Incidence and risk factors for umbilical cord prolapse in labor when amniotomy is used and with spontaneous rupture of membranes: A Swedish nationwide register study.

INTRODUCTION: Umbilical cord prolapse (UCP) is a rare but severe obstetric complication in the presence of a rupture of the membranes. Although it is not possible to prevent a spontaneous rupture of the membranes (SROM), it is possible to prevent an amniotomy, which is a commonly used intervention in labor. This study aimed to explore the incidence and risk factors that are associated with UCP in labor when amniotomy is used vs SROM. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective nationwide register study was conducted of all births in Sweden from January 2014 to June 2020 that were included in the Swedish Pregnancy Register (n = 717 336). The main outcome, UCP, was identified in the data by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) diagnosis code O69.0. Multiple binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify the risk factors. RESULTS: Amniotomy was performed in 230 699 (43.6%) of all pregnancies. A UCP occurred in 293 (0.13%) of these cases. SROM occurred in 298 192 (56.4%) of all cases, of which 352 (0.12%) were complicated by UCP. Risk factors that increased the odds of UCP for both amniotomy and SROM were: higher parity, non-cephalic presentation and an induction of labor. Greater gestational age reduced the odds of UCP. Risk factors associated with only amniotomy were previous cesarean section and the presence of polyhydramnios. Identified risk factors for UCP in labor with SROM were a higher maternal age and maternal origin outside of the EU. CONCLUSIONS: UCP is a rare complication in Sweden. Beyond confirming the previously recognized risk factors, this study found induction of labor and previous cesarean section to be risk factors in labor when amniotomy is used.

Measuring patients' experiences of continuity of care in a primary care context-Development and evaluation of a patient-reported experience measure.

BACKGROUND: Continuity of care is viewed as a hallmark of high-quality care in the primary care context. Measures to evaluate the quality of provider performance are scarce, and it is unclear how the assessments correlate with patients' experiences of care as coherent and interconnected over time, consistent with their preferences and care needs. AIM: To develop and evaluate a patient-reported experience measure of continuity of care in primary care for patients with complex care needs. METHOD: The study was conducted in two stages: (1) development of the instrument based on theory and empirical studies and reviewed for content validity (16 patients with complex care needs and 8 experts) and (2) psychometric evaluation regarding factor structure, test-retest reliability, internal consistency reliability, and convergent validity. In all, 324 patients participated in the psychometric evaluation. RESULTS: The Patient Experienced Continuity of care Questionnaire (PECQ) contains 20 items clustered in four dimensions of continuity of care measuring Information (four items), Relation (six items), Management (five items), and Knowledge (five items). Overall, the hypothesized factor structure was indicated. The PECQ also showed satisfactory convergent validity, internal consistency, and stability. CONCLUSION/IMPLICATIONS: The PECQ is a multidimensional patient experience instrument that can provide information on various dimensions useful for driving quality improvement strategies in the primary care context for patients with complex care needs. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: Patients have participated in the content validation of the items.

The Social Insurance Literacy Questionnaire (SILQ): Development and Psychometric Evaluation.

PURPOSE: For clients to understand social insurance decisions and processes, information from authorities needs to be comprehensible, and clients need sufficient individual abilities. These dimensions are captured by the concept social insurance literacy, which has been operationalized into a measure, the Social Insurance Literacy Questionnaire (SILQ). The aim of this study was to describe the development of the SILQ and evaluate its psychometric properties using Rasch measurement theory. METHODS: The development of the SILQ included a Delphi study and cognitive interviews. A preliminary version, divided on four scales corresponding to the domains of the concept (obtaining information, understanding information, acting on information, and system comprehensibility) was psychometrically evaluated according to Rasch measurement theory, in a survey to a stratified random sample of people on sick leave (n = 1151) sent out in the fall of 2020. RESULTS: Overall, the items in the final version of the SILQ demonstrated good fit to the Rasch model, and the response scale worked as intended. Unidimensionality was supported for all scales, but minor problems with local dependency was detected for three items. The person separation was 0.80 for the Obtain scale, 0.82 for the Understand scale, 0.68 for the Act scale, and 0.81 for the System scale. Corresponding ordinal alpha values were 0.91, 0.91, 0.86, and 0.91, respectively. CONCLUSION: This study is a first step toward exploring literacy in the social insurance field. The SILQ covers individual abilities and systems' comprehensibility, and the results show that it has acceptable psychometric properties.

Preparedness for caregiving and preparedness for death: Associations and modifiable thereafter factors among family caregivers of patients with advanced cancer in specialized home care.

The purpose of this study was to (1) explore associations between preparedness for caregiving and preparedness for death among family caregivers of patients with advanced cancer and (2) explore modifiable preparedness factors, such as communication and support. Data was derived from a baseline questionnaire collected in specialized home care. The questionnaire included socio-demographics, the Preparedness for Caregiving Scale, and single items addressing preparedness for death, received support and communication about incurable illness. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and Spearman correlations. Altogether 39 family caregivers participated. A significant association was found between preparedness for caregiving and preparedness for death. Received support and communication about the illness was associated with higher levels of preparedness for caregiving and death. This study contributes to evidence on the association between preparedness for caregiving and death, but also that communication and support employed by healthcare professionals could improve family caregiver preparedness and wellbeing.

I have never been invited-A cross-sectional explorative study of family members' experiences of encounters with healthcare professionals in diabetes care.

AIM: To explore the experiences of family members of adult persons with type 1 diabetes concerning both the approach of healthcare professionals and feelings of alienation in encounters with professional diabetes care. METHODS: A cross-sectional explorative quantitative and qualitative design. The Family Involvement and Alienation Questionnaire-Revised (FIAQ-R), including an open-ended question, was answered by 37 family members of adult persons with type 1 diabetes. Analyses included descriptive statistics and qualitative analysis. The study has received ethical approval. RESULTS: Family members rated the approach of the healthcare professionals as being somewhat positive and considered that the approach towards them is important. They only felt partially alienated from the professional care. Qualitative data revealed that the family members often lacked direct access to the professional care and that their involvement was dependent on their relationship with the person with diabetes. Findings highlighted that the family members' wish to be involved in the care was sometimes unanswered. CONCLUSION: Based on the findings, it is reasonable to stress the importance of considering family members' perspectives and involving them in diabetes care to improve overall patient support.

Increased preparedness for caregiving among family caregivers in specialized home care by using the Carer Support Needs Assessment Tool Intervention.

OBJECTIVES: Family caregivers often feel insufficiently prepared for a caregiving role, experiencing challenges and demands related to care at home that may negatively affect their own quality of life. Supportive interventions have been shown to influence negative effects, but more studies are needed. Therefore, this study aims to explore potential effects of the Carer Support Needs Assessment Tool Intervention on preparedness, caregiver burden, and quality of life among Swedish family caregivers in specialized home care. METHODS: The study had a pre-post intervention design and was conducted at 6 specialized home care services in Sweden. Family caregivers who received the intervention completed a questionnaire, including the Preparedness for caregiving scale, Caregiver Burden Scale, and Quality of Life in Life-Threatening Illness - Family carer version, at 2 time points, baseline and follow up, about 5 weeks later. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Wilcoxon signed-rank test. RESULTS: Altogether, 33 family caregivers completed the baseline and follow-up assessment. A majority were retired (n = 26, 81%) and women (n = 19, 58%) and two-fifths had a university degree (n = 13, 41%). The family caregivers had significantly increased their preparedness for caregiving between the baseline and follow-up assessment (Mdn = 18 vs. 20, p = 0.002). No significant changes were found on caregiver burden or quality of life. SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS: The results add to knowledge regarding the Carer Support Needs Assessment Tool Intervention's potential to improve family caregiver outcomes. Findings suggest that the intervention may be used to improve the preparedness for caregiving and support among family caregivers in specialized home care.

Translation and evaluation of the HeartQoL in patients with coronary heart disease in Iceland.

BACKGROUND: Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) reflects an individual's own perception of their symptom burden, functional limitations, prognosis, overall health and changes associated with treatment. The HeartQoL is a validated heart disease-specific questionnaire with a physical and an emotional subscale that is used internationally to assess HRQoL in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). The aim of this study was to translate and evaluate the psychometric properties of the HeartQoL in patients with CHD in Iceland. METHODS: Patients ≥ 18 years (n = 396; mean age 64.4 ± 8.8 years; 79.6% male) admitted with CHD were recruited from two hospitals in Iceland and completed the Icelandic versions of the HeartQoL, Short-Form 12v2 Health Survey (SF-12v2), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). A subsample of 47 patients completed the HeartQoL 14 days later. Confirmatory factor analysis for ordinal data was used to evaluate the measurement model with a physical and an emotional subscale. Convergent and divergent validity, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability were evaluated. RESULTS: Overall, the hypothesized two-factor structure of the Icelandic version of the HeartQoL was supported. However, problems with cross-loadings and correlated error variances were identified. Convergent and divergent validity were supported in correlational analyses between HeartQoL, SF-12v2, and HADS. Internal consistency reliability, measured by ordinal alpha, was good for the physical (α = 0.96) and emotional (α = 0.90) subscale. According to intraclass correlations (ICC), acceptable test-retest reliability was demonstrated (ICC = 0.79-0.86). CONCLUSION: With the two-factor structure confirmed, the Icelandic HeartQoL demonstrated satisfactory psychometric properties in the sample of patients with CHD. Users of the instrument can use the original scoring.

Development and psychometric properties of a short version of the Patient Continuity of Care Questionnaire.

INTRODUCTION: Hospitalization due to cardiac conditions is increasing worldwide, and follow-up after hospitalization usually occurs in a different healthcare setting than the one providing treatment during hospitalization. This leads to a risk of fragmented care and increases the need for coordination and continuity of care after hospitalization. Furthermore, international reports highlight the importance of improving continuity of care and state that it is an essential indicator of the quality of care. Patients' perceptions of continuity of care can be evaluated using the Patient Continuity of Care Questionnaire (PCCQ). However, the original version is extensive and may prove burdensome to complete; therefore, we aimed to develop and evaluate a short version of the PCCQ. METHODS: This was a psychometric validation study. Content validity was evaluated among user groups, including patients (n = 7), healthcare personnel (n = 15), and researchers (n = 7). Based on the results of the content validity and conceptual discussions among the authors, 12 items were included in the short version. Data from patients were collected using a consecutive sampling procedure involving patients 6 weeks after hospitalization due to cardiac conditions. Rasch analysis was used to evaluate the psychometric properties of the short version of the PCCQ. RESULTS: A total of 1000 patients were included [mean age 72 (SD = 10), 66% males]. The PCCQ-12 presented a satisfactory overall model fit and a person separation index of 0.79 (Cronbach's α: .91, ordinal α: .94). However, three items presented individual item misfits. No evidence of multidimensionality was found, meaning that a total score can be calculated. A total of four items presented evidence of response dependence but, according to the analysis, this did not seem to affect the measurement properties or reliability of the PCCQ-12. We found that the first two response options were disordered in all items. However, the reliability remained the same when these response options were amended. In future research, the benefits of the four response options could be evaluated. CONCLUSION: The PCCQ-12 has sound psychometric properties and is ready to be used in clinical and research settings to measure patients' perceptions of continuity of care after hospitalization. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: Patients, healthcare personnel and researchers were involved in the study because they were invited to select items relevant to the short version of the questionnaire.

Factors Associated With Symptoms of Prolonged Grief and Psychological Distress Among Bereaved Family Members of Persons Who Died From Sudden Cardiac Arrest.

BACKGROUND: Death from sudden cardiac arrest implies a stressful and challenging situation for bereaved family members with an increased risk of prolonged grief disorder and psychological distress. OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were (1) to explore the associations between symptoms of prolonged grief and psychological distress and (2) to identify factors associated with symptoms of prolonged grief and psychological distress among bereaved family members of persons who died from sudden cardiac arrest. METHODS: This cross-sectional survey included bereaved adult family members. Demographic data and measures of prolonged grief (Prolonged Grief Disorder-13), anxiety and depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale), posttraumatic stress (Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5), and perceived social support (Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support) were analyzed using Spearman's correlations ( r s ) as well as univariate and multiple linear regression analyses. RESULTS: In total, 108 family members participated. Significant associations between symptoms of prolonged grief, anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress were identified ( r s = 0.69-0.79, P < .001). Offered, sought, and/or received professional support from healthcare, lower levels of perceived social support, being a spouse of the deceased, female sex, younger age, and family presence during resuscitation were significantly associated with higher symptom levels of prolonged grief, anxiety, depression, and/or posttraumatic stress. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that family members with higher levels of symptoms were offered, sought, and/or received professional support. However, because a minority are offered professional support after deaths from cardiac arrest, future interventions need to proactively identify family members in need of support. Furthermore, perceived social support seems to be an important factor for family members of persons who died from cardiac arrest.

Associations between continuity of care, perceived control and self-care and their impact on health-related quality of life and hospital readmission-A structural equation model.

AIM: The aim of this study is to examine whether a conceptual model including the associations between continuity of care, perceived control and self-care could explain variations in health-related quality of life and hospital readmissions in people with chronic cardiac conditions after hospital discharge. DESIGN: Correlational design based on cross-sectional data from a multicentre survey study. METHODS: People hospitalized due to angina, atrial fibrillation, heart failure or myocardial infarction were included at four hospitals using consecutive sampling procedures during 2017-2019. Eligible people received questionnaires by regular mail 4-6 weeks after discharge. A tentative conceptual model describing the relationship between continuity of care, self-care, perceived control, health-related quality of life and readmission was developed and evaluated using structural equation modelling. RESULTS: In total, 542 people (mean age 75 years, 37% females) were included in the analyses. According to the structural equation model, continuity of care predicted self-care, which in turn predicted health-related quality of life and hospital readmission. The association between continuity of care and self-care was partly mediated by perceived control. The model had an excellent model fit: RMSEA = 0.06, 90% CI, 0.05-0.06; CFI = 0.90; TLI = 0.90. CONCLUSION: Interventions aiming to improve health-related quality of life and reduce hospital readmission rates should focus on enhancing continuity of care, perceived control and self-care. IMPACT: This study reduces the knowledge gap on how central factors after hospitalization, such as continuity of care, self-care and perceived control, are associated with improved health-related quality of life and hospital readmission in people with cardiac conditions. The results suggest that these factors together predicted the quality of life and readmissions in this sample. This knowledge is relevant to researchers when designing interventions or predicting health-related quality of life and hospital readmission. For clinicians, it emphasizes that enhancing continuity of care, perceived control and self-care positively impacts clinical outcomes. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: People and healthcare personnel evaluated content validity and were included in selecting items for the short version.

Role of interaction for caller satisfaction in telenursing-A cross-sectional survey study.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to explore caller satisfaction with interaction, and the association to overall satisfaction with calls. BACKGROUND: In the era of expanding healthcare at distance, the telephone remains a common tool for the provision of nursing care. Interaction between telenurse and caller in telenursing is vital for safety, satisfaction and adherence reasons. Few studies have quantitatively explored interaction in calls and how it relates to overall satisfaction with calls. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey study with a deductive approach. METHODS: A total of 466 callers to the Swedish Medical Advisory Service completed the Telenursing Interaction and Satisfaction Questionnaire. Satisfaction with four theoretically defined components of interaction were compared using repeated measures ANOVA. Associations between satisfaction with interaction and overall satisfaction with calls were evaluated with ordinal logistic regression models with and without adjustment for age, sex, health status, waiting time, time for call, main result of the call and expectations. The study followed the STROBE checklist. RESULTS: Callers were most satisfied with affective support, followed by professional-technical competence, health information and decisional control-in that order. A summated score of satisfaction with interaction was positively and significantly associated with overall satisfaction with calls before and after adjustment for waiting time, main result of call and variables related to the individual caller. CONCLUSIONS: Caller satisfaction with interaction is generally high but can be improved, especially regarding decisional control. Satisfaction with interaction is important for overall satisfaction with calls. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: This study provides support for professionals at all levels in telenursing organisations to pay attention to interactional matters. The development of best practice for telenurses needs to consider all four components of interaction to enhance satisfaction with calls.

Enabling professional and personal growth among home care nurses through using the Carer Support Needs Assessment Tool Intervention-An interpretive descriptive study.

AIM: To explore nurses' experiences of supporting family caregivers in specialised home care while learning to use the Carer Support Needs Assessment Tool Intervention. BACKGROUND: The Carer Support Needs Assessment Tool Intervention can provide guidance for discussions with family caregivers in specialised home care concerning their specific support needs. Little attention has been paid to how nurses experience the use of the intervention in their everyday practice. DESIGN: This longitudinal study adopted an inductive qualitative approach using interpretive description. METHODS: Interviews were conducted at two time points. A total of 22 interviews took place with 12 nurses recruited from six specialised home care services. Data were analysed using interpretive description. RESULTS: Nurses' everyday clinical practice changed while learning to use the Carer Support Needs Assessment Tool Intervention, and they experienced professional and personal growth. Their supportive inputs shifted from being reactive towards being more proactive. Their approach changed from taking on great professional responsibility, towards a shared responsibility with family caregivers. The support altered from ad hoc contacts in the hallway, towards scheduled trustful conversations. Nurses were concerned about the amount of time and energy this kind of support might require. They pointed to the importance of holding good nursing skills to conduct this new way of having conversations. CONCLUSION: Nurses' everyday clinical practice can be further developed through the use of the Carer Support Needs Assessment Tool Intervention. Nurses may develop both professionally and personally, increasing their ability to provide person-centred support. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: With the use of the Carer Support Needs Assessment Tool Intervention, nurses can create trusting conversations with family caregivers of patients with life-threatening illnesses cared for in specialised home care. REPORTING METHOD: Reporting of the study follows the Consolidated Criteria For Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ) checklist (File S1). PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: Participating nurses were involved in discussing the study design.

Psychometric evaluation of the Telenursing Interaction and Satisfaction Scale.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: Interaction between caller and telenurse in telenursing is important for caller satisfaction and subsequent compliance. Despite this, satisfaction measures with focus on interaction in telenursing are scarce and rarely anchored in nursing theory. The aim was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Telenursing Interaction and Satisfaction Scale (TISS) with focus on data quality, factor structure, convergent validity, and reliability. METHODOLOGICAL DESIGN AND JUSTIFICATION: This psychometric study was based on cross-sectional data. RESEARCH METHODS, INSTRUMENTS, AND/OR INTERVENTIONS: Callers to the National Medical Advisory Service in Sweden (n = 616) completed the 60-item Telenursing Interaction and Satisfaction Questionnaire based on Cox's Interaction Model of Client Health Behavior. Twenty-five of these items were selected to form the TISS in four subscales according to the model. Data quality was evaluated in terms of missing data patterns and score distributions. The factor structure was evaluated with confirmatory factor analysis for ordinal data, convergent validity with Spearman correlations, internal consistency with ordinal alpha, scale reliability with composite reliability coefficients, and test-retest reliability with intraclass correlations. RESULTS: The amount of missing data was acceptable and equally distributed. Data deviated significantly from a normal distribution. All response options were endorsed. The factor analysis confirmed the hypothesised four-factor structure; factor loadings ranged from 0.56 to 0.97 and factor correlations were high (0.88-0.96). Internal consistency (ordinal alpha = 0.82-0.97), scale reliability (0.88-0.99), and test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.77-0.86) were satisfactory for all scales. STUDY LIMITATIONS: The study design did not allow drop-out analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The TISS showed satisfactory psychometric properties in the study sample. It provides a measure that enables quantitative measurement of caller satisfaction with interaction in telenursing.

Palliative care delivery at nursing homes before and after an educational intervention from professionals' perspective: A pre-post design.

BACKGROUND: The principles of palliative care were developed in hospices and specialised palliative care units and have not been sufficiently adapted to and evaluated in nursing homes. Therefore, an educational intervention from an interprofessional education perspective was performed within the project Implementation of Knowledge-Based Palliative Care in Nursing Homes. The aim of this study was to evaluate professionals' experience of palliative care delivery before and after the educational intervention. METHODS: The educational intervention for nursing home professionals consisted of five 2-h seminars over 6 months at 20 nursing homes. The intervention and control groups consisted of 129 and 160 professionals from 30 nursing homes respectively. The questionnaire 'Your experience of palliative care' was completed 1 month before (baseline) and after (follow-up) the intervention. Descriptive and inferential statistics were calculated. RESULTS: The positive effects at follow-up concerned the use of a valid scale for grading symptoms, attendance to the needs of next of kin (including bereavement support), documentation of older persons' wishes regarding place to die and conversations about their transition to palliative care and about how they were treated. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates a promising interprofessional educational model. However, the paucity of improvements brought to light at follow-up indicates a need for research directed towards a revision of this model. Supervision of professionals during palliative care delivery is one suggestion for change.

Posttraumatic Growth After Struggling With the Loss of a Parent in Young Adulthood.

This study aims to examine posttraumatic growth and its associations with parental bereavement among adolescents and young adults. Fifty-five young adults who had lost a parent to cancer at least 2 months earlier and were about to attend a support group at a palliative care service were recruited. Data was collected through questionnaires before support group participation, about 5-8 months after the loss and at a 6-month follow-up, about 14-18 months after the loss. The result shows that the young adults experienced posttraumatic growth, mostly in the domains Personal strength and Appreciation of life. Posttraumatic growth was associated with bereavement outcomes, especially life satisfaction, a feeling of meaning in future life and psychological health. The result is of value for health care professionals as it adds information about the importance of supporting constructive rumination to enhance the possibility to positive psychological change after a parent's death.

Symptoms of Prolonged Grief and Self-Reported Health Among Bereaved Family Members of Persons Who Died From Sudden Cardiac Arrest.

Sudden cardiac arrest is common and is one of the leading causes of death in the western world, and the sudden loss following cardiac arrest may have a significant impact on bereaved family members' health. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe symptoms of prolonged grief and self-reported health among bereaved family members of persons who died from sudden cardiac arrest, with comparisons between spouses and non-spouses. This was a cross-sectional observation study with 108 adult family members who completed a questionnaire. A fifth of the family members reported prolonged grief, and problems with self-reported health were common, especially regarding anxiety. Spouses reported more problems with prolonged grief and self-reported health compared with non-spouses. The risk of these family members developing prolonged grief and health problems should be recognized, and professional support should be offered.

The relationship between the laboratory diagnosis of Lyme neuroborreliosis and climate factors in Kalmar County Sweden - an overview between 2008 and 2019.

The purpose of this study was to describe the epidemiology of Lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB) in Kalmar County, in southern Sweden, between 2008 and 2019, and to analyse the relationship between the LNB incidence and climate factors. Data containing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cell counts and borrelia CSF/serum antibody index results was received from the departments of clinical chemistry and microbiology at Kalmar County hospital. For this study, we defined LNB as a case with a positive borrelia antibody CSF/serum index and CSF leukocytes > 5 × 106/L. Climate data including mean temperature, humidity and precipitation covering Kalmar County was collected from the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute. A total of 5051 paired serum-CSF samples from 4835 patients were investigated of which 251 laboratory LNB cases were found. The average annual LNB incidence in Kalmar County 2008-2019 was 8.8 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. Positive relationships were observed between mean temperature and LNB incidence (p < 0.001) as well as precipitation and LNB incidence (p = 0.003), both with a one calendar month delay. The results suggest an association between climate factors such as mean temperature and precipitation and LNB incidence, presumably through increased/decreased human-tick interactions. This calls for increased awareness of LNB in both the short perspective after periods of warmth and heavy precipitation as well as in a longer perspective in relation to possible climate change. Further studies with larger study groups, covering other geographical areas and over longer periods of time are needed to confirm these findings.

Transformation of Rasch model logits for enhanced interpretability.

BACKGROUND: The Rasch model allows for linear measurement based on ordinal item responses from rating scales commonly used to assess health outcomes. Such linear measures may be inconvenient since they are expressed as log-odds units (logits) that differ from scores that users may be familiar with. It can therefore be desirable to transform logits into more user-friendly ranges that preserve their linear properties. In addition to user-defined ranges, three general transformations have been described in the literature: the least measurable difference (LMD), the standard error of measurement (SEM) and the least significant difference (LSD). The LMD represents the smallest possible meaningful unit, SEM relates the transformed scale values to measurement uncertainty (one unit on the transformed scale represents roughly one standard error), and LSD represents a lower bound for how coarse the transformed scale can be without loss of valid information. However, while logit transformations are relatively common in the health sciences, use of LMD, SEM and LSD transformations appear to be uncommon despite their potential role. METHODS: Logit transformations were empirically illustrated based on 1053 responses to the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Logit measures were transformed according to the LMD, SEM and LSD, and into 0-10, 0-100, and the original raw score (0-24) ranges. These transformations were conducted using a freely available Excel tool, developed by the authors, that transforms logits into user-defined ranges along with the LMD, SEM and LSD transformations. RESULTS: Resulting LMD, SEM and LSD transformations ranged 0-34, 0-17 and 0-12, respectively. When considering these relative to the three user-defined ranges, it is seen that the 0-10 range is narrower than the LSD range (i.e., loss of valid information), and a 0-100 range gives the impression of better precision than there is, since it is considerably wider than the LMD range. However, the 0-24 transformation appears reasonable since it is wider than the LSD, but narrower than the LMD ranges. CONCLUSIONS: It is suggested that LMD, SEM and LSD transformations are valuable for benchmarking in deciding appropriate ranges when transforming logit measures. This process can be aided by the Excel tool presented and illustrated in this paper.

Predictors of problems reported on the EQ-5D-3L dimensions among people with impaired vision in northern Portugal.

BACKGROUND: The EQ-5D index often fails to detect the effect of ophthalmic diseases and sight loss. Investigating predictors of individual EQ-5D health dimensions might reveal the underlying reasons. The aim of this study was to investigate predictors of health dimension ratings obtained with the EQ-5D-3L from participants with impaired vision representing a spectrum of eye diseases. METHODS: Observational cross-sectional study with participants recruited at four public hospitals in Portugal. Outpatients with visual acuity of 0.30 logMAR(6/12) or worse in the better-seeing eye were invited to participate. Participants completed two instruments: the EQ-5D-3L (measures participants' perceived health-related quality-of-life) and the Massof Activity Inventory (measures visual ability-ability to perform vision-related activities). This study used logistic regression models to identify factors associated with responses to the EQ-5D-3L. RESULTS: The study included 492 participants, mean age 63.4 years (range = 18-93), 50% females. The most common diagnosis was diabetic retinopathy (37%). The mean visual acuity in the better seeing eye was 0.65 logMAR (SD = 0.48) and the mean visual ability was 0.62 logits (SD = 2.04), the correlation between the two was r = - 0.511 (p < 0.001). Mobility and self-care were the health dimensions with the fewest problems (1% reported extreme problems), anxiety and depression the dimension with the most problems (24% reported extreme problems). ROC curve analysis showed that the EQ-5D index was a poor predictor of cases of vision impairment whilst visual ability given was a good predictor of cases of vision impairment. Visual ability was an independent predictor of the response for all dimensions, higher ability was always associated with a reduced odds of reporting problems. The odds of reporting problems were increased for females in 3 out of 5 dimensions. Comorbidities, visual acuity and age-category were predictors of the odds of reporting problems for one dimension each. CONCLUSIONS: The odds of reporting problems for the five health dimensions of the EQ-5D-3L were strongly influenced by the ability to perform vision-related activities (visual ability). The EQ-5D index showed poor performance at detecting vision impairment. These findings are informative and relevant for the clinic and for research evaluating the impact of eye diseases and disease treatments in ophthalmology.

Prevalence of amniotomy in Sweden: a nationwide register study.

BACKGROUND: Amniotomy is a commonly used labor intervention with uncertain evidence, and there are complications connected to the intervention. Yet, the Swedish prevalence of amniotomy is unknown. The aim of the study was therefore to describe the prevalence of amniotomy in Sweden. METHODS: This nationwide register-based study included 330,913 women giving birth in 2017-2020. Data were collected from the Swedish Pregnancy Register in which the majority of data is collected via direct transfer from medical records. Prevalence of amniotomy was described for all births, for nulliparous and multiparous women with spontaneous onset of labour, and at the hospital level. Descriptive statistics and chi-square test were used to analyse the data. RESULTS: For all births, the prevalence of amniotomy was 40.6%. More amniotomies were performed in Robson group 1 compared to Robson group 3; 41.1% vs 32.3% (p < 0.001). The prevalence for all births remained the same during the study period; however, a decrease from 37.5 to 34.1%, was seen in Robson group 1 and Robson group 3 (p < 0.001). Variations in the prevalence between hospitals were reported. The hospitals with the fewest number of births annually had the highest prevalence of amniotomy (45.0%), and the lowest prevalence was reported at the University hospitals (40.4%) (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Amniotomy is a common labor intervention in Sweden, given that almost half of the laboring women underwent the intervention. Our results, regarding variations in the prevalence between hospitals, could imply a potential for fewer amniotomies in Swedish childbirth care.