Corneal sensitivity in keratoconus after penetrating and deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty.

PURPOSE: To evaluate recovery of corneal sensitivity in the graft following penetrating keratoplasty (PK) or deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK) in patients with keratoconus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 113 eyes of 113 patients (39 females, 74 males) were examined. All eyes had undergone corneal grafting: 39 PK, 74 DALK. Corneal sensitivity tested using the Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometer was evaluated the day before and 3 days, 3, 6, 12 and 24 months after surgery. The corneal sensitivity recovery was associated with surgical techniques (PK or DALK), age and sex of recipient and donor, cadaver time and type of preservation of the cornea. RESULTS: The average percentage of recovery of corneal sensitivity was 91% at 2 years. Surgical techniques and other qualitative and quantitative variables did not affect the statistically significant recovery of corneal sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS: In both surgical techniques, PK and DALK, we noticed a good recovery of corneal sensitivity in 2 years.

Ocular impairment of toxoplasmosis.

The purpose of this review is to update the latest information about ocular toxoplasmosis. The infection can be congenital or acquired, but also depends about the immune condition of the patient and can affect the eye. Ocular symptoms are variable according to the age of the subject. Retinochoroiditis is the most common manifestation of toxoplasmic infection. Toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis typically affects the posterior pole, and the lesions can be solitary or multiple. Active lesions present as grey-white focus of retinal necrosis with adjacent choroiditis, vasculitis, hemorrhage and vitreitis. Anterior uveitis is a common finding. Atypical presentations include punctate outer retinitis, neuroretinitis and papillitis. Depending on the patient's age and the localization of the lesion, ocular symptoms vary usually presenting with reduced visual acuity or without symptoms. The laboratory diagnosis of toxoplasmosis is based on detection of antibodies and T. gondii DNA using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) which fulfillis clinical findings. Toxoplasmosis therapy includes antimicrobial drugs and corticosteroids. There are several regimens with different drug combinations including, among others, pyrimethamine, sulfadiazine, clindamycin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazol.

Long-term safety and efficacy of autologous platelet lysate drops for treatment of ocular GvHD.

Current ocular GvHD (oGvHD) treatments are suboptimal. We investigated the safety and efficacy of long-term continuous treatment with autologous platelet lysate (PL) drops in patients with oGvHD Dry Eye Syndrome (DES) score 2-3 refractory to topical conventional therapy. Ophthalmic evaluation was performed at 6 month intervals. Symptoms were assessed using the Glaucoma Symptom Scale (GSS). Patients were defined 'responders' when showing a reduction at least one grade on National Institutes of Health Eye Score from baseline at the 6 month visit. Thirty-one patients were included, and 16 (51%) completed 36 months of follow-up (range 6.5-72.7). At 6 months all patients were classified as responders: median GSS symptom score decreased from 70 to 41 (33 at 36 months), median GSS function score reduced from 68 to 46 (33 at 36 months) (all P<0.001). Median Tear Break Up Time improved from 3 to 6 s after 6 months and was maintained over time. All signs improved at 6 and 36 months (clinical and statistical significance). No severe adverse events occurred. Long-term treatment with PL drops is secure and effective for oGvHD and can be an efficient therapy option from initial stages of oGvHD to prevent permanent ocular impairment and improving quality of life.

A cross-sectional study on vision-related quality of life in patients with ocular GvHD.

Ocular GvHD affects about 40-60% of patients receiving bone marrow transplantation. Ocular complaints worsen quality of life (QoL), which, besides survival time, is a primary end point in a patient's follow-up. The aim of our study was to assess the ocular surface status and vision-related QoL (VRQoL) and explore the potential determinants in VRQoL in patients with chronic GvHD with ocular involvement. In this cross-sectional study, we investigated 40 patients with ocular GvHD after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation assessing ocular symptoms and signs, VRQoL and ophthalmologic parameters. The median age was 52.1 years; 32.5% were females. Most of them presented a multiple organ involvement. Ophthalmological parameter examinations were on average abnormal. Corneal staining was severe/very severe in 25%; conjunctival staining in 10% of subjects. The worse QoL scores were on 'general vision', 'ocular pain', 'vision-specific mental health' and 'vision-specific role difficulties'. Both symptoms and sign scores indicate poor VRQoL. A lower VRQoL was related to schooling level, job position, underlying disease and extracorporeal photopheresis. Corneal staining, Schirmer and tear film breakup time were negatively associated to visual function-related subscales. An accurate ophthalmological and VRQoL assessment should be mandatory for a long time to promptly recognize early signs of ocular suffering, and to prevent irreversible ocular complications.

Diagnostic value of objective campimetry.

The results obtained in ten normal subjects with a new method of pupillocampimetry are described and compared with those obtained with routine campimetry. Once the relationship between the two methods was established, ten subjects suffering from pregeniculate or postgeniculate lesions of the optic pathways were examined by pupillocampimetry. This study shows the value of this new method, particularly for the differential diagnosis of pre- or postgeniculate lesions.

Transsynaptic degeneration of lateral geniculate bodies in blind children: in vivo MR demonstration.

PURPOSE: To investigate signal alterations in the thalamic lateral geniculate bodies of blind patients compatible with transsynaptic degeneration of these nuclei caused by pregeniculate or postgeniculate interruption of the visual pathway. METHODS: Six patients were selected from a group of blind children in our care. Four had cerebral palsy caused by periventricular leukomalacia, one had infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy, and one had Chiari I malformation and hydrocephalus, which was worsened by bilateral ischemic lesions of the occipital lobes. MR examinations (obtained at 0.5 T) were reviewed retrospectively by two neuroradiologists, with particular attention to the visual pathway. RESULTS: Symmetric, focal areas of T2 prolongation were found at the precise site of the lateral geniculate bodies. CONCLUSION: Anterograde (pregeniculate) and retrograde (postgeniculate) transsynaptic degeneration of the second neurons of the visual pathway produce alterations in MR signal.

Cerebral visual impairment in periventricular leukomalacia: MR correlation.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the involvement of central visual pathways in cases of periventricular leukomalacia, and to correlate the neuroradiologic findings with the degree of visual acuity. METHODS: The MR brain examinations of 27 preterm children affected by cerebral palsy resulting from periventricular leukomalacia and without significant ophthalmologic lesions were reviewed retrospectively to search for possible involvement of the optic radiations and/or of the calcarine cortex. The data were compared with the degree of visual acuity estimated by means of the Teller Acuity Cards test. RESULTS: Seventeen (63%) of the 27 patients had cerebral visual impairment, which correlated strongly with MR lesions. Quantitative reduction and signal hyperintensity of the peritrigonal white matter and atrophy of the calcarine cortex were present in the more severe cases. In two blind patients, an altered MR signal was detected in the lateral geniculate bodies. CONCLUSION: This study clearly establishes a relationship between specific MR findings and visual impairment in children with periventricular leukomalacia. The finding of hyperintensity in the lateral geniculate bodies was interpreted as an axonal reaction. MR imaging is useful for detecting potential visual impairment and for improving clinical diagnosis.

Review of experience with retinopathy of prematurity from the Pavia registry (1990-1993).

In this retrospective study we analysed the prevalence of retino-pathy of prematurity (ROP) and its sequelae in a sample of premature infants with birth weight less than 1500 grams. From 1 January 1990 to 31 October 1993, we studied 160 surviving premature infants with very low birth weight (< 1.500 g) referred to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of the I.R.C.C.S. Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy. Thirty percent of these infants suffered from ROP, and 13.7%, with severe ROP, underwent cryotherapy. These latter had very-very low birth weight (< 1.000 g) and low gestational age (< 28 weeks). Follow-up of 69 infants at 12 months for retinal sequelae, refraction defects, bin-ocular vision and ocular motility impairments gave the following results: 1) strabismus 20.3%; 2) > 3D hyperopia 3%; 3) myopia 30.4%; 4) > 5D myopia 3.7%. The incidence of refraction and ocular motility anomalies in patients with acute ROP with spontaneous remission was similar to that of unaffected premature infants. Conversely, in the patients treated with cryotherapy the incidence of strabismus and > 5D myopia was greater than for untreated infants: 30% vs 15.4% (n.s.) and 14.7% vs 0% (p = 0.05), respectively. Cryotherapy was successful in 91.9% of cases and in 37.8% of cases the cicatricial sequelae were limited to peripheral chorioretinal scars.

Esotropia and pseudoexotropia in acute ROP sequelae: clinical features and suggestions for treatment.

We report five cases with a mixture of esotropia and pseudoexotropia due to macular ectopia related cicatricial retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). On inspection, the patients, aged from 9 to 28 years, presented a divergence of the eyes and a nasally decentralised corneal light reflex. The cover test showed esodeviation. All the cases presented some clinical features common to congenital strabismus. Fundus examination showed temporal traction of vascular and retinal tissues and macular ectopia, referrable to cicatricial sequelae of spontaneously regressed severe ROP. Treatment is limited to follow-up, with attention being paid to the control of retinal damage rather than to resolving the esthetic defects. Despite cryotherapy, these conditions are increasing with the increase in severe ROP and are now relatively frequent. We suggest that they be carefully identified in order to avoid incorrect orthoptic or surgical treatment.

Sporadic Duane's Retraction Syndrome Associated with Imperforate Anus: Case Report.

Duane's retraction syndrome is sometimes associated with developmental ocular and extraocular abnormalities. This disorder may also be present in association with specific malformative syndromes. The authors report the clinical features of a seven-year-old female affected by Duane's retraction syndrome (D.R.S.), rectoperineal fistula, imperforate anus and other congenital malformations. From two extensive reviews of 106 reports published before 1982 and from a search (using Medline 1981-1994) for reports of congenital malformations associated with this syndrome, no cases of sporadic D.R.S. associated with the perineal malformations mentioned were found, even though imperforate anus is considered the commoner of hindgut malformation.

[Unilateral congenital cataract and visual function]. / Cataracte congénitale unilatérale et fonction visuelle.

The authors report the case of a young patient presented with cytomegalovirus infection involving the nervous, respiratory and ocular systems. A congenital monocular cataract associated with a chorioretinal macular scar in the controlateral eye imposed surgical treatment of the cataract. No retinal damages were found in the cataractous eye after surgery. Three years later the visual function is supported by the phakic eye in spite of the relative precocity of surgery (4th month), and of the correct antiambliopic treatment. This case would suggest that the period in which a monocular cataract can be treated with good functional results, should be restricted within the first few weeks of life.

[Compared progression of visual-evoked potentials in preterm and term newborns]. / Evolution comparée des potentiels évoqués visuels chez des enfants nés à terme et prématurément.

PURPOSE: To compare the development of the visual pathway in healthy preterm and full-term newborns using flash and patterned (both transient and steady-state) visual-evoked potentials (fVEP, pVEP-t, pVEP-ss). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-nine preterm newborns (28-35 weeks gestational age) were evaluated at four different times: at 3 months postnatal and corrected age, at 8 months postnatal and corrected age. They were matched with 92 term newborns tested at 3 and 8 months of life. RESULTS: The maximal perceived spatial frequencies in the groups were: 2 C/d at 3 months postnatal age, >2 C/d at 3 months corrected age and at 3 months at term, between 3 and 5C/d, >=5C/d at 8 months corrected age and at 8 months of life, respectively. The latencies of the P1 and P100 waves for the flash and the transient stimulation were, respectively, 192 ms and 207.9 ms at 3 months postnatal age, 144 ms and 137.7 ms at 3 months corrected age, 126.3 ms and 124.1 ms at 8 months postnatal age, 112.7 ms and 112.5 ms at 8 months corrected age, 137.3 and 110.1 ms at 3 months of life; and 122.3 and 100.5 ms at 8 months of life. DISCUSSION: In the preterm infants of 3 gestational months, the latencies of the fVEP are comparable to those of the 3-month-old full-term infants, although the pVEP-t latencies are still delayed at 8 months. In the fVEP; however, we noted a shorter latency in the preterm infants at 8 months corrected age compared to those of the full-term infants. This tendency inversion was also evidenced at the steady-state stimulation. CONCLUSIONS: As evidenced by our results, at 8 months of corrected age the preterm infants recovered the fVEP and pVEP-ss, but not the pVEP-t. Different results obtained with different visual-evoked stimulations suggest that similar neural pools are developed in not completely equal amounts of time.

Targeting the immunogenetic diseases with the appropriate HLA molecular typing: critical appraisal on 2666 patients typed in one single centre.

We compared the immunogenetic data from 2666 patients affected by HLA-related autoimmune diseases with those from 4389 ethnically matched controls (3157 cord blood donors CBD, 1232 adult bone marrow donors BMD), to verify the appropriateness of HLA typing requests received in the past decade. The frequency of HLA-B∗27 phenotype was 10.50% in 724 ankylosing spondylitis, 16.80% in 125 uveitis (3.41% BMD, 4.24% CBD, P < 0.0001); HLA-B∗51 allele was 15.57% in 212 Behçet's disease (12.91% BMD, 9.88% CBD, P < 0.0001); the HLA-DRB1-rheumatoid arthritis (RA) shared epitope was 13.72% in 554 RA (10.85% BMD, 13.48% CBD, P = 0.016); the carriers of almost one of HLA-DQB1 susceptibility alleles were 84.91% in 795 celiac disease (CD) and 59.37% in 256 insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) (46.06% in 875 CBD, 42.75% in 662 BMD P < 0.0001). Overall, our results show that the HLA marker frequencies were higher in patients than controls, but lower than expected from the literature data (excluding CD and IDDM) and demonstrate that, in complex immunogenetic conditions, a substantial number of genetic analyses are redundant and inappropriate, burdening to the public health costs. For this reason, we suggest the Italian Scientific Society of Immunogenetics to establish guidelines to improve the appropriateness of typing requests.

Recovery of visual functions after early acquired occipital damage.

Plasticity of visual systems after early brain damage has been extensively studied in animal models but poorly documented in children after visual pathway lesions. This report describes the visual recovery of a male child who had a bilateral occipital lobe infarction at the age of 2 years 6 months, 10 days after colon resection for Hirschsprung disease. In the acute phase he had severe visual impairment without visual response. Some weeks later he could perceive movement. Since then, progressive recovery of his visual acuity and oculomotor abilities has been accompanied by a progressive reduction of the visual field defect. At 6 years 8 months, visual recognition acuity was 10/10 in both eyes and neuro-ophthalmological examination was normal, except for persistence of the visual field defect in the upper hemifield and a selective impairment of higher visual functions (recognition of object presented in a hard-to-decode way [e.g. overlapping figures], or use of complex visuospatial skills). The functional recovery observed in this patient confirms the adaptive plasticity of developing visual systems after early brain lesions. It suggests that in humans, as in animal models, processes related to cerebral plasticity may take place years after a brain lesion has been sustained.

Leber's congenital amaurosis: is there an autistic component?

There is much evidence in the literature suggesting that children with congenital blindness can also present autistic like features. The aetiopathogenetic and clinical significance of this association is still unclear. Given the central role played by vision in development, we set out to establish the significance of autistic-like behaviours in children with early-onset severe visual impairment. Our sample comprised 24 children (13 males, 11 females; mean age 5y 2mo; range 2-11y) affected by Leber's congenital amaurosis (LCA). The results of our administration of a modified Childhood Autism Rating Scale--excluding item VII (Visual Responsiveness)--showed that only four of the children gave an overall score indicating the presence of autism (moreover, of mild/moderate degree). Hardly any of the children in our LCA sample presented major dysfunctions in their relationships with other people or in their social and emotional responsiveness, thus allowing us to exclude a genuine comorbidity with a picture of autism. Indeed, the risk facing the visually impaired child seems to concern their early interactive experiences, which may be affected by their inability to connect with others, and may be prevented through the development of specific strategies of intervention.

[Local adaptation curves evoked by the pupillo-motor reflex]. / Courbes d'adaptation locales évoqués par le réflexe pupillo-moteur

We have studied local dark-adaptation curves using the pupillary reflex. The results obtained indicate that the dark-adaptation curves produced by central and peripheral stimulation are variable and are in principle similar to the psychophysical curves obtained in matching conditions. This result demonstrates that the pupillary reflex is triggered by two different types of receptors which have the same characteristics as the cones and the rods, and that the system of the pupillary receptors and the optical pathways is identical.

A pigmented free-floating vitreous cyst in a six-year-old child.

We observed a unilateral free-floating vitreous cyst in a 6-year-old boy. The ophthalmologic examination was otherwise normal. The cyst, which was pigmented, had a diameter of approximately 2.5 mm and was localized in the anterior vitreous of the left eye. In its movements it occasionally affected the visual axis, causing only transient and sporadic blurring of vision. Visual acuity in the affected eye was equal to that in the other eye (20/20). Follow-up is by periodic examinations.

Transient nystagmus in delayed visual maturation.

Two infants who presented with wide-amplitude and high-frequency nystagmus and lack of visual awareness in the first 3 months of life were studied. No ocular abnormalities were found. Neurodevelopmental examination, visual evoked potentials and electroretinograms were normal. One infant underwent MRI which resulted in normal findings. Two months later both patients showed increased visual responsiveness and a gradual reduction of the nystagmus amplitude. By 5 months of age nystagmus was no longer detectable and both infants appeared to be visually, developmentally, and neurologically normal. Follow-up at 3 years of age for subject 1 and at 11 months for subject 2 showed that both the infants maintained the normal ophthalmological and neurological assessments. We diagnosed delayed visual maturation with oculomotor involvement.

Octyl 2-cyanoacrylate in sutureless surgery of extraocular muscles: an experimental study in the rabbit model.

BACKGROUND: Sutureless surgery for strabismus eliminates the risk of perforating the ocular bulb in patients with extremely thin sclerae. Thus far, however, the results obtained with tissue adhesives such as the cyanoacrylates instead of sutures have been less than satisfactory. METHODS: A new adhesive, octyl 2-cyanoacrylate, was tested in 36 rabbit eyes in which the superior rectus was recessed 5 mm. In 36 other eyes the same operation was performed using 5/0 Vicryl sutures. Animals were killed 1, 3, 5, 15, 30 and 45 days after surgery. One eye from each animal was used for histopathological examination of the reinserted muscle and sclera, while the other was used in a tensiometric test to measure how many grams of weight were needed to detach the muscle from its new insertion site. RESULTS: The tensile strength of the bond achieved with the cyanoacrylate adhesive was 94+/-12 g 1 day after surgery (vs 238+/-19 g in the suture group) and 520+/-24 g after 45 days (vs 576+/-27 g with sutures). No cases of slippage, muscle detachment, or local tissue reactions were observed in either group. There were no differences in histological findings between the eyes of the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Although further study will be necessary before this technique can be used in humans, our findings indicate that octyl 2-cyanoacrylate is superior to the cyanoacrylate adhesives used in the past in terms of adhesion and holding power; given its favorable toxicity profile, this product may offer interesting applications in the future.

Unilateral retinal vasculitis associated with hairy cell leukaemia: immunogenetic study.

This report describes a case of retinal vasculitis which occurred in hairy cell leukaemia and was localized only in the right eye. An immunogenetic study investigates the possible genetic association between vascular uveitis and hairy cell leukaemia.