Pharmacokinetic study of multicomponent in Hong-Hua-Xiao-Yao tablet.

Hong-Hua-Xiao-Yao tablet (HHXYT) is attracting attention increasingly because of its use in treatment of mammary gland hyperplasia (MGH) and menopausal syndrome. However, its pharmacokinetics remains unclear. This study developed a sensitive and rapid method for simultaneous determination of 10 compounds of HHXYT in rat plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and to compare the pharmacokinetics of these compounds in MGH rats and sham operated rats. The linearity, accuracy, precision, stability and matrix effect were within acceptable ranges. This established method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetics study of 10 compounds in sham operated and MGH rats. According to the results, the bioavailability of glycyrrhetinic acid was highest in MGH rats and sham operated rats. The mean residence times of glycyrrhetinic acid and glycyrrhetinic acid 3-O-glucuronide were higher than those of the other compounds while the mean residence time and half-life of liquiritin, isoliquiritin and paeoniflorin were lower. Some pharmacokinetic parameters of ormononetin, liquiritigenin, isoliquiritigenin, liquiritin, isoliquiritin, paeoniflorin, protocatechuic acid and senkyunolide I were significantly different between MGH rats and sham operated rats. This study elucidated the dynamic changes of multiple components in rats after oral administration of HHXYT systematically and comprehensively, which provided guidance for clinical application.

Exploring the Pivotal Immunomodulatory and Anti-Inflammatory Potentials of Glycyrrhizic and Glycyrrhetinic Acids.

Licorice extract is a Chinese herbal medication most often used as a demulcent or elixir. The extract usually consists of many components but the key ingredients are glycyrrhizic (GL) and glycyrrhetinic acid (GA). GL and GA function as potent antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antitumor agents, and immuneregulators. GL and GA have potent activities against hepatitis A, B, and C viruses, human immunodeficiency virus type 1, vesicular stomatitis virus, herpes simplex virus, influenza A, severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus, respiratory syncytial virus, vaccinia virus, and arboviruses. Also, GA was observed to be of therapeutic valve in human enterovirus 71, which was recognized as the utmost regular virus responsible for hand, foot, and mouth disease. The anti-inflammatory mechanism of GL and GA is realized via cytokines like interferon-γ, tumor necrotizing factor-α, interleukin- (IL-) 1ß, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, and IL-17. They also modulate anti-inflammatory mechanisms like intercellular cell adhesion molecule 1 and P-selectin, enzymes like inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and transcription factors such as nuclear factor-kappa B, signal transducer and activator of transcription- (STAT-) 3, and STAT-6. Furthermore, DCs treated with GL were capable of influencing T-cell differentiation toward Th1 subset. Moreover, GA is capable of blocking prostaglandin-E2 synthesis via blockade of cyclooxygenase- (COX-) 2 resulting in concurrent augmentation nitric oxide production through the enhancement of iNOS2 mRNA secretion in Leishmania-infected macrophages. GA is capable of inhibiting toll-like receptors as well as high-mobility group box 1.

Synthesis and antitumor effects of novel 18ß-glycyrrhetinic acid derivatives featuring an exocyclic α,ß-unsaturated carbonyl moiety in ring A.

A series of novel 18ß-glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) derivatives featuring an exocyclic α,ß-unsaturated carbonyl moiety in ring A were synthesized and evaluated for their antitumor activities. Compounds 5c and 5l showed stronger cytotoxicity than other compounds and reported GA analogue CDODA-Me (methyl 2-cyano-3,11-dioxo-18ß-olean-1,12-dien-30-oate). 5c and 5l induced apoptosis in cancer cells accompanying with c-Flip reduction and Noxa induction, associated with decreased HDAC3 expression and increased acetylation of H3. 5l displayed better stability properties than 5c and CDODA-Me in microsomes and plasma, 5l also showed favorable pharmacokinetic profiles and inhibited tumor growth in mice. Compound 5l represents a new type of GA derivatives with improved antitumor activity.

LC-MS/MS analysis of puerarin and 18ß-glycyrrhetinic acid in human plasma after oral administration of Samso-eum and its application to pharmacokinetic study.

The aim of this study was to confirm pharmacokinetic screening of multiple components in healthy Korean subjects after oral administration of Samso-eum and perform quantitation of active components in the human plasma. Thirteen potential bioactive components [puerarin (PRR), daidzin, nodakenin, ginsenoside Rb1, 18ß-glycyrrhetinic acid (18ß-GTA), 6-shogaol, naringin, glycyrrhizin, hesperidin, platycodin D, naringenin, hesperetin, and 6-gingerol] were screened based on literature. The results showed that three analytes (daidzin, naringenin, and hesperetin) were detected in trace amounts. In addition, PRR and 18ß-GTA were detected in human plasma after the oral administration of Samso-eum. In this study, a liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry method was validated for the simultaneous determination of PRR and 18ß-GTA in human plasma. This was the first study to evaluate pharmacokinetics of PRR and 18ß-GTA after the usual oral dose of Samso-eum (30 g containing 102.48 mg PRR, 48.18 mg glycyrrhizin) in human subjects.

Simultaneous quantitation of glycyrrhetic acid and puerarin in plasma using ultra flow liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and application in a pharmacokinetics study in healthy and alcoholic liver injury rats.

A rapid, sensitive, and accurate ultra flow liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UFLC-MS/MS ) method was developed and validated for simultaneous quantitation of glycyrrhetic acid and puerarin in plasma derived from healthy and alcoholic liver injury rats. Plasma samples from healthy and model rats were deproteinated with methanol using liquiritin as an internal standard. Chromatography separation was performed by a Waters BEH (ethylene-bridged hybrid) C18 column (2.1 × 50 mm; 1.7 µm) using a gradient elution from acetonitrile and water (containing 0.1% formic acid) and at a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. Quantitation was performed on a Triple Quad 4500 tandem mass spectrometer coupled with an electrospray ionization source in negative multiple reaction monitoring mode. Specificity, carryover, dilution integrity, recovery, linearity, precision and accuracy, matrix effect, and stability were within acceptable limits. The newly established method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetics study to investigate glycyrrhetic acid and puerarin in healthy and alcoholic liver injury rats.

Pharmacokinetic study of eight bioactive components following oral administration of Zhiqiao Gancao decoction and observation of its clinical efficacy.

Zhiqiao Gancao (ZQGC) decoction is widely used in China due to its therapeutic effect on lumbar disc herniation (LDH). In this study, we compared the clinical therapeutic effects among oral ZQGC decoction treatment, bed rest, and oral anti-inflammatory drug celecoxib treatment using visual analog scale, Oswestry Disability Index, and MacNab scores. The results showed that ZQGC decoction can significantly improve the symptoms of patients with LDH. A selective, sensitive, and rapid ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the determination of eight bioactive components in rat plasma. The plasma samples were extracted by simple protein precipitation with methanol. The protonated analytes were quantitated simultaneously in positive and negative ion modes by multiple reaction monitoring with a mass spectrometer. The calibration curve of eight components in plasma showed good linearity (r > .996) and the extraction recovery was 81.19% ± 2.15% - 100.39 ± 3.36 (relative standard deviation: 1.21%-10.70%). The accuracy of all the lower limit of quantitation values was quantified within 80%-120%, and the precision was less than 15%. This validated method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetics study in rat plasma after ZQGC decoction oral treatment. Our research can provide experimental basis for the rational clinical application of ZQGC decoction in the treatment of LDH.

Evaluation of the Percutaneous Absorption of Drug Molecules in Zebrafish.

In recent decades, zebrafish (Danio rerio) has become a widely used vertebrate animal model for studying development and human diseases. However, studies on skin medication using zebrafish are rare. Here, we developed a novel protocol for percutaneous absorption of molecules via the zebrafish tail skin, by applying a liquid solution directly, or using a filter paper imbibed with a chemical solution (coating). Human skin is capable of absorbing felbinac and loxoprofen sodium hydrate (LSH), but not glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) and terbinafine hydrochloride (TH). To evaluate the possibility and the quality of transdermal absorption in zebrafish, we transdermally administered these four drugs to zebrafish. Pharmacokinetics showed that felbinac was present in the blood of zebrafish subjected to all administration methods. Felbinac blood concentrations peaked at 2 h and disappeared 7 h after administration. GA was not detected following transdermal administrations, but was following exposure. LSH was not found in the circulatory system after transdermal administration, but TH was. A dose-response correlation was observed for felbinac blood concentration. These findings suggest that zebrafish are capable of absorbing drug molecules through their skin. However, the present data cannot demonstrate that zebrafish is a practical model to predict human skin absorption. Further systemic studies are needed to observe the correlations in percutaneous absorption between humans and zebrafish.

Comparative pharmacokinetics and metabolites study of seven major bioactive components of Shaoyao-Gancao decoction in normal and polycystic ovary syndrome rats by ultra high pressure liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry.

A simple and sensitive liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for simultaneous quantification of paeoniflorin, albiflorin, oxypaeoniflorin, liquiritin, liquiritigenin, glycyrrhetinic acid, and glycyrrhizin in rat plasma after oral administration of Shaoyao-Gancao decoction, which is traditionally used in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome. The plasma samples were pretreated with methanol as precipitant. The method exhibited good linearity (correlation coefficient (R2 ) > 0.99) with lower quantification limits of 0.595-4.69 ng/mL for all analytes. Intra- and interbatch precision, accuracy, recovery, and stability of the method were all within accepted criteria. The results showed that the pharmacokinetic behaviors of the seven compounds were altered in the pathological status of polycystic ovary syndrome. Furthermore, a total of 36 metabolites were structurally identified based on their accurate masses and fragment ions. The major metabolic pathway involves phase I metabolic reactions (such as hydroxylation), phase II metabolic reactions (such as sulfation and glucuronidation conjugation) as well as the combined multiple-step metabolism. This study is the first report on the pharmacokinetic and metabolic information of Shaoyao-Gancao decoction in both normal and model rats, which would provide scientific evidences for the bioactive chemical basis of herbal medicines and also promote the clinical application of Shaoyao-Gancao decoction for treating polycystic ovary syndrome.

UPLC-Q-TOF-MS and UPLC-MS/MS methods for metabolism profiles and pharmacokinetics of major compounds in Xuanmai Ganjie Granules.

Xuanmai Ganjie Granules (XMGJ), a widely used Chinese herbal formula in the clinic, is used for treatment of sore throats and coughs. Despite the chemical constituents having been clarifying by our previous studies, both of the metabolism and pharmacokinetic studies of XMGJ are unclear. This study aimed to explore the disposition process of XMGJ in vivo. A sensitive and selective ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) method was developed to analyze the absorbed components and metabolites in rat plasma and urine after oral administration of XMGJ. A total of 42 absorbed components, including 16 prototype compounds and 26 metabolites, were identified or tentatively characterized in rat plasma and urine after oral administration of XMGJ. Moreover, the pharmacokinetic studies of five compounds of XMGJ were investigated using ultra-high liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method. The results indicated that liquiritin, harpagoside, glycyrrhetic acid, liquiritigenin, formononetin and their metabolites might be the major components involved in the pharmacokinetic and metabolism process of XMGJ. This research showed a comprehensive investigation of XMGJ in vivo, which could provide a meaningful basis for further material basis and pharmacological as well as toxicological research.

Liver-Targeted Co-delivery of Entecavir and Glycyrrhetinic Acid Based on Albumin Nanoparticle To Enhance the Accumulation of Entecavir.

Hepatitis B, one of the most common contagious viral hepatitis with high infection rate, is challenging to treat. Although the treatment for hepatitis B has been improved over the years, many therapeutic drugs still have either severe adverse effects or insufficient effectiveness via systemic administration. In this study, we confirmed that glycyrrhetinic acid can enhance the accumulation of entecavir in HepaRG cell and liver. Then we constructed a novel albumin nanoparticle co-loading entecavir and glycyrrhetinic acid (ETV-GA-AN) to improve liver accumulation of entecavir and investigated its ability to deliver both drugs to liver. In vitro cellular uptake study and in vivo tissue distribution experiment showed that these negatively charged ETV-GA-AN (112 ± 2 nm in diameter) can increase the accumulation of entecavir in hepatic HepaRG cells and improve entecavir distribution in liver. We also revealed the mechanism that glycyrrhetinic acid enhances intracellular accumulation of entecavir by inhibiting the activity of specific efflux transporters. Our delivery system is the first liver-targeted albumin nanoparticle that utilizes the site-specific co-delivery strategy to delivery entecavir and glycyrrhetinic acid. As it combines high efficiency and low toxicity, it possess great potential for treating hepatitis B.

A highly sensitive LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of glycyrrhizin and its active metabolite glycyrrhetinic acid: Application to a human pharmacokinetic study after oral administration.

A highly sensitive liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for simultaneous determination of glycyrrhizin (GL) and its active metabolite, glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), from human plasma was validated and applied to a human pharmacokinetic study. The analytes were extracted from human plasma using an Oasis MAX cartridge and chromatographic separation was performed on an Inertsil ODS-3 column. The detection was performed using an API 4000 mass spectrometer operating in the positive electrospray ionization mode. Selected ion monitoring transitions of m/z 823 → 453 for GL and m/z 471 → 149 for GA were obtained. The response was a linear function of concentration over the ranges of 0.5-200 ng/mL for GL and 2-800 ng/mL for GA (both R2 > 0.998). Using this method, the pharmacokinetics of GL after single oral administration of a clinical dose (75 mg) to six healthy male Japanese volunteers were evaluated. GL was detected in the plasma of all subjects and the average peak concentration was 24.8 ± 12.0 ng/mL. In contrast, peak concentration of GA was 200.3 ± 60.3 ng/mL, i.e. ~8-fold higher than that of GL. This is the first report clarifying pharmacokinetic profiles of GL and GA simultaneously at a therapeutic oral dose of a GL preparation.

Simultaneous Determination of Twenty-Five Compounds in Rat Plasma Using Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Polarity Switching Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Its Application to a Pharmacokinetic Study.

An attempt was made to characterize the pharmacokinetic profiles of Qishen Keli (QSKL) that has been widely proved to be effective in clinical practice. A method using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) for the simultaneous determination of 25 analytes in rat plasma was developed and validated. Satisfactory chromatographic separation was achieved on an ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 column with gradient elution using mobile phase consisting of 0.02% aqueous formic acid (A) and acetonitrile fortified with 0.02% formic acid (B), and analyte detection was carried out using polarity-switching multiple reaction monitoring mode. Method validation assays in terms of selectivity, linearity, inter- and intra-day variations, matrix effect, and recovery demonstrated the newly developed method to be specific, sensitive, accurate, and precise. Following the oral administration of QSKL at a single dose, the qualified method was successfully applied for pharmacokinetic investigations in sham and model rats. Mild differences occurred for the pharmacokinetic patterns of most components between those two groups, whereas significant differences were observed for glycyrrhizic acid and glycyrrhetic acid. The obtained findings could provide meaningful information for the clarification of the effective material basis of QSKL.

Simultaneous quantification of catechin, epicatechin, liquiritin, isoliquiritin, liquiritigenin, isoliquiritigenin, piperine and glycyrrhetinic acid in rat plasma by HPLC-MS/MS: application to a pharmacokinetic study of Longhu Rendan pills.

A sensitive, specific, accurate HPLC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of catechin, epicatechin, liquiritin, isoliquiritin, liquiritigenin, isoliquiritigenin, piperine and glycyrrhetinic acid from Longhu Rendan pills in rat plasma. Chromatographic separation was performed with a Hypersil Gold C18 column using a gradient of methanol and 0.01% acetic acid containing 0.2 mm ammonium acetate as mobile phase. The analytes were quantified on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer, operating in selected reaction monitoring mode and switching the electrospray ion source polarity between positive and negative modes in a single run. The calibration curves of catechin, epicatechin, liquiritin, isoliquiritin, liquiritigenin, isoliquiritigenin, piperine and glycyrrhetinic acid were linear over the concentration ranges of 5-2000, 5-2000, 0.5-200, 0.5-200, 0.25-100, 0.25-100, 0.025-10 and 0.50-200 ng mL(-1) , respectively. The intra- and inter-assay precisions and accuracies were <11.6 and 91.9-108.2%, respectively, for all analytes. Matrix effects for all analytes were between 88.2 and 114.2%. Stability testing showed that all analytes were stable in plasma at 24 °C for 3 h, at 4 °C for 24 h, after three freeze-thaw cycles, and at -80 °C for 15 days. The method was successfully applied to an in vivo study evaluating the pharmacokinetics of multiple nonvolatile compounds following intragastric administration of Longhu Rendan pills to rats. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

[Effects of baicalin, matrine, glycyrrhetinic acid and emodin in three kinds of emulsifier cream system on transdermal absorption in vitro].

To study effects of APG, Span-Tween and A6/25 emulsifier cream system on transdermal absorption in vitro of baicalin, matrine, glycyrrhetinic acid and emodin in emulsifier. Permeations studies were carried out in vitro with excised mice skin by improved Franz diffusion cells. The cumulative penetration amounts and the retention amounts of Chinese herbal medicinal ingredients in three kinds of emulsifier cream systems were determined by HPLC. The effects of different Chinese herbal medicinal ingredients in the same emulsifier system and the same herbal medicinal ingredients in different emulsifier systems on cumulative permeation amount, skin retention amount and permeation rate were investigated. According to the results, the order of different Chinese herbal medicinal ingredients in same kinds of emulsifier system by the cumulative permeation amount and the permeation rate were matrine>baicalin>glycyrrhetinic acid>emodin. With respect to the effect of different emulsifier systems on cumulative permeation amount and permeation rate of the same herbal medicinal ingredients, glycyrrhetinic acid and emodin showed no significant difference, Span-Tween emulsifier cream system had higher cumulative permeation amount and permeation rate. The cumulative permeation amount and the permeation rate of Chinese herbal medicinal ingredients in the three kinds of emulsifier cream systems had an identical regularity. However, the cumulative permeation amount, the skin retension amount and the permeation rate of the same herbal medicinal ingredients in different emulsifier systems had no regularity.

Potential drug interactions associated with glycyrrhizin and glycyrrhetinic acid.

Glycyrrhizin (GZ), the main active component of licorice, is a widely used therapeutic in the clinic. Depending on the disease, the treatment may involve a long course of high dose GZ. Another component of licorice, glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), is the main active metabolite of GZ and is thought to be responsible for the majority of the pharmacological properties of GZ. Therefore, GZ and GA are both used for therapeutic purposes. In addition, GZ and GA are also widely used to sweeten and flavor foods. Due to this widespread, multifaceted use of these substances, potential drug interactions with GZ and GA have recently gained attention. Along these lines, this review covers the known effects of GZ and GA on drug-metabolizing enzymes and efflux transporters. We conclude that both GZ and GA may have an effect on the activity of CYPs. For example, GZ may induce CYP3A activity through activation of PXR. Also, GZ and GA may affect glucuronidation in rats and humans. Furthermore, 18ß-GA is a potent inhibitor of P-gp, while GZ and GA are inhibitors of MRP1, MRP2 and BCRP. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of many medications may be altered when used concurrently with GZ or GA, which is also covered in this review. Overall, GZ, GA or related products should be taken with caution when taken with additional medications due to the possible drug interactions.

Comparative pharmacokinetic study of four major components after oral administration of pure compounds, herbs and Si-Ni-San to rats.

The pharmacokinetic differences of paeoniflorin, naringin, naringenin and glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) following oral administration of pure compounds, single herbs and Si-Ni-San (SNS) decoction to rats were studied. Blood samples were analyzed with a validated UPLC-MS/MS method. Student's t-test was used for the statistical comparison. The Cmax and AUC0-∞ were 1470±434 ng/mL and 4663±916 ng h/mL for paeoniflorin, 64.29±59.21 ng/mL and 311.8±131.8 ng h/mL for naringin, 244.2±138.8 ng/mL and 4761±3167 ng h/mL for naringenin, and 1183±294 ng/mL and 38 994±14 377 ng h/mL for GA after oral administration of paeoniflorin, naringin and glycyrrhizic acid. The Cmax and AUC0-∞ were 812.6±259.6 ng/mL and 2489±817 ng h/mL for paeoniflorin, 344.3±234.9 ng/mL and 1479±531 ng h/mL for naringin, 981.9±465.4 ng/mL and 12 284±6378 ng h/mL for naringenin, and 3164±742 ng/mL and 78 817±16 707 ng h/mL for GA after oral administration of SNS decoction. There were significant differences between the pharmacokinetic behavior after oral administration of SNS decoction compared with pure components or herbs. The results indicated that some components in the other herbs of SNS had a pharmacokinetic interaction with paeoniflorin, naringin, naringenin and GA.

Biliary excretion of glycyrrhetinic acid: glucuronide-conjugate determination following a pharmacokinetic study of rat bile.

Liquorice is a commonly prescribed herb in traditional Chinese medicine with the primary constituent, glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) responsible for the toxic effects arising from its chronic consumption. Hepatic transformation and biliary excretion of GA are significant and well-documented pharmacokinetic pathways in humans, while glucuronide conjugates are the major identified metabolites. Here we report the role of bile in GA bioconversion in rats; this being achieved following intravenous administration of GA to Sprague-Dawley rats at a dose of 2 mg/kg with bile fluid analyzed for 3 h post-injection using HPLC. The maximum concentration of glucuronides was detected about 30 min post-administration, while the cumulative biliary excretion of glucuronides after 3 h was found to be 63.6 ± 6.4%. Our findings indicate a relatively high rate of biliary excretion for GA via the formation of glucuronide conjugates, and as a result of these findings, glucuronidation can be firmly regarded as a primary detoxification pathway for GA in rats.

Preparation, characterization, and liver targeting evaluation of a novel sustained-release brucine self-assembled micelle mediated by glycyrrhetinic acid.

Background: Cancer is a serious threat to human life, health and social development. In recent years, nanomicelles, as an emerging drug carrier material, have gradually entered people's field of vision because of their advantages of improving bioavailability, maintaining drug levels, reducing systemic side effects and increasing drug accumulation at target sites. Methods: In this study, B-GPSG nano-micelles were prepared by film dispersion hydration method using brucine as model drug and glycyrrhetinic acid-polyethylene glycol-3-methylene glycol-dithiodipropionic acid-glycerol monostearate polymer as nano-carrier. The preparation process, characterization, drug release in vitro, pharmacokinetics and liver targeting were investigated. Results: The results showed that the range of particle size, polydispersion index and Zeta potential were 102.7 ± 1.09 nm, 0.201 ± 0.02 and -24.5 ± 0.19 mV respectively. The entrapment efficiency and drug loading were 83.79 ± 2.13% and 12.56 ± 0.09%, respectively. The drug release experiments in vitro and pharmacokinetic experiments showed that it had obvious sustained release effect. For pharmacokinetics study, it shows that both the B-GPSG solution group and the B-PSG solution group changed the metabolic kinetic parameters of brucine, but the B-GPSG solution group had a better effect. Compared with the B-PSG solution group, the drug was more prolonged in rats. The half-life in the body and the retention time in the body of B-GPSG are more helpful to improve the bioavailability of the drug and play a long-term effect. The tail vein injection results of mice indicate that B-GPSG can target and accumulate brucine in the liver without affecting other key organs. Cell uptake experiments and tissue distribution experiments in vivo show that glycyrrhetinic acid modified nano-micelles can increase the accumulation of brucine in hepatocytes, has a good liver targeting effect, and can be used as a new preparation for the treatment of liver cancer. Conclusion: The B-SPSG prepared in this experiment can provide a new treatment method and research idea for the treatment of liver cancer.

Hepatoma-Targeting and ROS-Responsive Polymeric Micelle-Based Chemotherapy Combined with Photodynamic Therapy for Hepatoma Treatment.

Background: The combination of nanoplatform-based chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising way to treat cancer. Celastrol (Cela) exhibits highly effective anti-hepatoma activity with low water solubility, poor bioavailability, non-tumor targeting, and toxic side effects. The combination of Cela-based chemotherapy and PDT via hepatoma-targeting and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive polymeric micelles (PMs) could solve the application problem of Cela and further enhance antitumor efficacy. Methods: In this study, Cela and photosensitizer chlorin e6 (Ce6) co-loaded glycyrrhetinic acid-modified carboxymethyl chitosan-thioketal-rhein (GCTR) PMs (Cela/Ce6/GCTR PMs) were prepared and characterized. The safety, ROS-sensitive drug release, and intracellular ROS production were evaluated. Furthermore, the in vitro anti-hepatoma effect and cellular uptaken in HepG2 and BEL-7402 cells, and in vivo pharmacokinetic, tissue distribution, and antitumor efficacy of Cela/Ce6/GCTR PMs in H22 tumor-bearing mice were then investigated. Results: Cela/Ce6/GCTR PMs were successfully prepared with nanometer-scale particle size, favorable drug loading capacity, and encapsulation efficiency. Cela/Ce6/GCTR PMs exhibited a strong safety profile and better hemocompatibility, exhibiting less damage to normal tissues. Compared with Cela-loaded GCTR PMs, the ROS-responsiveness of Cela/Ce6/GCTR PMs was increased, and the release of Cela was accelerated after combination with PDT. Cela/Ce6/GCTR PMs can efficiently target liver tumor cells by uptake and have a high cell-killing effect in response to ROS. The combination of GCTR PM-based chemotherapy and PDT resulted in increased bioavailability of Cela and Ce6, improved liver tumor targeting, and better anti-hepatoma effects in vivo. Conclusion: Hepatoma-targeting and ROS-responsive GCTR PMs co-loaded with Cela and Ce6 combined with PDT exhibited improved primary hepatic carcinoma therapeutic effects with lower toxicity to normal tissues, overcoming the limitations of monotherapy and providing new strategies for tumor treatment.

Pharmacokinetic study of multiple active constituents after oral gavage of Guizhi decoction in rats using a LC-MS/MS method.

Guizhi decoction (GZD) is a classic traditional Chinese medicine formula, clinically used for the treatment of influenza, common cold, and other pyretic conditions. A sensitive, specific, and validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) method was developed to investigate the pharmacokinetic properties of cinnamic acid, hippuric acid, paeoniflorin, and glycyrrhetic acid in rat. After single dose oral administration of 7.9 g extract/kg body weight GZD in rats, plasma concentrations of cinnamic acid, hippuric acid, paeoniflorin, and glycyrrhetic acid were measured by LC-MS/MS. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated from the plasma concentration-time data. The values of AUC0-t, half-life (t 1/2), and C max were 7.2 ± 2.3 µg h/mL, 1.2 ± 0.3 h, and 9.2 ± 5.2 µg/mL for cinnamic acid, 53 ± 31 µg h/mL, 2.8 ± 2.0 h, and 17 ± 3 µg/mL for hippuric acid, 1.1 ± 0.5 µg h/mL, 1.9 ± 1.1 h, and 0.6 ± 0.3 µg/mL for paeoniflorin, and 11 ± 6 µg h/mL, 6.6 ± 2.5 h, and 0.9 ± 0.6 µg/mL for glycyrrhetic acid, respectively. The results would offer useful information for effective components of GZD in vivo.