RESUMEN
The herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is widely used in agriculture to control various weeds. The objective of this study was to use the digital image processing method to identify alveolar lesions in the lungs of rats submitted to chronic 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) inhalation exposure. We used forty adult male Wistar rats. The rats were divided into four groups: control group (CG), low concentration group (LCG), medium concentration group (MCG), and high concentration group (HCG). In a 6-month exposure period, we used two boxes connected to ultrasonic nebulizers for herbicide spraying. After this period, the rats were euthanized for the collection and study of lung tissue. For each image, counts of injuries and blisters were performed automatically using a methodology based on digital image processing techniques. For analysis of the results, an electronic database (Excel®) was created. We used the Pearson method for correlation analysis; values of p <0.05 were considered significant. In the evaluation of healthy alveoli, we recorded positive and significant correlations between analysis from a pathologist and computational analysis. In the evaluation of injured alveoli, we recorded a positive but non-significant correlation between analysis from a pathologist and computational analysis. These results show the effectiveness of digital image processing when evaluating alveolar integrity.
Asunto(s)
Herbicidas , Lesión Pulmonar , Ácido 2,4-Diclorofenoxiacético , Agricultura , Animales , Procesamiento de Imagen Asistido por Computador , Lesión Pulmonar/inducido químicamente , Masculino , Ratas , Ratas WistarRESUMEN
RESUMO Dentre os fatores que influenciam o aparecimento de alterações auditivas pode-se citar o tabagismo, já que estudos revelam que o uso do tabaco pode causar um efeito ototóxico na audição. O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar as produções científicas sobre o efeito do cigarro no sistema auditivo. A metodologia constou de levantamento dos periódicos indexados nas bases de dados, e foram incluídos na revisão de literatura os artigos científicos nacionais e internacionais, publicados em língua portuguesa ou inglesa, entre os anos de 2009 a 2016. Posteriormente a seleção e análise dos artigos na íntegra, foram classificados de acordo com a sua natureza, caracterizando-os em cinco categorias: base de dados, título do artigo científico, autor, ano e país da publicação. Em seguida, foram analisados os critérios utilizados pelos autores dos respectivos artigos, levando em consideração a amostra populacional, a faixa etária e o sexo. Por fim, foram feitas as análises dos exames auditivos utilizados em fumantes e os critérios de exclusão de cada estudo. Assim, por meio dos estudos publicados conclui-se que o uso do tabaco influencia no aparecimento de perda auditiva, prejudicando principalmente os limiares auditivos das altas frequências e inclusive a transmissão neural da informação auditiva.
ABSTRACT Amidst the factors that may cause hearing impairment, one can name smoking, since studies have shown that use of tobacco might have an ototoxic effect. The aim of this revision was to analyse scientific productions regarding smoking effects on the auditory system. Methodology was composed by database research, in which national and international scientific articles, in English or Portuguese, published from 2009 to 2016, were included. After being selected and examined, the articles were classified according to their type, and characterised into five categories: database, article title, author, year and country of publication. Afterwards, the criteria used by each author in their production were evaluated, considering population sample, age span and gender. Finally, analysis of auditory tests used in smokers and exclusion criteria of each study was performed. Thus, through the published studies, it was concluded that the use of tobacco influences the onset of hearing loss, damaging mostly high frequencies hearing thresholds and neural transmission of audio information.