Simultaneous analysis of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs using electrochemically controlled solid-phase microextraction based on nanostructure molecularly imprinted polypyrrole film coupled to ion mobility spectrometry.

A simple, rapid, and highly sensitive method for simultaneous analysis of anti-inflammatory drugs (naproxen, ibuprofen, and mefenamic acid) in diluted human serum was developed using the electrochemically controlled solid-phase microextraction coupled to ion mobility spectrometry. A conducting molecularly imprinted polymer film based on polypyrrole was synthesized for the selective uptake and release of drugs. The film was prepared by incorporation of a template molecule (naproxen) during the electropolymerization of pyrrole onto a platinum electrode using cyclic voltammetry method. The measured ion mobility spectrometry intensity was related to the concentration of analytes taken up into the films. The calibration graphs (naproxen, ibuprofen, and mefenamic acid) were linear in the range of 0.1-30 ng/mL and detection limits were 0.07-0.37 ng/mL and relative standard deviation was lower than 6%. On the basis of the results obtained in this work, the conducting molecularly imprinted polymer films as absorbent have been applied in the electrochemically controlled solid-phase microextraction and ion mobility spectrometry system for the selective clean-up and quantification of trace amounts of anti-inflammatory drugs in human serum samples. Scanning electron microscopy has confirmed the nano-structure morphology of the polypyrrole film.

Nanostructured conducting molecularly imprinted polymer for selective uptake/release of naproxen by the electrochemically controlled sorbent.

A conducting molecularly imprinted polymer (CMIP) film, based on polypyrrole, was electrosynthesized for selective uptake/release and determination of naproxen. The film was prepared by incorporation of a template anion (naproxen) during the electropolymerization of pyrrole into a platinum electrode using the cyclic voltammetry method. Overoxidized polypyrrole films with cavities complementary to the template were used as a potential-induced selective recognition element in the solid-phase sorbent. Various important fabricating factors, which control the performance of the CMIP film, were investigated using fluorescence spectroscopy. The measured fluorescence intensities of released solutions were related to the concentrations of naproxen taken up into the films. Several key parameters such as applied potential and time for uptake and release were varied to achieve the optimal sorption procedure. The film template with naproxen exhibited excellent selectivity over some interference. The calibration graphs were linear in the ranges of 5 × 10⁻8 to 3 × 10⁻7 mol ml⁻¹ and 7 × 10⁻6 to 8 × 10⁻4 mol ml⁻¹, and the limit of detection was 1 × 10⁻8 mol ml⁻¹. The CMIP films, as the electrochemically controlled solid-phase sorbent, were applied for the selective cleanup and quantification of trace amounts of naproxen from physiological samples. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the nanostructure morphology of the films.

Nanostructured conducting molecularly imprinted polymer for selective extraction of salicylate from urine and serum samples by electrochemically controlled solid-phase micro-extraction.

Overoxidized polypyrrole (OPPy) films templated with salicylate (SA) have been utilized as conducting molecular imprinted polymers (CMIPs) for potential-induced selective solid-phase micro-extraction processes. Various important fabrication factors for controlling the performance of the OPPy films have been investigated using fluorescence spectrometry. Several key parameters such as applied potential for uptake, release, pH of uptake and release solution were varied to achieve the optimum micro-extraction procedure. The film template with SA exhibited excellent selectivity over some interference. The calibration graphs were linear in the ranges of 5×10(-8) to 5×10(-4) and 1.2×10(-6) to 5×10(-4)mol mL(-1) and the detection limit was 4×10(-8) mol L(-1). The OPPy film as the solid-phase micro-extraction absorbent has been applied for the selective clean-up and quantification of trace amounts of SA from physiological samples. The results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) have confirmed the nano-structure morphologies of the films.

Headspace solid-phase microextraction using a dodecylsulfate-doped polypyrrole film coupled to ion mobility spectrometry for the simultaneous determination of atrazine and ametryn in soil and water samples.

A simple and rapid headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) based method is presented for the simultaneous determination of atrazine and ametryn in soil and water samples by ion mobility spectrometry (IMS). A dodecylsulfate-doped polypyrrole (PPy-DS), synthesized by electrochemical method, was applied as a laboratory-made fiber for SPME. The HS-SPME system was designed with a cooling device on the upper part of the sample vial and a circulating water bath for adjusting the sample temperature. The extraction properties of the fiber to spiked soil and water samples with atrazine and ametryn were examined, using a HS-SPME device and thermal desorption in injection port of IMS. Parameters affecting the extraction efficiency such as the volume of water added to the soil, pH effect, extraction time, extraction temperature, salt effect, desorption time, and desorption temperature were investigated. The HS-SPME-IMS method with PPy-DS fiber, provided good repeatability (RSDs<10 %), simplicity, good sensitivity and short analysis times for spiked soil (200 ng g(-1)) and water samples (100 and 200 ng mL(-1)). The calibration graphs were linear in the range of 200-4000 ng g(-1) and 50-2800 ng mL(-1) for soil and water respectively (R(2)>0.99). Detection limits for atrazine and ametryn were 37 ng g(-1) (soil) and 23 ng g(-1) (soil) and 15 ng mL(-1) (water) and 10 ng mL(-1) (water), respectively. To evaluate the accuracy of the proposed method, atrazine and ametryn in the three kinds of soils and two well water samples were determined. Finally, comparing the HS-SPME results for extraction and determination of selected triazines using PPy-DS fiber with the other methods in literature shows that the proposed method has comparable detection limits and RSDs and good linear ranges.