungal therapy are currently explored. As far as drug-induced esophageal injury is concerned, more than 1000 cases of all cases due to nearly 100 different medications have been described during the last 10 years. However, the estimated case frequency is probably much higher and the related literature is of low quality, as cases are reported selectively and stimulated by clustering of cases, newly implicated pills or unusual complications. Finally, in the field of caustic ingestion-related injury, there has been greater understanding of geographical differences in prevalence and more frequently involved substances, choice of optimal timing for endoscopy, relationship between symptoms and severity of lesions and appropriate role of steroids and other therapies, such as the topical application of mytomicin C. SUMMARY: This update covers the most relevant papers published on the three areas of interest during the last year.