Persistent vaginal bleeding during gender-affirming hormone therapy in transgender men.

PURPOSE: While it is common for menstrual cycles to cease within the initial 6 months of treatment, there are instances where some transgender men may not experience this cessation. We analyzed transgender men undergoing gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) with testosterone who experienced breakthrough bleeding in order to identify the factors associated with this condition. METHODS: In this case-control study, 24 transgender men in the case group and 48 in the control group were assessed for clinical, sociodemographic, hormonal, and body composition variables using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. All participants had been on GATH for at least 6 months. RESULTS: A few transgender men experienced persistent breakthrough bleeding, which was associated with decreased testosterone levels and free androgen index (FAI) compared with controls (p = 0.002 and p = 0.008, respectively). Among individuals with breakthrough bleeding, 50% had testosterone levels below the lowest tertile calculated for the sample, compared with 18.8% on controls (p = 0.007). After therapy adjustment, testosterone levels increased compared with the values obtained in the initial bleeding episode (p = 0.031). Eight transgender men required the addition of an oral progestogen to achieve amenorrhea, and these individuals had higher BMI than those in whom the adjustment of the parenteral testosterone dose was adequate (p = 0.026). A univariate prevalence ratio analysis revealed a negative association of persistent bleeding with testosterone levels (p = 0.028) and FAI levels (p = 0.019). CONCLUSION: Higher BMI and lower levels of testosterone and FAI were the main factors associated with breakthrough bleeding in transgender men.

Effects of gender-affirming hormone therapy on body fat: a retrospective case‒control study in Chinese transwomen.

BACKGROUND: There is insufficient research on how gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) affects body fat modifications in transwomen from China. It is unclear whether hormone therapy affects the prevalence of obesity and blood lipid levels within this population. The current research aimed to assess how GAHT and treatment duration had an impact on the change in and redistribution of body fat in Chinese transwomen. METHODS: This study included 40 transwomen who had not received GAHT and 59 who had. Body fat, blood lipid, and blood glucose levels were measured. GAHT is mainly a pharmacologic (estrogen and anti-androgen) treatment. The study also stratified participants based on the duration of GAHT to assess its impact on body fat distribution. The duration of GAHT was within one year, one to two years, two to three years, or more than three years. RESULTS: After receiving GAHT, total body fat increased by 19.65%, and the percentage of body fat increased by 17.63%. The arm, corrected leg, and leg regions showed significant increases in fat content (+ 24.02%, + 50.69%, and + 41.47%, respectively) and percentage (+ 25.19%, + 34.90%, and + 30.39%, respectively). The total visceral fat content decreased (-37.49%). Based on the diagnostic standards for a body mass index ≥ 28 or total body fat percentage ≥ 25% or 30%, the chance of developing obesity did not change significantly. Blood glucose levels significantly increased (+ 12.31%). Total cholesterol levels (-10.45%) decreased significantly. Fat changes in those who received GAHT for one to two years were significantly different from those who did not receive GAHT. CONCLUSION: After receiving GAHT, total body fat and regional fat increased in Chinese transwomen, and the body fat distribution changed from masculine to feminine, especially during the first two years. However, neither the increase in total body fat percentage nor the decrease in visceral fat content didn't bring about significant changes in the incidence of obesity, nor did triglycerides or low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol.

Endocrinological and ovarian histological investigations in assigned female at birth transgender people undergoing testosterone therapy.

RESEARCH QUESTION: What are the hormonal and ovarian histological effects of a gender affirming hormonal therapy in assigned female at birth (AFAB) transgender people? DESIGN: Prospective observational study of 70 AFAB transgender people taking testosterone therapy before gender-affirming surgery (hystero-oophorectomy). A gynaecological ultrasonographic scan was undertaken and serum hormone concentrations measured, including anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and androgenic profile. Histological ovarian evaluation was assessed in both ovaries, including the developmental stages of the follicles. RESULTS: The mean age of the population was 27.7+/-5.14 years. The main biochemical parameters were total testosterone levels 781.5 ± 325.9 ng/dl; AMH levels 3.2 ± 1.4 ng/ml; FSH and LH levels 4.9 ± 2.5 IU/l and 3.9 ± 2.9 IU/l, respectively; and oestradiol values 47.6 ± 13.7 pg/ml. Fifty-five AFAB underwent gynaecological ultrasound before surgery and antral follicles were found in 43 out of 47 ultrasounds (91.5%) (without the presence of a dominant follicle or corpus luteum). Histological follicles were mostly in the primordial stage (88.0) and 3.3% were atretic. The thickness of the tunica albuginea was widely heterogeneous (range 0.15-1.45 mm) and luteinization of the stromal cells was observed in 68.6% of the samples. A negative correlation between testosterone levels and total antral follicles was found (Rs= -0.306, P = 0.029). CONCLUSIONS: AFAB transgender people taking testosterone therapy show cortical follicle distribution in the range previously reported in fertile cisgender women of reproductive age. The follicular population may not be altered as a result of the gender-affirming hormonal therapy, although some cortical and stromal changes have been observed.

How does hormone transition in transgender women change body composition, muscle strength and haemoglobin? Systematic review with a focus on the implications for sport participation.

OBJECTIVES: We systemically reviewed the literature to assess how long-term testosterone suppressing gender-affirming hormone therapy influenced lean body mass (LBM), muscular area, muscular strength and haemoglobin (Hgb)/haematocrit (HCT). DESIGN: Systematic review. DATA SOURCES: Four databases (BioMed Central, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science) were searched in April 2020 for papers from 1999 to 2020. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES: Eligible studies were those that measured at least one of the variables of interest, included transwomen and were written in English. RESULTS: Twenty-four studies were identified and reviewed. Transwomen experienced significant decreases in all parameters measured, with different time courses noted. After 4 months of hormone therapy, transwomen have Hgb/HCT levels equivalent to those of cisgender women. After 12 months of hormone therapy, significant decreases in measures of strength, LBM and muscle area are observed. The effects of longer duration therapy (36 months) in eliciting further decrements in these measures are unclear due to paucity of data. Notwithstanding, values for strength, LBM and muscle area in transwomen remain above those of cisgender women, even after 36 months of hormone therapy. CONCLUSION: In transwomen, hormone therapy rapidly reduces Hgb to levels seen in cisgender women. In contrast, hormone therapy decreases strength, LBM and muscle area, yet values remain above that observed in cisgender women, even after 36 months. These findings suggest that strength may be well preserved in transwomen during the first 3 years of hormone therapy.

Compromised endothelial function in transgender men taking testosterone.

CONTEXT: Transgender men (TGM) are persons assigned female gender at birth with a male gender identity and are routinely treated with testosterone. Androgen excess is associated with endothelial dysfunction among cisgender females (CGF) and is an early sign of atherosclerosis and hypertension. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of testosterone treatment on endothelial function in TGM. SETTING: The John B. Pierce Laboratory and Yale School of Medicine. SUBJECTS: Eleven TGM (age 27 ± 5 years; BMI 24.4 ± 3.7 kg/m2 ) receiving testosterone (T) and 20 CGF (28 ± 5 years; BMI 26.0 ± 5.1 kg/m2 ) during the early follicular phase of their menstrual cycle. DESIGN AND OUTCOME MEASURES: We evaluated brachial vasodilatory responses following stimuli designed to elicit shear stress using 5-minute occlusion to determine endothelial function (flow-mediated vasodilation, FMD). RESULTS: Total T was greater in the TGM compared to CGF (484.6 ± 122.5 vs 1.5 ± 0.7 ng/dL), as was free T (83.9 ± 32.4 vs 1.9 ± 0.8 pg/dL). FMD was markedly lower in the TGM (4.5 ± 2.7%) compared to the CGF (8.1 ± 2.9%, P = .002) indicating significantly diminished endothelial function in TGM. CONCLUSIONS: We have shown for the first time that in TGM the androgen-dominant hormonal milieu was associated with impaired endothelial function. Endothelial dysfunction precedes clinically detectable atherosclerotic plaque in the coronary arteries, so is an important marker for clinical cardiovascular risk. Therefore, attention to cardiovascular risk factors should be integral to the care of transgender men.

TESTOSTERONE LEVELS ACHIEVED BY MEDICALLY TREATED TRANSGENDER WOMEN IN A UNITED STATES ENDOCRINOLOGY CLINIC COHORT.

OBJECTIVE: Most transgender women depend on medical treatment alone to lower testosterone levels in order to align physical appearance with gender identity. The medical regimen in the United States typically includes spironolactone and estrogens. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to assess the testosterone suppression achieved among transgender women treated with spironolactone and estrogens. METHODS: Testosterone and estradiol levels were extracted from the electronic medical records of 98 anonymized transgender women treated with oral spironolactone and oral estrogen therapy at the Endocrinology Clinic at Boston Medical Center. RESULTS: Patients starting therapy required about 9 months to reach a steady-state testosterone, with significant heterogeneity of levels achieved among patients. Patients with normal body mass index (BMI) had higher testosterone levels, whereas patients with obese BMI had lower testosterone levels throughout treatment. Stratification of patients by age or spironolactone dosage revealed no significant difference in testosterone levels achieved. At steady state, patients in the highest suppressing quartile were able to achieve testosterone levels of 27 ng/dL, with a standard deviation of 21 ng/dL. Measured serum estradiol levels did not change over time and did not correlate with dosage of estradiol administered. CONCLUSION: Among a cohort of transgender women treated with spironolactone and estrogen, the highest suppressing quartile could reliably achieve testosterone levels in the female range at virtually all times. The second highest suppressing quartile could not achieve female levels but remained below the male range virtually all of the time. One quartile was unable to achieve any significant suppression. ABBREVIATIONS: BMC = Boston Medical Center BMI = body mass index CPY = cyproterone acetate LC-MS/MS = liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry Q = quartile.

[Short-term safety profile of cross-hormonal therapy in trans-male subjects]. / Perfil de seguridad a corto plazo de la terapia hormonal cruzada en trans-varones.

A trans-male (TM) is a biologically female person with male gender identity who wishes to acquire male sexual characteristics and fulfil a male social role. To achieve that purpose, both cross-hormonal therapy (CHT) and surgical phalloplasty can be used. We evaluated the short term (12 months) safety profile of CHT using different forms of testosterone available for prescription in Argentina. In this retrospective study, we analyzed the medical history of 30 trans-male patients fitting the inclusion criteria. The mean age of the population was 27 years. The mean basal serum level of testosterone was 0.43 ng/ml, which increased to 6.36 ng/ml (male hormonal levels). The hematocrit increased from a baseline of 40.0 to 45.2% (p < 0.01) and hemoglobin increased from 13.6 to 15.2 g/dl (p < 0.01). Total cholesterol remained stable with values of 175 and 185 mg/dl (p = 0.81). There were no significant changes in serum triglycerides: 88.3 and 102 mg/dl (p = 0.08). LDL increased in the first 6 to 12 months of CHT from 101.2 to 112.5 mg/dl (p = 0.17). At 12 months HDL levels increased from 50.1 to 52 mg/dl (p < 0.01). Hepatic enzymes remained stable. There is no available data regarding safety of testosterone use in TM in our country. In no case did we need to suspend the medication due to unwanted effects.

Oestrogens are Not Related to Emotional Processing: a Study of Regional Brain Activity in Female-to-Male Transsexuals Under Gonadal Suppression.

Although the prevailing opinion is that emotional processes are influenced by sex hormones, the literature is still inconclusive. The aim of the current study was to examine the effects of gonadal suppression on brain activity during affective picture processing. Twenty-one female-to-male (FtM) transsexuals and 19 control women were recruited and underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging scanning while rating emotional pictures adapted from the International Affective Picture System. The gonadal hormone production of the FtMs was suppressed for 8 weeks, the control group did not receive any treatment before scanning. Under gonadal suppression, FtMs showed less brain activation in the superior temporal lobe compared with female controls during perception of positive affective pictures. Regression analysis showed that during processing of positive affective images, brain activity within the right superior temporal lobe was not correlated with levels of estradiol, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone. In the absence of associations with hormonal levels, the difference in activation in the superior temporal lobe during positive emotional stimuli between FtMs and control women may be attributed to a priori differences between the 2 groups. Future studies should clarify if these differences are a result of atypical sexual differentiation of the brain in FtMs.

Prolactin levels during short- and long-term cross-sex hormone treatment: an observational study in transgender persons.

The cause of prolactin alterations in transgender persons is often assigned to oestrogens, but the precise cause and time course during different phases of cross-sex hormone treatment (CHT) remain unclear. In this study, we prospectively examined prolactin levels in 55 female-to-males (FtMs) and 61 male-to-females (MtFs) during the first year of CHT. Because long-term prolactin data were not available in this population, we studied these levels in a retrospective population of 25 FtMs and 38 MtFs who underwent gonadectomy. FtMs were treated with testosterone and MtFs with estradiol, with or without the anti-androgen cyproterone acetate (CPA) (after gonadectomy CPA is cessated). During the first year of CHT, prolactin decreased with 25% (95CI: -33%, -12%) in FtMs and increased with 193% (95CI: 156%, 219%) in MtFs. Eighteen MtFs developed hyperprolactinemia (≥0.6 IU L-1 ). In the retrospective population, post-gonadectomy levels in FtMs were lower than baseline levels (-39%; 95CI: -51%, -20%) while in MtFs post-gonadectomy levels and baseline levels were comparable (-6%; 95CI: -24%, 15%). No hyperprolactinemia was found after gonadectomy. In conclusion, in FtMs, prolactin decreased consistently during CHT and in MtFs, prolactin increased during pre-surgical CHT but normalised after gonadectomy. It is likely that CPA induces increasing prolactin levels in MtFs.

Neural activation-based sexual orientation and its correlation with free testosterone level in postoperative female-to-male transsexuals: preliminary study with 3.0-T fMRI.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the brain activation pattern associated with sexual orientation and its correlation with the level of the free testosterone (free T) in postoperative female-to-male (FtM) transsexuals using a 3.0-Tesla functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eleven postoperative FtM transsexuals with sex reassignment surgery underwent fMRI on a 3.0-T MR scanner. Brain activity was measured while viewing erotic male and female nude pictures. RESULTS: The average level of free T in the FtM transsexuals was in the normal range of heterosexual men. The brain areas with predominant activities during viewing female nude pictures in contrast to male pictures included the hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, anterior cingulate gyrus, putamen, amygdala, hypothalamus, and insula (p < 0.005). The free T levels were positively correlated with the BOLD signal changes in the parahippocampal gyrus (Spearman's rho = 0.91, p < 0.001), hippocampus (rho = 0.90, p < 0.001), insula (rho = 0.68, p < 0.05), putamen (rho = 0.66, p < 0.05), and amygdala (rho = 0.64, p < 0.05). Compared to FtM transsexuals with deficient level of free T, the FtM transsexuals with normal range of free T showed significantly higher activities in the parahippocampal gyrus, hippocampus, insula, putamen, and amygdala during viewing female nude pictures (p < 0.005). CONCLUSION: This study revealed the specific brain activation pattern associated with sexual orientation and its correlation with free T in the postoperative FtM transsexuals. These findings are applicable in understanding the neural mechanism on sexual arousal in FtM transsexuals and their sexual orientation in connection with the free T levels.

White matter microstructure in transsexuals and controls investigated by diffusion tensor imaging.

Biological causes underpinning the well known gender dimorphisms in human behavior, cognition, and emotion have received increased attention in recent years. The advent of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging has permitted the investigation of the white matter microstructure in unprecedented detail. Here, we aimed to study the potential influences of biological sex, gender identity, sex hormones, and sexual orientation on white matter microstructure by investigating transsexuals and healthy controls using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Twenty-three female-to-male (FtM) and 21 male-to-female (MtF) transsexuals, as well as 23 female (FC) and 22 male (MC) controls underwent DTI at 3 tesla. Fractional anisotropy, axial, radial, and mean diffusivity were calculated using tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) and fiber tractography. Results showed widespread significant differences in mean diffusivity between groups in almost all white matter tracts. FCs had highest mean diffusivities, followed by FtM transsexuals with lower values, MtF transsexuals with further reduced values, and MCs with lowest values. Investigating axial and radial diffusivities showed that a transition in axial diffusivity accounted for mean diffusivity results. No significant differences in fractional anisotropy maps were found between groups. Plasma testosterone levels were strongly correlated with mean, axial, and radial diffusivities. However, controlling for individual estradiol, testosterone, or progesterone plasma levels or for subjects' sexual orientation did not change group differences. Our data harmonize with the hypothesis that fiber tract development is influenced by the hormonal environment during late prenatal and early postnatal brain development.

Preservation of volumetric bone density and geometry in trans women during cross-sex hormonal therapy: a prospective observational study.

UNLABELLED: Although trans women before the start of hormonal therapy have a less bone and muscle mass compared with control men, their bone mass and geometry are preserved during the first 2 years of hormonal therapy, despite of substantial muscle loss, illustrating the major role of estrogen in the male skeleton. PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to examine the evolution of areal and volumetric bone density, geometry, and turnover in trans women undergoing sex steroid changes, during the first 2 years of hormonal therapy. METHODS: In a prospective observational study, we examined 49 trans women (male-to-female) before and after 1 and 2 years of cross-sex hormonal therapy (CSH) in comparison with 49 age-matched control men measuring grip strength (hand dynamometer), areal bone mineral density (aBMD), and total body fat and lean mass using dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), bone geometry and volumetric bone mineral density, regional fat, and muscle area at the forearm and calf using peripheral quantitative computed tomography. Standardized treatment regimens were used with oral estradiol valerate, 4 mg daily (or transdermal 17-ß estradiol 100 µg/24 h for patients >45 years old), both combined with oral cyproterone acetate 50 mg daily. RESULTS: Prior to CSH, trans women had lower aBMD at all measured sites (all p < 0.001), smaller cortical bone size (all p < 0.05), and lower muscle mass and strength and lean body mass (all p < 0.05) compared with control men. During CSH, muscle mass and strength decreased and all measures of fat mass increased (all p < 0.001). The aBMD increased at the femoral neck, radius, lumbar spine, and total body; cortical and trabecular bone remained stable and bone turnover markers decreased (all p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Although trans women, before CSH, have a lower aBMD and cortical bone size compared with control men, their skeletal status is well preserved during CSH treatment, despite of substantial muscle loss.

Quality of life and hormones after sex reassignment surgery.

BACKGROUND: Transpeople often look for sex reassignment surgery (SRS) to improve their quality of life (QoL). The hormonal therapy has many positive effects before and after SRS. There are no studies about correlation between hormonal status and QoL after SRS. AIM: To gather information on QoL, quality of sexual life and body image in transpeople at least 2 years after SRS,to compare these results with a control group and to evaluate the relations between the chosen items and hormonal status. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Data from 60 transsexuals and from 60 healthy matched controls were collected. Testosterone,estradiol, LH and World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL-100) self-reported questionnaire were evaluated. Student's t test was applied to compare transsexuals and controls. Multiple regression model was applied to evaluate WHOQOL's chosen items and LH. RESULTS: The QoL and the quality of body image scores intranspeople were not statistically different from the matched control groups' ones. In the sexual life subscale,transwomen's scores were similar to biological women's ones, whereas transmen's scores were statistically lower than biological men's ones (P = 0.003). The quality of sexual life scored statistically lower in transmen than intranswomen (P = 0.048). A significant inverse relationship between LH and body image and between LH and quality of sexual life was found. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights general satisfaction after SRS. In particular, transpeople's QoL turns out to be similar to Italian matched controls. LH resulted inversely correlated to body image and sexual life scores.

Effects of gender affirming hormone treatment in transgender individuals - a retrospective cohort study.

PURPOSE: Gender affirming hormone treatment (GAHT) results in measurable changes to anthropomorphic, biochemical and hormonal variables that are important to patients and their health care professionals to guide treatment. This study sought to quantify changes which occur in response to initiation of GAHT. METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study of outcomes in transgender and gender diverse (TGD) patients starting GAHT. The primary outcome was proportion of patients and time required to achieve optimal hormone levels after commencement of GAHT. Additional analyses were performed to assess whether clinical and biochemical factors were associated with likelihood of achieving target hormone levels. RESULTS: 345 patients were included. Among 154 transmasculine individuals, 116 (75%) achieved a testosterone level >10 nmol/L during follow-up at a median of 4-months (IQR 4-9). No clinical or biochemical factors were significantly associated with likelihood of reaching therapeutic testosterone concentrations in transmen. Among 191 transfeminine individuals, 131 (72%) achieved a testosterone level <2.0 nmol/L during follow-up at a median of 4-months (IQR 3-9). Factors associated with increased likelihood of testosterone suppression were use of subdermal estradiol implants as well as cyproterone acetate as an androgen antagonist. Changes in differing directions were observed during repeated measures of lipids, liver function, and blood count between transmasculine and transfeminine individuals, reflecting the important effects of testosterone and estradiol on biochemical tests ordered as part of routine clinical care. CONCLUSION: Most TGD patients achieve target testosterone levels within 9 months of GAHT initiation. Adverse effects of GAHT are rare, and are usually mild.

Development of systemic lupus erythematosus in a male-to-female transsexual: the role of sex hormones revisited.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) predominantly affects women of childbearing age. The infrequency of SLE in men and disease onset in prepubertal or postmenopausal women suggests a role of estrogen in the predisposition to the disease. Patients with hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism are prone to the development of SLE, and the use of exogenous estrogens in women increases the relative risk of SLE onset and disease flares. These observations provide indirect evidence for an opposite role of estrogens and androgens in the pathogenesis of SLE. We report on a male-to-female transsexual who developed SLE 20 years after sex-reassignment surgery and prolonged estrogen therapy. The role of sex hormones in SLE is revisited.

Testosterone replacement elevates the serum uric acid levels in patients with female to male gender identity disorder.

Gender identity disorder (GID) results from a disagreement between a person's biological sex and the gender to which he or she identifies. With respect to the treatment of female to male GID, testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) is available. The uric acid (UA) level can be influenced by testosterone; however, the early effects and dose-dependency of TRT on the serum UA concentration have not been evaluated in this population. We herein conducted a dose-response analysis of TRT in 160 patients with female to male GID. The TRT consisted of three treatment groups who received intramuscular injections of testosterone enanthate: 125 mg every two weeks, 250 mg every three weeks and 250 mg every two weeks. Consequently, serum UA elevation was observed after three months of TRT and there was a tendency toward testosterone dose-dependency. The onset of hyperuricemia was more prevalent in the group who received the higher dose. We also demonstrated a positive correlation between increased levels of serum UA and serum creatinine. Since the level of serum creatinine represents an individual's muscle volume and the muscle is a major source of purine, which induces UA upregulation, the serum UA elevation observed during TRT is at least partially attributed to an increase in muscle mass. This is the first study showing an association between serum UA elevation and a TRT-induced increase in muscle mass. The current study provides important information regarding TRT for the follow-up and management of the serum UA levels in GID patients.

Hypogonadism in a male-to-female transsexual with super obesity.

The global obesity epidemic is having a profound impact on the health of populations. From a reproductive standpoint, obesity has been associated with infertility and hypogonadism. We present the case of a 29-year-old male-to-female transsexual with super obesity (body mass index >50) who was found to have profound hypogonadism with total and free testosterone levels in the normal female reference range. There is virtually no literature on the hormonal sequelae of obesity in transsexual people. The patient was prescribed an aromatase inhibitor, letrozole 2.5 mg twice daily for 2 weeks, to determine the role of oestrogen in the hypogonadism. The aromatase inhibitor reduced the serum oestradiol concentration from 125 to 6.9 pm. There were dramatic corresponding rises in total testosterone (2.8 to 10.7 nm), luteinising hormone (4.1 to 20.5 mIU ml(-1) ) and follicle stimulating hormone (1.8 to 15.3 mIU ml(-1) ). This diagnostic test demonstrated the important role of oestrogen in mediating the hypogonadism. After the testing, the patient was started on oestrogen therapy after a careful discussion of the benefits versus risks of oestrogen therapy. We anticipate that similar cases of hypogonadism in male-to-female transsexuals will likely become more common in an era of increased obesity rates.

A study of changes in bone metabolism in cases of gender identity disorder.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of increasing estrogen and decreasing androgen in males and increasing androgen and decreasing estrogen in females on bone metabolism in patients with gender identity disorder (GID). We measured and examined bone mineral density (BMD) and bone metabolism markers retrospectively in GID patients who were treated in our hospital. In addition, we studied the effects of treatment on those who had osteoporosis. Patients who underwent a change from male to female (MtF) showed inhibition of bone resorption and increased L2-4 BMD whereas those who underwent a change from female to male (FtM) had increased bone resorption and decreased L2-4 BMD. Six months after administration of risedronate to FtM patients with osteoporosis, L2-4 BMD increased and bone resorption markers decreased. These results indicate that estrogen is an important element with regard to bone metabolism in males.

Distinctive features of female-to-male transsexualism and prevalence of gender identity disorder in Japan.

INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of transsexualism is thought to differ among socio-geographic backgrounds, and little is known about its prevalence in Japan. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), which is known to be associated with insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome, is often seen in female-to-male (FTM) transsexual patients. Consequently, detection of PCOS is an important part of health care for these individuals. AIM: The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of transsexuality in Japan, as well as the incidences of PCOS and insulin resistance among Japanese FTM transsexual patients. METHODS: One hundred four male-to-female (MTF) and 238 FTM Japanese transsexual patients were studied. Medical histories, including histories of menstrual cycling and hormone treatment, were taken. To exclude other diseases, such as congenital adrenal hyperplasia and hormone-secreting tumors, thorough medical assessments, including transvaginal or transrectal ultrasonography and measurement of serum hormone levels and insulin resistance indexes, were performed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The diagnosis of PCOS was based on the Rotterdam 2003 criteria. RESULTS: Based on demographic statistics, the prevalences of MTF and FTM transsexuality are about 3.97 and 8.20 per 100,000 people, respectively, making the MTF-to-FTM ratio about 1:2. Of the FTM transsexual patients studied, 128 had not taken hormones before their initial assessment (untreated group); the remaining 50 self-administered androgen. Among the untreated group, 32.0% were diagnosed with PCOS, 30.1% were insulin-resistant, and 31.1% showed hypoadiponectinemia. CONCLUSIONS: The sex ratio among Japanese transsexuals is different than among Caucasians. PCOS and insulin resistance are common findings in FTM transsexual patients at initial presentation.