Serum IL-4, IL-12, IL-13, IL-27, and IL-33 levels in active and inactive ocular Behcet's disease.

PURPOSE: To investigate serum levels of interleukin (IL)-12 (Th1 cytokine), IL-27 (an immunomodulatory cytokine), IL-4 (suppressor of Th1-cell growth), IL-13 (a stimulatory signal for Th2 cytokines), and IL-33 (an epithelial cell-derived cytokine) and their relations with the disease activity in Behcet's Disease (BD). METHODS: Four groups, each composed of 20 participants were enrolled in the study; active ocular BD (Group-A), ocular BD in remission (Group-B), nonocular BD in remission (Group-C) and healthy controls (Group-D). IL levels were compared between the study groups and their correlation with the disease activity parameters were analyzed. RESULTS: IL-13 and IL-33 were higher in Group-A. IL-27 was lower in all BD groups. Additionally, IL-13 and IL-33 levels were positively correlated with disease activity parameters. CONCLUSION: These findings show Th2 dominance in the active phase of BD. Besides, decreased levels of IL-27, and presumably, its protective anti-inflammatory effect in all study groups may exert a new pathologic finding in BD.

Serum omentin, resistin and tumour necrosis factor-α levels in Behcet patients with and without ocular involvement.

PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to evaluate serum omentin, resistin and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels in Behcet disease (BD) patients with and without ocular involvement, as well as control subjects. METHODS: Omentin, resistin and TNF-α levels were assessed in the plasma of 51 BD patients and compared with those of 24 control subjects. RESULTS: The plasma resistin and TNF-α levels were significantly higher in the BD patients than in the control group (p = 0.028 and p = 0.011, respectively), whereas the plasma omentin level was significantly lower in BD patients than in the control group (p = 0.035). In the ocular BD, non-ocular BD and control groups, the omentin levels were 8.9 ± 4.65, 8.6 ± 3.61, and 12.4 ± 6.24 ng/mL; resistin levels were 0.29 ± 0.21, 0.24 ± 0.2 and 0.15 ± 0.45 ng/mL; and TNF-α levels were 25.45 ± 3.65, 24.03 ± 2.49 and 21.93 ± 4.86 ng/mL, respectively. Omentin/resistin and TNF-α/omentin ratios were more significant parameters in the demonstration of the differences in the groups; the former was lower and the latter was higher in the patient groups (p = 0.001 and p = 0.002, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated that the plasma omentin level and omentin/resistin ratio were decreased, whereas the resistin and TNF-α levels and TNF-α/omentin ratio were increased in BD patients. These ratios may be used in the presentation of deviation in the inflammatory and anti-inflammatory balance in BD.

Impact of Collagen Cross-linking on Psychological Distress and Vision and Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients With Keratoconus.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the changes in psychological distress level and quality of life (QoL) scores of keratoconus (KC) patients 1 year after corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL). METHODS: Observational cross-sectional study. Thirty-three, consecutive progressive KC patients who received CXL treatment were enrolled in the study. All patients were evaluated before and 1 year after CXL ophthalmologically and psychologically. Main outcome measures were the visual, refractive, and topographic changes and the Beck Depression Inventory, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Short Form-36 (SF-36), and The National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire (NEI-VFQ-25). RESULTS: There were significant improvements in the keratometric readings at flat axis, steep axis, the mean keratometric reading, the corneal astigmatism (Kast), and the maximum keratometric reading. State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-II scores, QoL dimensions, such as physical role difficulty, general health, mental health, ocular pain, near activities, distance activities, peripheral vision, and mental health scores, and the composite score of NEI-VFQ-25, were higher after surgery. There was a positive correlation between the changes observed in Kast and mental health; a negative correlation between the changes in Kast and STAI-II, and a negative correlation between the changes in mental health and STAI-II. Change in STAI-II has significantly predicted the improvement observed in general health. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggested lower trait anxiety and better vision-related and health-related QoL in KC patients 1 year after successful CXL treatment. Better QoL in these patients seems to be related not only with the visual and refractive results but also improvement observed in trait anxiety.

Serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate, total antioxidant capacity, and total oxidant status in central serous chorioretinopathy.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this work is to evaluate plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total oxidant status (TOS), and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEA-S) levels in patients diagnosed with acute central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) and control samples. METHODS: The TAC, TOS, and DHEA-S levels were assessed in the plasma of 46 CSCR patients and compared with 40 control samples. RESULTS: The TAC level was 1.16 ± 0.08 and 1.20 ± 0.09 mmol Trolox eq./l; TOS level was 28.77 ± 33.33 and 19.95 ± 10.42 µmol H202/l; DHEA-S level was 203.79 ± 84.75 µg/dl and 249.36 ± 122.93 µg/dl in the CSCR group and in the control group, respectively. The plasma TAC and DHEA-S values were significantly lower in the CSCR group than in the control group (p = 0.027 and p = 0.046, respectively). There was no significant difference between the CSCR and the control groups in terms of age, gender, and TOS levels (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated that the levels of plasma DHEA-S and antioxidative parameters were reduced in CSCR. Our results suggest that the antioxidant defense system may be inadequate or corrupted in CSCR. Reduced DHEA-S level is one of the factors that trigger this insufficiency.

Intraoperative corneal thickness measurements during corneal collagen cross-linking with isotonic riboflavin solution without dextran in corneal ectasia.

UNLABELLED: Abstract Objective: To monitor the changes in corneal thickness during the corneal collagen cross-linking procedure by using isotonic riboflavin solution without dextran in ectatic corneal diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The corneal thickness measurements were obtained before epithelial removal, after epithelial removal, following the instillation of isotonic riboflavin solution without dextran for 30 min, and after 10 min of ultraviolet A irradiation. RESULTS: Eleven eyes of eleven patients with progressive keratoconus (n = 10) and iatrogenic corneal ectasia (n = 1) were included in this study. The mean thinnest pachymetric measurements were 391.82 ± 30.34 µm (320-434 µm) after de-epithelialization of the cornea, 435 ± 21.17 µm (402-472 µm) following 30 min instillation of isotonic riboflavin solution without dextran and 431.73 ± 20.64 µm (387-461 µm) following 10 min of ultraviolet A irradiation to the cornea. CONCLUSION: Performing corneal cross-linking procedure with isotonic riboflavin solution without dextran might not induce corneal thinning but a little swelling throughout the procedure.

Comparison of accelerated and conventional corneal collagen cross-linking for progressive keratoconus.

PURPOSE: To compare outcomes of accelerated and conventional corneal cross-linking (CXL) for progressive keratoconus (KC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients were divided into two groups as the accelerated CXL group and the conventional CXL group. The uncorrected distant visual acuity (UDVA), corrected distant visual acuity (CDVA), refraction and keratometric values were measured preoperatively and postoperatively. The data of the two groups were compared statistically. RESULTS: The mean UDVA and CDVA were better at the six month postoperative when compared with preoperative values in two groups. While change in UDVA and CDVA was statistically significant in the accelerated CXL group (p = 0.035 and p = 0.047, respectively), it did not reach statistical significance in the conventional CXL group (p = 0.184 and p = 0.113, respectively). The decrease in the mean corneal power (Km) and maximum keratometric value (Kmax) were statistically significant in both groups (p = 0.012 and 0.046, respectively in the accelerated CXL group, p = 0.012 and 0.041, respectively, in the conventional CXL group). There was no statistically significant difference in visual and refractive results between the two groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Refractive and visual results of the accelerated CXL method and the conventional CXL method for the treatment of KC in short time period were similar. The accelerated CXL method faster and provide high throughput of the patients.

Accelerated corneal collagen cross-linking for progressive keratoconus.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of accelerated corneal cross-linking (CXL) procedure for progressive keratoconus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-three eyes of 23 patients undergone accelerated CXL procedure were evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively at 1st, 3rd and 6th month for uncorrected distant visual acuity (UDVA), best corrected distant visual acuity (CDVA), spherical error, cylindrical error, spherical equivalent (SE), keratometric values and thinnest corneal thickness (TCT) values with corneal topography by Scheimpflug camera and endothelial cell density (ECD). RESULTS: The mean UDVA was improved from 0.97 ± 0.41 logarithm of minimal angle of resolution (logMAR) to 0.76 ± 0.45 logMAR at the 6th month after CXL (p = 0.332). The mean CDVA was improved from 0.49 ± 0.30 logMAR to 0.34 ± 0.22 logMAR at the 6th month after CXL (p = 0.026). The mean sphere was decreased from -4.47 ± 4.1 diopter (D) to -3.79 ± 3.86 D and the mean cylinder was decreased from -5.60 ± 2.2 D to -4.55 ± 1.98 D and the mean SE was decreased from -7.22 ± 4.48 D to -6.36 ± 4.34 D at the 6th month after CXL (p = 0.128, p = 0.002 and p = 0.045, respectively). Flat keratometry, steep keratometry, mean keratometry and maximum keratometry were significantly reduced at the 6th month after CXL (p = 0.025, p < 0.001, p = 0.004 and p = 0.03, respectively). TCT and ECD were not changed significantly the 6th month after CXL (p = 0.135 and p = 0.082, respectively). CONCLUSION: Accelerated CXL procedure was effective to stabilize progression of keratoconus with significant reduction in topographic keratometric values and significant increase in CDVA in 6 months.

Evaluation of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in vernal keratoconjunctivitis patients under long-term topical corticosteroid therapy.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) patients who were under long-term topical corticosteroid therapy. METHODS: Thirty-six eyes of 36 VKC patients with clear cornea and normal videokeratography and 40 eyes of 40 age- and gender-matched normal children were included in the study. Clinical and demographic characteristics of the patients were noted and detailed ophthalmological examination was performed. Visual acuity (VA), spherical equivalent (SE), axial length (AL) and RNFL thickness measurements were compared between the groups. To correct ocular magnification effect on RNFL, we used Littmann's formula. RESULTS: All VKC patients had history of topical corticosteroid use and the mean duration of the topical corticosteroid use was 23.8 ± 9.09 months. There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of intraocular pressure (IOP). VKC group had significantly worse VA, greater SE and AL and thinner mean global, superior and inferior RNFL thickness. There were significant negative correlations between the duration of topical corticosteroid use and the mean global, superior and temporal RNFL thickness in VKC group. After correction of magnification effect, VKC group still had thinner mean global, superior and inferior RNFL thickness, and significant difference between the groups in inferior RNFL thickness did not disappear. CONCLUSION: Significant RNFL thickness difference between the groups suggests a possible effect of long-term corticosteroid use in VKC patients. Because visual field (VF) analysis in pediatric patients is difficult to perform and IOP may be illusive, RNFL thickness measurements in addition to routine examinations in VKC patients may help clinicians in their practice.

Transient corneal endothelial changes following accelerated collagen cross-linking for the treatment of progressive keratoconus.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the corneal endothelial changes following accelerated collagen cross-linking (CXL) for the treatment of progressive keratoconus. METHODS: Thirty-six consecutive progressive keratoconus patients who received accelerated CXL treatment were enrolled in the study. Following de-epithelization, isoosmolar 0.1% riboflavin solution without dextran was instilled every 3 min throughout the 30 min of soaking time before the 5 min of 18 mW/cm(2) UVA irradiation and every 2 min during the UVA irradiation. Corneal specular microscopy was performed on both treated and fellow eyes of each patient preoperatively, in the first week, and in the first, third and sixth month postoperatively. RESULTS: There were significant differences in endothelial cell density (ECD), percentages of hexagonality (6A) and coefficient of variation of endothelial cell area (CV) in the first week and first month postoperatively in the treated eyes when compared to their preoperative values and also to the first week and first month ECD, 6A and CV values of the non-operative eyes. ECD returned to the preoperative values at sixth month whereas 6A and CV returned to the preoperative values at third month. CONCLUSION: Our results suggested that there may be transient changes in human corneal endothelium following accelerated UVA/riboflavin CXL. Resolution of these changes during the follow-up may indicate a safe recovery. However, the treatment guidelines for accelerated CXL including irradiance level and soaking time should be clearly established to minimize the toxic effects of the treatment.

Topical and subconjunctival ranibizumab (lucentis) for corneal neovascularization in experimental rat model.

PURPOSE: To compare the effectiveness of the topical and subconjunctival (SC) ranibizumab treatment in experimental corneal neovascularization (NV) model in rats. METHODS: A model of NV was generated by cauterizing right corneas of 30 Sprague-Dawley rats with silver nitrate. The animals were separated into five groups randomly. first group (control group) received topical artificial tear drops two times daily while second and third groups received topical ranibizumab four times daily at concentrations of 5 mg/mL and 10 mg/mL, respectively. Forth and fifth groups were given 0.5 mg/0.05 mL and 1 mg/0.1 mL of SC ranibizumab in the 1st, 3rd and 7th days. The measurements (percentage of NV area and number of vessels) from digital photographs of the corneas were determined and analyzed using analysis software (ImageJ, v1.38). The animals were sacrificed on the 10th day and their corneas were subjected to hemotoxylin-eosin histopathological staining and antisera against CD34 and von-Willebrand factor to evaluate microvascular structures immunohistochemically. RESULTS: The percentage of the corneal NV area and number of vessels in all treatment groups was found to be significantly lower than the control group. There was no significant difference in relation to the percentage of NV area and number of vessels in the treatment groups. Score of the corneal edema was determined to be significantly less in the groups that undertook treatment. Number of vessels and inflammatory cells were significantly lower in the histological and immunohistochemical sections in the treated groups than in the control group. In all treatment groups, fibroblast intensity was significantly lower than the control group (p = 0.005). CONCLUSION: Topical or SC administration of ranibizumab seems to be a promising and effective medication in the treatment of corneal NV. Further research is recommended to assess the potential side effects and effective dose.

Spontaneous bilateral corneal perforation in a patient with ichthyosis.

We present an 8-month-old female patient with bilateral spontaneous corneal perforation and lamellar ichthyosis. On examination, the skin of the body and face of the patient was completely dry and scaly. Cicatricial ectropion and descemetocele with small perforations were seen. Double-layered amniotic membrane transplantation on the cornea with eyelid construction was performed on both eyes. At the 6-month follow-up, lower eyelid minimal ectropion formation and inferior corneal leukoma were seen bilaterally. In ichthyosis patients, the cornea should be monitored closely due to the risk of severe visual loss and corneal perforation.

Keratouveitis caused by Euphorbia trigona sap.

We present a case of a 40-year-old female with severe keratouveitis secondary to Euphorbia trigona plant sap. The patient dropped sap into both eyes to relieve itching and developed Euphorbia keratouveitis. Visual acuity was finger counting at 1 m in both eyes on presentation. On examination, eyelid edema, ciliary injection, corneal edema with Descemet membrane folds and exudate in the anterior chamber were seen bilaterally. With supportive treatment all signs and symptoms were relieved. Exposure to Euphorbia sap should be treated immediately to prevent sequelae like corneal scarring.

Intravitreal bevacizumab monotherapy for retinopathy of prematurity.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the treatment outcomes of intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) injections, used as a monotherapy in type 1 retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed for 17 type 1 ROP patients (34 eyes), who had IVB injection between July 2011 and June 2012. Birthweight, gestational age at birth, stage and location of ROP, IVB injection time, time of complete retinal vascularization, and additional treatments if needed, were noted. A total of 0.625 mg (0.025 mL) bevacizumab was injected intravitreally. RESULTS: Thirty eyes of 17 patients with type 1 ROP enrolled in the study were treated with IVB injection. Of them seven had aggressive posterior-ROP, six had stage 2 ROP, and four had stage 3 ROP. The mean gestational age was 28.44 weeks (range, 26-31 weeks); and the mean birthweight was 1151.88 g (range, 600-1600 g). The mean age for IVB injection was 35.47 weeks. The mean full retinal vascularization time was 136.6 ± 26.6 days. The mean follow-up time was 285.3 ± 70 days. ROP was regressed and retinal vascularization was completed in all cases except one eye, which had threshold disease. CONCLUSION: IVB injection, used as a monotherapy, is an effective treatment approach in patients with type 1 ROP. Timely treatment of stage 2 and early stage 3 ROP in which disease progression was observed, prevents vitreoretinal membrane formation in posterior disease. Further studies need to be performed to determine the safety of IVB injection.

Mean platelet volume in ocular Behçet's disease.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether mean platelet volume (MPV) is an indicator of disease severity in ocular Behçet's Disease (BD). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study population was 30 newly diagnosed ocular BD patients who presented with active uveitis. These patients had no past history of smoking, drug use, or systemic diseases including diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and renal disease. A control group consisting of 34 healthy individuals was included for comparison. MPV measurements were performed serially upon presentation with active uveitis and at one and three month thereafter in BD group whereas only at presentation in the controls. RESULTS: Upon presentation with active uveitis, the mean MPV levels were 7.88 ± 1.14 femtoliters (fL) for BD group. During the posttreatment follow-up period at first and third months, BD patients demonstrated a mean MPV level of 7.71 ± 1.12 fL and 7.65 ± 1.04 fL, respectively. The mean MPV value of control group, was 8.39 ± 0.66 fL at presentation. Fluctuations in MPV values were not significant in the BD group, while there was a significant difference between the initial measurements of the BD and control groups. CONCLUSION: MPV measurement in ocular BD is not a predictive laboratory test to determine the clinical improvement in early stages following classical immunosuppressive treatment.

Effects of hyperbaric oxygen on crystalline lens and retina in nicotine-exposed rats.

OBJECTIVE: To determine histopathological changes on crystalline lens and retina of rats after subcutaneous injection of nicotine and to examine the effects of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) on these changes related to nicotine exposure. METHODS: Twenty-eight female Sprague-Dawley rats were enrolled in the study and the rats were divided into four equal sized groups randomly (Group N: the rats exposed only to nicotine, group HB: the rats received only HBO, group N+HB: the rats that underwent to nicotine injection and subsequently received HBO, group C: the control group that neither exposed to nicotine nor received HBO). The rats were sacrificed by decapitation method and all were enucleated immediately after scarification. Tissue samples from crystalline lens, lens capsule, and the retina from the right eyes of the rats were examined by light microscopy. RESULTS: While the histological appearances of the retina and the lens was similar in group HB, group N+HB, and the control group; group N showed some pathological changes like decrement in the retinal ganglion cell density, atrophy of the retinal nerve fiber layer, congestion of the vessels in the optic nerve head, thinning of the internal plexiform layer, thinning of the lens capsule, and transformation of the anterior subcapsular epithelium into squamous epithelia. DISCUSSION: Subcutaneous injection of nicotine was found to be related with some pathological changes in the retina and lens of the Sprague-Dawley rats. However HBO caused no significant negative effect. Furthermore, the histopathological changes related to nicotine exposure in the lens and retina of the rats recovered by the application of HBO.

The effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester in acute methanol toxicity on rat retina and optic nerve.

PURPOSE: We aimed to test caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) as an antidote for acute methanol (MeOH) toxicity and to compare it with ethanol. METHODS: This study included five groups, each containing eight rats. The groups were control, methotrexate (MTX), MeOH, ethanol and CAPE. All rats except control group were treated with intraperitoneal (i.p.) MTX (0.3 mg/kg/d) for 7 d. At the 8th day of the experiment, i.p. injection of MeOH (3 g/kg) was administered in MeOH, ethanol and CAPE groups. Four hours after MeOH treatment, 0.5 g/kg ethanol was injected i.p. in ethanol group; 10 µmol/kg CAPE i.p. in CAPE group; serum physiologic i.p. in other groups. After 8 h, rats were anaesthetized and sacrificed. Total anti-oxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS) were measured on the dissected and excised retina and optic nerve samples. Fellow eyes were used for histopathologic evaluation and the cell count of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) layer. In addition, interactions of alcohol dehydrogenase with CAPE, ethanol, MeOH and pyrazole derivatives were investigated. RESULTS: Either CAPE or ethanol co-treatment decreased the TOS levels and increased the TAS levels compared to the MeOH group. MeOH treatment decreased the mean cell count in RGC layer. CAPE co-treatment significantly prevented cell loss (p = 0.040). Besides, in silico calculations showed that binding affinity of CAPE to alcohol dehydrogenase was higher than those of MeOH, ethanol, and pyrazole derivatives were. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that CAPE treatment decreased the oxidative stress in acute MeOH intoxication in the retina and optic nerve; beside that, protected RGC layer histology. In silico, CAPE had higher affinity score than MeOH, ethanol, pyrazole and pyrazole derivatives in the case of interaction with alcohol dehydrogenase.

The effect of I-gel ™ airway on intraocular pressure in pediatric patients who received sevoflurane or desflurane during strabismus surgery.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of I-gel(TM) laryngeal mask airway on intraocular pressure (IOP) in children with strabismus undergoing balanced anesthesia with sevoflurane or desflurane. METHODS: Forty-seven children, ASA physical status I, were scheduled for elective strabismus surgery. Patients were randomly assigned to one of the two inhalation anesthetic groups. Sevoflurane group comprised of 27 children, and desflurane group comprised of 20 children. Anesthesia was induced and maintained with sevoflurane or desflurane. No muscle relaxant was used. IOPs were measured before anesthesia, at 2 and 5 min after insertion of I-gel(TM) and after removal of I-gel(TM) . IOP measurements were obtained by Tonopen(®). RESULTS: Intraocular pressure significantly decreased 2 min after insertion of I-gel(TM) in both sevoflurane and desflurane groups (P < 0.001). Measurements 5 min after I-gel(TM) insertion were also significantly lower than those of before insertion in both groups (P < 0.01). However, no significant differences were found between the preoperative measurement and the measurement after removal of I-gel(TM) within two groups (P = 0.072 and P = 0.547, respectively). No significant differences were found in all IOP measurements between sevoflurane and desflurane groups. CONCLUSION: Insertion of I-gel(TM) laryngeal mask airway with giving sevoflurane or desflurane inhalation anesthetics seemed not to cause any increase in IOPs in pediatric ophthalmic surgery.

Toxic anterior segment syndrome subsequent to pediatric cataract surgery.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate possible risk factors and treatment outcomes for the development of toxic anterior segment syndrome (TASS) subsequent to pediatric cataract surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Totally 893 eyes of 534 patients who underwent pediatric cataract surgery were evaluated retrospectively from the point of TASS development between 2006 and 2011. TASS was observed in 19 eyes of 13 patients. Properties of surgical materials used for these patients, postoperative symptoms and their initiation time, therapeutic approaches and results were evaluated. RESULTS: Lens aspiration, posterior capsulotomy and anterior vitrectomy was performed for 480 eyes and TASS developed in 12 eyes. However, TASS was observed in seven eyes of 413 eyes that underwent lens aspiration, posterior capsulotomy, anterior vitrectomy and intraocular lens (IOL) implantation. The factors that may cause TASS were evaluated. Materials used in surgery (intraocular irrigation fluids, viscoelastic materials, intracameral medications etc.) were the same, in all cases. But in all TASS cases, it has been noticed that ethylene oxide-sterilized vitrectomy packs were used for anterior vitrectomy. After the abolition of use of this material, we didn't see new TASS cases. Clinical improvement was achieved by treatment with 0.1% dexamethasone, 0.3% ofloxasin and 5% NaCl in 18 eyes with TASS at mean duration of 6.4 ± 4.7 (range, 2-16) weeks. Penetrating keratoplasty was performed to one eye of a patient with bilateral TASS due to unresponsiveness to medical management. CONCLUSION: Use of ethylene oxide-sterilized vitrectomy packs in pediatric cataract surgery is an important risk factor for the development of TASS. Although the majority of the patients with TASS after pediatric cataract surgery recover with medical therapy, a few cases may need penetrating keratoplasty due to irreversible corneal decompensation.

Evaluation of the Anterior Segment Parameters of the Patients with Scleroderma.

PURPOSE: To evaluate corneal parameters of scleroderma (SC) patients by Pentacam-HR. METHODS: Twenty-two eyes of 22 SC patients and 33 eyes of 33 control subjects were enrolled. All participants underwent Pentacam (Pentacam-HR, Oculus, Germany) evaluation. Both SC and control groups were divided into two subgroups as dry eye (DE) (Schirmer test with topical anesthesia (STA) ˂5 mm) and without DE (STA ˃5 mm). RESULTS: Pachymetric measurements and mean corneal volume (CV) were significantly lower in the SC group than in the control group (p<0.001). Pachymetric measurements and CV of SC patients with DE were significantly lower than all the other subgroups. Control subgroups with or without DE were similar in pachymetric measurements and CV. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that SC patients have thinner corneas compared with control subjects. Additionally, coexistence of DE seems to have an additional impact in the thinning of cornea in SC patients.

Mean Platelet Volume in Patients with Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy.

Objective. We aimed to investigate the mean platelet volume (MPV) of the patients with nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION). Methods. The medical records of 46 patients with the diagnosis of NAION and 90 control subjects were retrospectively evaluated. All participants underwent complete ocular examination including intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement. Hematocrit, MPV, hemoglobin, and platelet levels of the patients with NAION were compared with those of control subjects. Results. There was no significant difference between the groups in platelet counts (p = 0.76). NAION group had significantly higher MPV values (8.25 ± 1.26 fL) than that of control subjects (7.64 ± 1.01 fL) (p < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that MPV is an independent predictor of NAION (odds ratio = 1.61; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.13-2.28; p = 0.007). The mean IOP was significantly higher in NAION group (p < 0.001). IOP was also found as an independent predictor of NAION according to the regression analysis (OR = 1.27; 95% CI = 1.08-1.48; p = 0.003). Conclusion. Our results demonstrated that the MPV values were significantly higher in NAION patients, suggesting that larger platelets may contribute to the pathogenesis of the NAION.