The Hôtel-Dieu Saint-Jacques of Toulouse: Oldest Dental Site still in Activity?

The Hôtel-Dieu Saint-Jacques of Toulouse (in Southwest France) is an ancient hospital officially existing since the 16th century and initially dedicated to the treatment of the poor and the destitute. In the 18th century, it became a hospital in the "modern" sense of the word, by maintaining health and trying to cure diseases. The first official traces of professional dental care in the Hôtel-Dieu Saint-Jacques by a dental surgeon date from 1780. From this period, the Hôtel-Dieu Saint-Jacques had a dentist to treat "paupers" in the early years. The first "officially" recorded dentist was named Pierre Delga, known for having treated the French Queen Marie-Antoinette for a difficult extraction. Delga also provided dental care to the famous French writer and philosopher Voltaire. The aim of this article is to relate the history of this hospital along with French dentistry, and to advance the hypothesis that the Hôtel-Dieu Saint-Jacques, now a hospital site of the Toulouse University Hospital, is probably the oldest building in Europe still in activity and still hosting a dentistry department.

Neuropathology in Pitié-Salpêtrière hospital: Past, present and prospect.

Pitié and La Salpêtrière, both founded in the17th century, were for long two distinct hospitals until they merged in 1964. The name La Salpêtrière is inherited from the initial purpose of the buildings designed to produce saltpeter for gun powder. But the place was soon transformed into an asylum to shelter the poor and the insane. From the care of this underprivileged population, alienists such as Pinel have paved the way for modern medicine for the mentally ill at the time of the French Revolution. In the second half of the 19th century, Jean-Martin Charcot and his students laid the foundations of modern neurology from the observation of the large population hosted in La Salpêtrière, mostly women with severe chronic diseases. Charcot led clinicopathological studies in almost all the fields of nervous system disorders. His successors (including Raymond, Dejerine, Pierre Marie) maintained the same close relationship between clinical neurology and neuropathology. In parallel with the development of neurosurgery at Pitié hospital, neuropathology first spread through small laboratories attached to clinical departments. The merger of the two hospitals in the early '60s coincided with the creation of a large university hospital in which the care and study of diseases of the nervous system were preponderant. An independent laboratory of neuropathology was created, led by Raymond Escourolle. This period was on the eve of important developments in neuroscience around the world. Today, the Pitié-Salpêtrière neuropathology laboratory still plays a central role between neurology and neurosurgery clinics and major research institutes such as the Brain Institute, callled Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle (ICM), and the Institute of Myology.

The Department of Surgery of the Université de Montréal, 70th anniversary.

SUMMARY: The Department of Surgery of the Université de Montréal was officially chartered in 1961, but the structure had been in place since since 1951. The department grew as a fusion of hospital-based surgery training programs from the largest French-speaking hospitals in Montreal. Currently 448 professors (135 women and 313 men) teach in the department. The research activity, both clinical and applied, is in strong progression. The Department of Surgery is the largest French and bilingual training centre in Canada and North America. In 2021 the department will celebrate its 70th anniversary. As members, we should be proud of the work achieved by our predecessors and by the current rank of professors, teachers and researchers. The department strives to promote the essential role of and highlight the rewards and benefits of academic surgery.

Necessity is the mother of invention: William Stewart Halsted's addiction and its influence on the development of residency training in North America

Summary: William Stewart Halsted developed a novel residency training program at Johns Hopkins Hospital that, with some modifications, became the model for surgical and medical residency training in North America. While performing anesthesia research early in his career, Halsted became addicted to cocaine and morphine. This paper dissects how his innovative multi-tier residency program helped him hide his addiction while simultaneously providing outstanding patient care and academic training.

No. 3 Canadian General Hospital (McGill) in the Great War: service and sacrifice.

SUMMARY: During the Great War, McGill University fielded a full general hospital to care for the wounded and sick among the Allied forces fighting in France and Belgium. The unit was designated No. 3 Canadian General Hospital (McGill) and included some of the best medical minds in Canada. Because the unit had a relationship with Sir William Osler, who was a professor at McGill from 1874 to 1885, the unit received special attention throughout the war, and legendary Canadian medical figures, such as John McCrae, Edward Archibald and Francis Scrimger, VC, served on its staff. The unit cared for thousands of victims of the war, and its trauma care advanced through the clinical innovation and research demanded by the nature of its work. Although No. 3 Canadian General Hospital suffered tragedies as well, such as the deaths of John McCrae and Osler's only son Revere, by the war's end the McGill hospital was known as one of the best medical units within the armies in France.

One Hundred Years of Psychiatry at Johns Hopkins: A Story of Meyer to McHugh.

This article describes a history of clinical methods and constructs that guide Psychiatry at Johns Hopkins Phipps Clinic today. The contributions of Adolf Meyer and Paul McHugh are central and closely connected. Both emphasize the clinical examination as the central practice of psychiatry as a specialty within medicine. Meyer's comprehensive examination of the patient became the centerpiece of his approach and was the standard for psychiatrists in the English-speaking world. McHugh, with Phillip Slavney, developed a pluralistic and practical framework for interpreting that history and examination. Both argued against the uncritical use of the modern disease construct. McHugh argues that the disease construct, although fundamental, is but one of four useful "perspectives of psychiatry" and is, thus, an insufficient basis for psychiatric practice. The perspectives could be used as an organizing framework by all physicians who seek a practical and truly personalized approach to the care of patients.

Adolf Meyer: His Achievements and Legacy.

This lecture, given to celebrate the centennial of the founding of the Henry Phipps Psychiatric Service at Johns Hopkins, addresses the career and contributions to psychiatry and neurology of Adolf Meyer, the first Phipps Professor. It reviews his achievements historically describing the bleak clinical situation of psychiatry when he began as a neuropathologist at Kankakee Hospital in Illinois in 1892, what he did to address them, the sources of help he found and exploited from leading figures in the emerging Progressive Era (1890-1917) in American life, and how he confronted and overcame resistances to his empirical, psychobiological conceptions of mental illness as he advanced. His legacy is reflected in the signal contributions of four leaders of American psychiatry (Drs. Leo Kanner, Alexander Leighton, Jerome Frank, and Paul Lemkau) who had been his residents and in those aspects of contemporary teaching and research at Hopkins that reflect his thought.

Treatment of enemy wounded: evidence from the No. 7 Canadian Stationary Hospital (Dalhousie University).

SUMMARY: Dalhousie University, with the help of the other Maritime universities formed and sent a hospital to Europe during the First World War (WWI). They served from January 1916 to April 1919. There is no comprehensive account of the treatment of German wounded by Canadian Medical Services in WWI; however, there is direct photographic and written evidence from the No. 7 Canadian Stationary Hospital that the relationship was one of mutual trust, more characteristic of that between a health care provider and patient than between combatants. The activities of the No. 7 in treating German wounded from the Western Front provide insight into this undocumented aspect of the medical services in WWI. A previously unrecognized painting by Sir William Orpen, one of the leading artists of the 20th century, of the unit at work in France is described. An appendix to this commentary is available at canjsurg.ca.

[Pierre Mornard (1883-1929), unrecognized plastic surgeon]. / Pierre Mornard, (1883­1929), un plasticien méconnu.

Many operations of aesthetic surgery were described between 1920 and 1930. Several French surgeons are recognized as pioneers of the speciality. Pierre Mornard (1883-1929) published numerous articles of plastic and aesthetic surgery between 1925 and 1929 the date of his death. The articles were illustrated with drawings of surgery he had practiced. He described in 1929 the first abdominoplasty with umbilical transposition. Pierre Mornard can be considered a pioneer of aesthetic surgery.

[Brain X-radiation for Childhood Epilepsy, Hydrocephalus or Mental Retardation? Research at Tuebingen University, 1940-1946]. / Röntgenbestrahlung des Gehirns zur Behandlung von kindlicher Epilepsie, Hydrocephalus oder Schwachsinn? Forschungen an der Tübinger Universitätsklinik von 1940-1946.

Brain X-radiation for Childhood Epilepsy, Hydrocephalus or Mental Retardation? Research at Tuebingen University, 1940-1946 We reconstructed 65 cases out of a series of "experimental" X-ray-therapy by chart review and reanalysis of publications from a contextual historical perspective. The research procedures in the context of NS-pressure for effectiveness soon dismissed structured scientific procedures and surrendered own standards, whereas radiation impact did not transgress the contemporary guidelines.

[To the history of ophthalmology clinic at the Moscow University]. / K istorii sozdaniya oftal'mologicheskoi kliniki Moskovskogo universiteta.

This is the first time the process of organizing the Clinic of Eye Diseases at the Moscow University has been traced and systematized basing on archival documents and publications - from rendering three beds for ophthalmology patients within the surgical clinic in 1805 to the establishment of a separate department of ophthalmology and subsequent foundation of the Hospital Eye Clinic in the Devich'e pole (Virgin's field) district in 1892.

[The Chair and the Clinic of ENT diseases at I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University: on the occasion of the 120th anniversary of its foundation]. / Kafedra i klinika boleznei ukha, gorla i nosa Pervogo MGMU im. I.M. Sechenova. K 120-letiiu so dnia osnovaniia.

This article highlights the main landmarks in the history of the Clinic of ENT diseases at I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, from the days of its foundation up to the present time. The main scientific and clinical aspects of it activities in different periods under the guidance of the outstanding Russian otorhynolaryngologists are described.

Western University (No. 10 Canadian Stationary Hospital and No. 14 Canadian General Hospital): a study of medical volunteerism in the First World War.

SUMMARY: The Canadian government depended on chaotic civilian volunteerism to staff a huge medical commitment during the First World War. Offers from Canadian universities to raise, staff and equip hospitals for deployment, initially rejected, were incrementally accepted as casualties mounted. When its offer was accepted in 1916, Western University Hospital quickly adopted military decorum and equipped itself using Canadian Red Cross Commission guidelines. Staff of the No. 10 Canadian Stationary Hospital and the No. 14 Canadian General Hospital retained excellent morale throughout the war despite heavy medical demand, poor conditions, aerial bombardment and external medical politics. The overwhelming majority of volunteers were Canadian-born and educated. The story of the hospital's commanding officer, Edwin Seaborn, is examined to understand the background upon which the urge to volunteer in the First World War was based. Although many Western volunteers came from British stock, they promoted Canadian independence. A classical education and a broad range of interests outside of medicine, including biology, history and native Canadian culture, were features that Seaborn shared with other leaders in Canadian medicine, such as William Osler, who also volunteered quickly in the First World War.

Description of in-hospital deaths in Vienna during 1850-2000.

The aim of this study was to compare in-hospital deaths in different hospital settings between 1850 and 2000 in Vienna. We reviewed 120 autopsy records for each of the selected years from the Clinical Institute of Pathology of the Medical University Vienna and two community hospitals. In 2000 the autopsy rate was 37.5 % at the community hospitals and 52.5 % at the university hospital. The mean age of those being dissected was significantly lower compared with those not being dissected in the community hospital. Infections were the leading cause of death during the nineteenth and early twentieth century, after 1950 the rate of cardiovascular diseases and cancer increased. In the year 2000 the majority of patients with an underlying malignant disease died because of cardiovascular disease. Causes of death vary between institutions. They should be reported as accurately as possible in order to create a cogent basis for central mortality statistics.

[History of the 4th Department of Internal Medicine of the First Faculty of Medicine at Charles University and the General University Hospital in Prague]. / Historie IV. interní kliniky 1. LF UK a VFN.

In 2015, the doctors and nurses of the 4th Department of Internal Medicine of the First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and the General University Hospital in Prague celebrated the 70th anniversary of its founding. The article summarizes the clinics contribution to the field of internal medicine, and particularly to angiology, hepatogastroenterology and lipidology. It comments the clinics current activities and the possibilities of its further development. Attention is also paid to the tradition of high ethical and professional standards of medical care in accordance with the norms established by the clinic's founder, prof. MUDr. Bohumil Prusík.

[A short history of pediatric neurology in Jagiellonian University]. / Krótka historia neurologii dzieciecej w Uniwersytecie Jagiellonskim.

The author reminded preclinical years and the work of children's neu- rologists at that time. And next he de- scribed the work of people which from creating the Department of Pediatric Neurology in 1996 created structures of the Department, its 6 Laboratories and the Outpatients Clinic. From 2008 the Department was a part a Chair of Pediatric and Adolescent Neurology, from here the Author also checked teaching and scientific activity of the Chair, the Department, and 2 academic Laboratories of the Neurophysiology and the Clinical Electrophysiology. He pointed at effective efforts for financed research projects.

[The therapeutic clinics of the Moscow University at the turn of XIX-XX centuries: the comparative characteristic of scientific schools of Zakhariin, Ostroumov and Shervinskii-Golubinin].

The materials are analyzed characterizing scientific therapeutic schools organized in the Moscow university at the turn of XIX-XX centuries by G.A. Zahar'in, A.A. Ostroumov and V.D. Shervinskii (collaboratively with L.E. Golubinin). It is demonstrated that in the 1890s the leadership passed from faculty therapy of Zahar'in to hospital therapy of Ostroumov. The school of Shervinskii-Golubinin played decisive role in further development of therapeutic clinic in Russia and after that in its restoration in the USSR. It is emphasized that the case in question is just scientific schools but not their founders - Zahar'in and Ostroumov. The both of them are justifiably referred to initiators of national clinic of intern diseases.

[History of the University of Chile Faculty of Medicine and clinical hospital location]. / Historia de los terrenos del Hospital Clínico y la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Chile.

The history of the location of the University of Chile Faculty of Medicine North Campus is derived from a farm of Pedro de Valdivia founder of the city of Santiago de la Nueva Extremadura and governor of the “Reyno de Chile”. This work narrates succinctly the history of this particular location from the Spanish Conquest period to present days.