Design of a new rotating drum bioreactor operated at atmospheric pressure on the bioremediation of a polluted soil.

This paper reports the effect of the operation and design characteristics of rotating drum bioreactors (RDBs) aerated by natural convection and applied to the treatment of a soil highly polluted with weathered total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) (55,000 +/- 2,600 mg/kg). The parameters studied were length to diameter ratio (L/D), rotating speed (N) and lifter type. The highest TPH removal (59.6 +/- 0.7%) was obtained with the RDB of the lowest L/D ratio (1.5). Removals diminished by 27, 36 and 56%, with a ratio increment of 2.1, 3.1 and 5.1, respectively. Increment of the N, at an optimal value and lifter change from straight to helicoidal showed an improvement on the TPH removal of 20 and 30%, respectively. According to these results, slurry surface renewal through the variation of the N and the change of slurry flow was able to improve TPH removal in RDBs operated by natural convection.

Demulsification of crude oil-in-water emulsions by means of fungal spores.

The present feature describes for the first time the application of spores from Aspergillus sp. IMPMS7 to break out crude oil-in-water emulsions (O/W). The fungal spores were isolated from marine sediments polluted with petroleum hydrocarbons. The spores exhibited the ability to destabilize different O/W emulsions prepared with medium, heavy or extra-heavy Mexican crude oils with specific gravities between 10.1 and 21.2°API. The isolated fungal spores showed a high hydrophobic power of 89.3 ± 1.9% and with 2 g of spores per liter of emulsion, the half-life for emulsion destabilization was roughly 3.5 and 0.7 h for extra-heavy and medium crude oil, respectively. Then, the kinetics of water separation and the breaking of the O/W emulsion prepared with heavy oil through a spectrofluorometric technique were studied. A decrease in the fluorescence ratio at 339 and 326 nm (I339/I326) was observed in emulsions treated with spores, which is similar to previously reported results using chemical demulsifiers.

Evaluación del funcionamiento de un tambor rotatorio aplicado a la biorremediación de un suelocontaminado con hidrocarburos

Entre los procesos de biorremediación, los biorreactores de tambor rotatorio son una alternativa promisoria para la restauración ad situ de suelos contaminados con hidrocarburos. Se estudió el efecto del número de mamparas, tipo de mampara y velocidad de rotación, en el proceso de remoción de hidrocarburos tratados en un biorreactor tipo tambor rotatorio abierto a la atmósfera, de 4l de capacidad. Se utilizó suelo intemperizado tipo migajón-limoso, con una concentración promedio de 50000mg/kg de hidrocarburos totales de petróleo (HTPs). De acuerdo a los resultados obtenidos y un análisis de varianza, la velocidad de rotación es la variable más significativa (contribución del 96% de la varianza) en el proceso de remoción de hidrocarburos, observándose una velocidad óptima de 10rpm, en el intervalo 5-20rpm. El nivel máximo promedio de remoción de HTPs fue de 65%, cuando se operó el reactor con 4 mamparas acanaladas y 10rpm. El número y tipo de mamparas no tuvo efecto significativo sobre la remoción de HTPs. De acuerdo con los niveles de remoción alcanzados, se considera que los reactores abiertos a la atmósfera podrían ser aplicados exitosamente en el campo a la remediación de suelos intemperizados y altamente contaminados, con la ventaja de que los tiempos de tratamiento son los más bajos.

Among bioremediation processes, the rotating drum bioreactor is a promising alternative for the ad situ restoration of soils polluted with hydrocarbons. The effects of number and type of baffles, as well as rotating speed, on the hydrocarbon removal process were examined in a soil treated in a rotating open drum of 4l. An aged silty-loam soil was used, containing 50000mg/kg of total hydrocarbon oil (HTP). The rotating speed was the variable with the greatest effect on the degradation process, and an optimal speed of 10rpm was identified in the interval 5-20rpm. The maximal percentage of HTP removal obtained was 65%, when the drum was operated with 4 baffles and 10rpm. The number and type of baffles did not have a significant effect over the implemented operational conditions. According to the results obtained, the open drums could be successfully applied, with lower treatment times, to the remediation of aged heavily contaminated soil.

Entre os processos de biorremediação, os bioreatores de tambor rotatório são uma alternativa otimista para a restauração ad situ de solos contaminados com hidrocarbonetos. Estudou-se o efeito do número de membranas, tipo de membranas e velocidade de rotação, no processo de remoção de hidrocarbonetos tratados em um biorreactor tipo tambor rotatório aberto à atmosfera, de 4lts de capacidade. Utilizou-se solo intemperizado tipo "migajon-limoso" (pastoso-limoso), com uma concentração média de 50.000 mg/kg de hidrocarbonetos totais de petróleo (HTPs). De acordo aos resultados obtidos e uma análise de variação, a velocidade de rotação é a variável mais significativa (contribuição do 96% da variação) no processo de remoção de hidrocarbonetos, observando-se uma velocidade ótima de 10 rpm, no intervalo 5-20 rpm. O nível máximo médio de remoção de HTPs foi de 65%, quando se operou o reator com 4 membranas acanaladas e 10 rpm. O número e tipo de membranas não teve efeito significativo sobre a remoção de HTPs. De acordo com os níveis de remoção alcançados, se considera que os reatores abertos à atmosfera poderiam ser aplicados exitosamente no campo à remediação de solos intemperizados e altamente contaminados, com a vantagem de que os tempos de tratamento são os mais baixos.