Intracranial complications of sinogenic and otogenic infections in children: an ESPN survey on their occurrence in the pre-COVID and post-COVID era.

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 pandemic is thought to have changed the epidemiology of some pediatric neurosurgical disease: among them are the intracranial complications of sinusitis and otitis (ICSO). According to some studies on a limited number of cases, both streptococci-related sinusitis and ICSO would have increased immediately after the pandemic, although the reason is not clear yet (seasonal changes versus pandemic-related effects). The goal of the present survey of the European Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery (ESPN) was to collect a large number of cases from different European countries encompassing the pre-COVID (2017-2019), COVID (2020-2021), and post-COVID period (2022-June 2023) looking for possible epidemiological and/or clinical changes. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An English language questionnaire was sent to ESPN members about year of the event, patient's age and gender, presence of immune-deficit or other favoring risk factors, COVID infection, signs and symptoms at onset, site of primary infection, type of intracranial complication, identified germ, type and number of surgical operations, type and duration of medical treatment, clinical and radiological outcome, duration of the follow-up. RESULTS: Two hundred fifty-four cases were collected by 30 centers coming from 14 different European countries. There was a statistically significant difference between the post-COVID period (129 children, 86 cases/year, 50.7% of the whole series) and the COVID (40 children, 20 cases/year, 15.7%) or the pre-COVID period (85 children, 28.3 cases/year, 33.5%). Other significant differences concerned the presence of predisposing factors/concurrent diseases (higher in the pre-COVID period) and previous COVID infection (higher in the post-COVID period). No relevant differences occurred as far as demographic, microbiological, clinical, radiological, outcome, morbidity, and mortality data were concerned. Paranasal sinuses and middle ear/mastoid were the most involved primary site of infection (71% and 27%, respectively), while extradural or subdural empyema and brain abscess were the most common ICSO (73% and 17%, respectively). Surgery was required in 95% of cases (neurosurgical and ENT procedure in 71% and 62% of cases, respectively) while antibiotics in 99% of cases. After a 12.4-month follow-up, a full clinical and radiological recovery was obtained in 85% and 84% of cases, respectively. The mortality rate was 2.7%. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the occurrence of ICSO was significantly increased after the pandemic. Such an increase seems to be related to the indirect effects of the pandemic (e.g., immunity debt) rather than to a direct effect of COVID infection or to seasonal fluctuations. ICSO remain challenging diseases but the pandemic did not affect the management strategies nor their prognosis. The epidemiological change of sinusitis/otitis and ICSO should alert about the appropriate follow-up of children with sinusitis/otitis.

TROPHY registry - status report.

INTRODUCTION: The TROPHY registry has been established to conduct an international multicenter prospective data collection on the surgical management of neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH)-related hydrocephalus to possibly contribute to future guidelines. The registry allows comparing the techniques established to treat hydrocephalus, such as external ventricular drainage (EVD), ventricular access device (VAD), ventricular subgaleal shunt (VSGS), and neuroendoscopic lavage (NEL). This first status report of the registry presents the results of the standard of care survey of participating centers assessed upon online registration. METHODS: On the standard of treatment forms, each center indicated the institutional protocol of interventions performed for neonatal post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus (nPHH) for a time period of 2 years (Y1 and Y2) before starting the active participation in the registry. In addition, the amount of patients enrolled so far and allocated to a treatment approach are reported. RESULTS: According to the standard of treatment forms completed by 56 registered centers, fewer EVDs (Y1 55% Y2 46%) were used while more centers have implemented NEL (Y1 39%; Y2 52%) to treat nPHH. VAD (Y1 66%; Y2 66%) and VSGS (Y1 42%; Y2 41%) were used at a consistent rate during the 2 years. The majority of the centers used at least two different techniques to treat nPHH (43%), while 27% used only one technique, 21% used three, and 7% used even four different techniques. Patient data of 110 infants treated surgically between 9/2018 and 2/2021 (13% EVD, 15% VAD, 30% VSGS, and 43% NEL) were contributed by 29 centers. CONCLUSIONS: Our results emphasize the varying strategies used for the treatment of nPHH. The international TROPHY registry has entered into a phase of growing patient recruitment. Further evaluation will be performed and published according to the registry protocol.

[Expert evidence in whiplash injury: interdisciplinary orthopaedic and biomechanical approach]. / Begutachtung der Halswirbelsäulendistorsion: Interdisziplinärer unfallchirurgisch-orthopädischer und biomechanischer Ansatz.

Considering the controversially discussed issue of whiplash injury a pragmatic approach based on our own experience in the area of forensic expert opinion is presented. Findings of accident analysis and biomechanics are correlated with the individual situation after the accident (initial clinical appearance), the course of the ailment and the indispensable physical examination. The latter leads to determination of the individual vulnerability (not increased/increased) which is important for the evaluation of the physical condition and estimation of the physical stress limit. These limits vary widely between individuals and must be considered carefully when relating dose and effect of accident severity to a possible physical injury. Determination of the accident severity is especially important when there are no objective signs of injury and the existence of a minor whiplash injury (Quebec Task Force degree 1 or 2) is in question.

Savings from the introduction of BPaL and BPaLM regimens at the country level.

BACKGROUND: In 2022, the WHO recommended the 6-month regimens BPaL (bedaquiline + pretomanid + linezolid) and BPaLM (BPaL + moxifloxacin) as treatment options for most forms of drug-resistant TB. SLASH-TB estimates the cost-saving and cost-effectiveness for the healthcare system and patients when a country switches from current standard-of-care treatment regimens to BPaL/BPaLM. METHODOLOGY: Country data from national TB programmes (NTP) are used to calculate the costs for all regimens and treatment outcomes. Where BPaL/BPaLM is not currently used, clinical trial outcomes data are used to estimate cost-effectiveness. DALYs are calculated using the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) database. RESULTS: We present the results of four countries that have used the tool and shared their data. When shorter and longer regimens are replaced with BPaL/BPaLM, the savings per patient treated in Pakistan, the Philippines, South Africa, and Ukraine are $746, $478, $757, and $2,636, respectively. An increased number of patients would be successfully treated with BPaL/BPaLM regimens, with 411, 1,025, 1,371 and 829 lives saved and 20,179, 27,443, 33,384 and 21,924 DALYs averted annually in the four countries, respectively. CONCLUSION: Through BPaL/BPaLM regimens, drug-resistant TB treatment has become more effective, shorter, less burdensome for patients, cheaper for both health systems and patients, and saves more lives.

CONTEXTE: En 2022, l'OMS a préconisé l'utilisation des schémas thérapeutiques (bedaquiline + pretomanid + linezolid) et BPaLM (BPaL + moxifloxacin), d'une durée de 6 mois, comme alternatives pour traiter la plupart des formes de TB résistante aux médicaments. SLASH-TB a réalisé une estimation des économies et de la rentabilité pour le système de santé et les patients lorsqu'un pays décide de passer des schémas thérapeutiques standards actuels au BPaL/BPaLM. MÉTHODOLOGIE: Les programmes nationaux de lutte contre la TB (NTP) utilisent les données nationales pour évaluer les coûts des différents schémas thérapeutiques et des résultats des traitements. Si le BPaL/BPaLM n'est pas utilisé actuellement, les données des essais cliniques sont utilisées pour estimer le rapport coût-efficacité. Les années de vie ajustées sur l'incapacité (DALYs, pour l'anglais « disability-adjusted life-years ¼) sont calculées à l'aide de la base de données Global Burden of Disease (GBD). RÉSULTATS: Nous présentons les résultats de quatre pays qui ont utilisé l'outil et partagé leurs données. Lorsque les schémas plus courts et plus longs sont remplacés par BPaL/BPaLM, les économies par patient traité au Pakistan, aux Philippines, en Afrique du Sud et en Ukraine sont respectivement de 746, 478, 757 et 2 636 dollars. L'utilisation des schémas BPaL/BPaLM permettrait de traiter un plus grand nombre de patients avec succès, ce qui sauverait respectivement 411, 1 025, 1 371 et 829 vies et éviterait 20 179, 27 443, 33 384 et 21 924 DALYs par an dans les quatre pays. CONCLUSION: Les schémas BPaL/BPaLM ont révolutionné le traitement de la tuberculose pharmacorésistante en le rendant plus efficace, plus rapide, moins contraignant pour les patients, plus économique pour les systèmes de santé et les patients, et en sauvant un plus grand nombre de vies.

Deep learning-assisted radiomics facilitates multimodal prognostication for personalized treatment strategies in low-grade glioma.

Determining the optimal course of treatment for low grade glioma (LGG) patients is challenging and frequently reliant on subjective judgment and limited scientific evidence. Our objective was to develop a comprehensive deep learning assisted radiomics model for assessing not only overall survival in LGG, but also the likelihood of future malignancy and glioma growth velocity. Thus, we retrospectively included 349 LGG patients to develop a prediction model using clinical, anatomical, and preoperative MRI data. Before performing radiomics analysis, a U2-model for glioma segmentation was utilized to prevent bias, yielding a mean whole tumor Dice score of 0.837. Overall survival and time to malignancy were estimated using Cox proportional hazard models. In a postoperative model, we derived a C-index of 0.82 (CI 0.79-0.86) for the training cohort over 10 years and 0.74 (Cl 0.64-0.84) for the test cohort. Preoperative models showed a C-index of 0.77 (Cl 0.73-0.82) for training and 0.67 (Cl 0.57-0.80) test sets. Our findings suggest that we can reliably predict the survival of a heterogeneous population of glioma patients in both preoperative and postoperative scenarios. Further, we demonstrate the utility of radiomics in predicting biological tumor activity, such as the time to malignancy and the LGG growth rate.

Patients' perceptions on temporomandibular disorder treatment with hydrostatic oral splints - a pilot study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate temporomandibular disorder (TMD) treatment with a prefabricated, hydrostatic oral splint (HOS) based on self-reported patient's symptoms using a standardized questionnaire. METHODS: Two hundred fifty-eight questionnaires from patients diagnosed with TMD and subsequently treated with HOS were collected from two independent private practices. Based on patient's comfort the questionnaire recorded TMD symptoms and symptom regression. Descriptive and comparative statistics was carried out using SPSS. RESULTS: A total of 221 questionnaires were analyzed. Patients reported TMD symptoms such as pain (93.2%), TMJ clicking (66.1%), headache (25.8%), cervical spine disorders (23.5%), restricted mouth opening (22.6%) and tinnitus (11.8%). For most symptoms, improvement was reported mostly after two weeks, except for tinnitus, where positive effects were usually reported after four weeks. CONCLUSION: HOS seem to be effective for immediate treatment of pain and other TMD symptoms. Based on the available data, a treatment period of four weeks can be recommended.

[Challenges in the implementation of electronic health care records and patient cards in Austria]. / Herausforderungen bei der Umsetzung der elektronischen Patientenakte und Gesundheitskarte in Osterreich.

Patient-centered, interinstitutional digital documentation and communication in the Austrian health care system is a primary goal of Austria health politics. The implementation of the eCard in the year 2005 was a very important step towards digitalization of the Austria health system. The main responsibility of the Ministry of Health (MoH) is coordinating the implementation of the eHealth infrastructure based on international standards. The Austrian electronic health care record (ELGA) should include all relevant multimedia medical and health-related data of a uniquely identified person. A selection of "relevant" documents must be made. The implementation of ELGA will take place in modules. Because of the importance of the federal states and their role in health care, a special commission was set up to represent the most important stakeholders. Thereby they are included in the decision-making process. This is important with regard to the future use of many already existing information systems and for further investments. The most important steps until now were the implementation of a working group for ELGA as an association of the national health commission in the year 2006 and the implementation of a feasibility study as well as a cost-benefit analysis. Data protection and security are considered very important factors and, with respect to these, the roles for health care providers will be defined. To achieve high acceptance from the public and especially from health care providers, it is important to inform them about the benefits of eHealth.

Cultural epidemiology of TB with reference to gender in Bangladesh, India and Malawi.

SETTING: TB control programmes in Bangladesh, India and Malawi. OBJECTIVE: To identify and compare socio-cultural features of tuberculosis (TB) and the distribution of TB-related experiences, meanings and behaviours with reference to gender across cultures in three high-endemic low-income countries. DESIGN: Approximately 100 patients at three sites were interviewed with in-depth semi-structured Explanatory Model Interview Catalogue (EMIC) interviews inquiring about patterns of distress, perceived causes and help-seeking behaviours in the context of illness narratives. RESULTS: Female patients reported more diverse symptoms and men more frequently focused on financial concerns. Most patients reported psychological and emotional distress. Men emphasised smoking and drinking alcohol as causes of TB, and women in Malawi reported sexual causes associated with HIV/AIDS. In Bangladesh, exaggerated concerns about the risk of spread despite treatment contributed to social isolation of women. Public health services were preferred in Malawi, and private doctors in India and Bangladesh. CONCLUSION: Cross-site analysis of these studies has identified features of TB that influence the burden of disease and are likely to affect timely help seeking and adherence to treatment. Health systems benefit from sex-disaggregated epidemiological data complemented by cultural epidemiological study, which together clarify the role of gender and contribute to the knowledge base for TB control at various levels.

Gender and socio-cultural determinants of delay to diagnosis of TB in Bangladesh, India and Malawi.

SETTING: Tuberculosis (TB) control programmes in Bangladesh, India and Malawi. OBJECTIVE: To compare the interval from symptom onset to diagnosis of TB for men and women, and to assess socio-cultural and gender-related features of illness explaining diagnostic delay. DESIGN: Semi-structured Explanatory Model Interview Catalogue (EMIC) interviews were administered to 100 or more patients at each site, assessing categories of distress, perceived causes and help seeking. Based on time from initial symptoms to diagnosis of TB, patients were classified with problem delay (>90 days), timely diagnosis (< or =30 days) or moderate delay. EMIC interview data were analysed to explain problem delay. RESULTS: The median interval from symptom onset to diagnosis was longest in India and shortest in Malawi. With adjustment for confounding, female sex (Bangladesh), and status of married woman (India) and housewife (Malawi) were associated with problem delay. Prominent non-specific symptoms--chest pain (Bangladesh) and breathlessness (Malawi)--were also significant. Cough in India, widely associated with TB, was associated with timely diagnosis. Sanitation as a perceived cause linked to poor urban conditions was associated with delayed diagnosis in India. Specific prior help seeking with circuitous referral patterns was identified. CONCLUSION: The study identified gender- and illness-related features of diagnostic delay. Further research distinguishing patient and provider delay is needed.

Gender and socio-cultural determinants of TB-related stigma in Bangladesh, India, Malawi and Colombia.

SETTING: Tuberculosis (TB) control programmes in Bangladesh, India, Malawi and Colombia. OBJECTIVE: Assess indicators of TB-related stigma and socio-cultural and gender-related features of illness associated with stigma. DESIGN: Semi-structured Explanatory Model Interview Catalogue (EMIC) interviews were administered to 100 or more patients at each site, assessing categories of distress, perceived causes and help seeking. Indicators of self-perceived stigma were analysed individually and in a validated index, which was compared across sites and between men and women at each site. Cultural epidemiological explanatory variables for stigma and interactions with female sex were analysed at each site. Qualitative illness narratives were examined to explain the role and context of explanatory variables. RESULTS: The overall stigma index was highest in India, lowest in Malawi and greater for women in Bangladesh. In India and Malawi, women were more likely to be concerned about impact on marital prospects. Associations with HIV/AIDS were linked to TB stigma in Malawi, where sexual contact as a perceived cause was more associated with stigma for men and less for women. CONCLUSION: Stigma both influences and indicates the effectiveness of TB control. Cultural epidemiological methods clarify cross-cutting and local features of stigma and gender for TB control.

Lasting cortical activation after repetitive TMS of the motor cortex: a glucose metabolic study.

OBJECTIVE: Cerebral [18F]fluorodeoxy-D-glucose PET ([18F]FDG-PET) was used to visualize the lasting neuronal activation after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the left hand area of the primary motor cortex (M1HAND). BACKGROUND: Applied over M1HAND, rTMS has been shown to produce a modulation of corticomotor excitability beyond the time of stimulation itself. METHODS: Eight right-handed subjects underwent nonquantitative [18F]FDG-PET measurements during two experimental conditions: at rest and after focal subthreshold 5-Hz rTMS over the left M1HAND. In the post-rTMS condition, [18F]FDG was injected immediately after the administration of 1,800 magnetic pulses over the left M1HAND. Relative differences in normalized regional cerebral metabolic rate of glucose (normalized rCMRglc) between conditions were determined using a voxel-by-voxel Student's t-test and volume-of-interest (VOI) analysis. Analysis was a priori restricted to the M1HAND, the supplementary motor area (SMA), and the primary auditory cortex of both hemispheres. RESULTS: A 5-Hz rTMS of the left M1HAND caused a lasting relative increase in normalized rCMRglc within the M1HAND bilaterally and the SMA. The magnitude and the topographic pattern of persisting relative rCMRglc increases within these motor cortical areas demonstrated considerable interindividual variations. CONCLUSIONS: Subthreshold 5-Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the hand area of the primary motor cortex is associated with a persisting neuronal activation in a distinct set of motor cortical areas beyond the time of stimulation. The current findings demonstrate that [18F]FDG-PET can localize and quantify regional net changes in synaptic cortical activity after rTMS and thus might elucidate the mechanisms underlying rTMS-associated therapeutic effects.

Low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex in writer's cramp.

OBJECTIVE: To study the short-term effects of slow repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the motor cortex on cortical excitability and handwriting in patients with writer's cramp. BACKGROUND: Cortical excitability of the primary motor cortex is abnormally enhanced in patients with writer's cramp. Therefore, reducing cortical excitability by low-frequency rTMS of the motor cortex might result in beneficial effects on handwriting in writer's cramp. DESIGN/METHODS: We studied the effects of subthreshold 1-Hz rTMS on motor threshold and cortico-cortical excitability using the paired-pulse technique in seven patients and seven controls. In another 16 patients and 11 age-matched controls we evaluated changes in cortical excitability by measuring the stimulus-response curve and the postexcitatory silent period before and after subthreshold 1-Hz rTMS. In addition, we analyzed the handwriting before and 20 minutes after 1-Hz rTMS. RESULTS: In the first experiment, low-frequency rTMS resulted in a normalization of the deficient cortico-cortical inhibition in the patients without affecting motor threshold. In the second experiment, 1-Hz rTMS resulted in a significant prolongation of the postexcitatory silent period without affecting the stimulus-response curve in the patient group. Moreover, the dystonic patients showed a significant reduction of mean writing pressure after subthreshold 1-Hz rTMS that was associated with clear but transient improvement in six patients. CONCLUSIONS: In some patients 1-Hz rTMS can reinforce deficient intracortical inhibition and may improve handwriting temporarily. Our data support the notion that reduced intracortical inhibition plays a part in the pathophysiology of focal dystonia.

Mode of action and the assessment of chemical hazards in the presence of limited data: use of structure-activity relationships (SAR) under TSCA, Section 5.

Section 5 of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) requires that manufacturers and importers of new chemicals must submit a Premanufacture Notification (PMN) to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 90 days before they intend to commence manufacture or import. Certain information such as chemical identity, uses, etc., must be included in the notification. The submission of test data on the new substance, however, is not required, although any available health and environmental information must be provided. Nonetheless, over half of all PMNs submitted to the agency do not contain any test data; because PMN chemicals are new, no test data is generally available in the scientific literature. Given this situation, EPA has had to develop techniques for hazard assessment that can be used in the presence of limited test data. EPA's approach has been termed "structure-activity relationships" (SAR) and involves three major components: the first is critical evaluation and interpretation of available toxicity data on the chemical; the second component involves evaluation of test data available on analogous substances and/or potential metabolites; and the third component involves the use of mathematical expressions for biological activity known as "quantitative structure-activity relationships" (QSARs). At present, the use of QSARs is limited to estimating physical chemical properties, environmental toxicity, and bioconcentration factors. An important overarching element in EPA's approach is the experience and judgment of scientific assessors in interpreting and integrating the available data and information. Examples are provided that illustrate EPA's approach to hazard assessment for PMN chemicals.

Summary of a workshop on regulatory acceptance of (Q)SARs for human health and environmental endpoints.

The "Workshop on Regulatory Use of (Q)SARs for Human Health and Environmental Endpoints," organized by the European Chemical Industry Council and the International Council of Chemical Associations, gathered more than 60 human health and environmental experts from industry, academia, and regulatory agencies from around the world. They agreed, especially industry and regulatory authorities, that the workshop initiated great potential for the further development and use of predictive models, that is, quantitative structure-activity relationships [(Q)SARs], for chemicals management in a much broader scope than is currently the case. To increase confidence in (Q)SAR predictions and minimization of their misuse, the workshop aimed to develop proposals for guidance and acceptability criteria. The workshop also described the broad outline of a system that would apply that guidance and acceptability criteria to a (Q)SAR when used for chemical management purposes, including priority setting, risk assessment, and classification and labeling.

Duration of automated suprathreshold vs quantitative threshold field examination. Impact of age and ocular status.

We investigated the impact of age and ocular status on the duration of automated threshold and suprathreshold testing of the visual field in a study of 57 eyes with glaucomatous field loss, 58 eyes with ocular hypertension, and 190 eyes of normal controls. It was faster to run a three-zone threshold-related suprathreshold 120-point full-field screening test on younger subjects and normal controls than on older subjects or subjects with early glaucomatous field loss. In contrast, the time required for full quantitative thresholding of 76 points within the central 30 degrees was unaffected by either age or ocular status. Normal individuals required 40% more time to complete the quantitative threshold test than the "full-field" screening test.

Evaluation of vitrectomy in penetrating ocular trauma. A case-control study.

A case-control retrospective evaluation of vitrectomy in penetrating ocular trauma was performed by matching 89 eyes, managed with vitrectomy, with 89 similar eyes that did not undergo vitrectomy. The cases were matched according to factors previously shown to correlate with the visual outcome, including the following: (1) type of trauma; (2) length and posterior extent of the laceration; (3) type and degree of lens involvement; and (4) type and location of any intraocular foreign body. The groups differed in the distribution of initial visual acuity, which was worse in the vitrectomy group. When the final visual results were compared, no statistical advantage from vitrectomy was found. However, beneficial trends were demonstrated in air rifle and double-penetrating injuries, as well as in other severe injuries in which initial visual acuity was worse than 5/200.

Effect of epsilon-aminocaproic acid on postvitrectomy hemorrhage.

We performed a prospective study involving 96 patients undergoing vitrectomy for proliferative diabetic retinopathy to determine the effect of epsilon-aminocaproic acid on the occurrence of postoperative intraocular hemorrhage. epsilon-Aminocaproic acid significantly reduced postoperative vitreous hemorrhage during the immediate postoperative period. Follow-up examinations two to six weeks after discharge from the hospital disclosed no statistically significant difference in the severity of vitreous hemorrhage between the treated and untreated groups. The loss of drug effect at this stage was in part due to spontaneous repeated bleeding in the treated group and in part to spontaneous clearing of hemorrhage in the untreated group. There was no statistically significant difference in the rate of repeated bleeding between the two groups or in rate of spontaneous clearing.

The risk of cerebrovascular and cardiovascular disease in patients with anterior ischemic optic neuropathy.

Of 217 patients in whom anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION) was diagnosed during the period from 1975 to 1985, verifiable medical information was obtained for 212 (98%). Over a median follow-up period of three years, no group of patients had an increased mortality rate over that of age-, sex-, and race-matched controls; however, patients with "idiopathic" AION and patients with systemic hypertension who developed nonarteritic AION had a statistically significant increased risk of experiencing cerebrovascular events and myocardial infarctions compared with appropriately matched control groups. In view of the findings of our study, we suggest that patients with idiopathic AION and hypertensive patients who develop nonarteritic AION undergo a complete physical examination, cardiac evaluation, tests of carotid artery patency, and careful medical follow-up to attempt to prevent subsequent cerebrovascular or cardiovascular events.

Hyperalphalipoproteinemia: characterization of a cardioprotective profile associating increased high-density lipoprotein2 levels and decreased hepatic lipase activity.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) structural characteristics and metabolism in hyperalphalipoproteinemic (HALP) patients (HDL-cholesterol [HDL-C], 92 +/- 14 mg/dL) with combined elevated low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels (LDL-C, 181 +/- 33 mg/dL). Patients were subjected to a complete cardiovascular examination, including ultrasonographic investigation of carotid arteries. Two HALP profiles were identified according to the HDL2/HDL3 ratio. HALP profile A was characterized in 28 patients by increased HDL2/HDL3 ratio, HDL2b, and lipoprotein (Lp)A-I levels compared with normolipidemic subjects, and HALP profile B, including the 12 remaining patients, was characterized by a HDL2/HDL3 ratio within the normal range and by the increase of all HDL subclasses (HDL(2b,2a,3a,3b,3c)), LpA-I, and LpA-I:A-II levels. With regard to the exploration of carotid arteries, in HALP profile A, 20 patients were free from lesions and eight had only intimal wall thickening. In HALP profile B, only one patient was free from lesions, four had intimal wall thickening, and seven displayed plaques, but none had stenosis. Taking into account the number of patients with plaques within each group, HALP profile A was associated with a low prevalence of atherosclerotic lesions, whereas HALP profile B was less cardioprotective (odds ratio, 77.7 [95% confidence interval, 3.7 to 1,569.7]; P < .0001). For both HALP profiles, cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) deficiency was discarded and activities of phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) were normal. However, hepatic lipase (HL) activity was significantly decreased in HALP profile A, but within the normal range for HALP profile B. In conclusion, an HALP profile A with a low prevalence of atherosclerosis was characterized by an increased HDL2/HDL3 ratio, HDL2b, and LpA-I levels associated with decreased HL activity.