The structure of schizotypal personality traits: a cross-national study.

BACKGROUND: Schizotypal traits are considered a phenotypic-indicator of schizotypy, a latent personality organization reflecting a putative liability for psychosis. To date, no previous study has examined the comparability of factorial structures across samples originating from different countries and cultures. The main goal was to evaluate the factorial structure and reliability of the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ) scores by amalgamating data from studies conducted in 12 countries and across 21 sites. METHOD: The overall sample consisted of 27 001 participants (37.5% males, n = 4251 drawn from the general population). The mean age was 22.12 years (s.d. = 6.28, range 16-55 years). The SPQ was used. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and Multilevel CFA (ML-CFA) were used to evaluate the factor structure underlying the SPQ scores. RESULTS: At the SPQ item level, the nine factor and second-order factor models showed adequate goodness-of-fit. At the SPQ subscale level, three- and four-factor models displayed better goodness-of-fit indices than other CFA models. ML-CFA showed that the intraclass correlation coefficients values were lower than 0.106. The three-factor model showed adequate goodness of fit indices in multilevel analysis. The ordinal α coefficients were high, ranging from 0.73 to 0.94 across individual samples, and from 0.84 to 0.91 for the combined sample. CONCLUSIONS: The results are consistent with the conceptual notion that schizotypal personality is a multifaceted construct and support the validity and utility of SPQ in cross-cultural research. We discuss theoretical and clinical implications of our results for diagnostic systems, psychosis models and cross-national mental health strategies.

Inhibition of pp125FAK in cultured fibroblasts results in apoptosis.

The tyrosine kinase called pp125FAK is believed to play an important role in integrin-mediated signal transduction. pp125FAK is associated both functionally and spatially with integrins, which are the cell surface receptors for extracellular matrix components. Although the precise function of pp125FAK is not known, two possibilities have been proposed: pp125FAK may regulate the assembly of focal adhesions in spreading or migrating cells, or pp125FAK may participate in a signal transduction cascade to inform the nucleus that the cell is anchored. To test these models in living cells, a peptide representing the focal adhesion kinase (FAK)-binding site of the beta 1 tail was coupled to carrier protein and injected into cultured cells to competitively inhibit the binding of pp125FAK to endogenous integrin, thus inhibiting activation of pp125FAK on a cell-by-cell basis. In addition, an antibody directed against an epitope adjacent to the focal adhesion targeting sequence on pp125FAK was microinjected, as an alternative means of inhibiting pp125FAK activation. It was observed that when rounded cells were injected with either the integrin peptide or the anti-FAK antibody, the cells rapidly began to apoptose, within 4 h after injection. These results indicate that pp125FAK may play a critical role in suppressing apoptosis in fibroblasts.

Air pollutants and daily number of admissions to psychiatric emergency services: evidence for detrimental mental health effects of ozone.

AIMS: Aim of the current study is to investigate the associations between daily levels of air pollutants (particulate matter, ozone, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide) and daily admissions for mental disorders to the emergency department of two general hospitals in Umbria region (Italy). METHODS: We collected data about daily admissions to psychiatric emergency services of two general hospitals, air pollutants' levels and meteorological data for the time period 1 January 2015 until 31 December 2016. We assessed the impact of an increase in air pollutants on the number of daily admissions using a time-series econometric framework. RESULTS: A total of 1860 emergency department admissions for mental disorders were identified. We observed a statistically significant impact of ozone levels on daily admissions. The estimated coefficient of O3 is statistically significant at the 1% level. All other pollutants were not significantly associated with the number of daily admissions. CONCLUSIONS: Short-term exposure to ozone may be associated with increased psychiatric emergency services admissions. Findings add to previous literature on existing evidence for air pollution to have an impact on mental health. Ozone may be considered a potential environmental risk factor for impaired mental health.

The treatment of bipolar depression.

BACKGROUND: The treatment of bipolar depression represents a relatively understudied area in clinical psychiatry. The depressive phases of bipolar disorder can be very disabling, with significant associated comorbidity and suicide risk, impairment in functioning, and infringement on quality of life. We review the current evidence for the management of bipolar depression. METHOD: References for this review were obtained through MEDLINE searches of the medical literature on subjects pertaining to the treatment of bipolar depression. Search terms included bipolar depression, antidepressants, and bipolar disorder. Only publications in English are reviewed here. RESULTS: Lithium is currently the gold standard and most appropriate initial treatment for the depressive phase of bipolar disorder. Other mood stabilizers have demonstrated preliminary efficacy. Of the antidepressants, bupropion and the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors may be associated with less risk of inducing hypomania, mania, and rapid cycling compared with tricyclic antidepressants. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors should be considered for patients with anergic bipolar depression. Electroconvulsive therapy has been shown to be highly efficacious. Other treatment modalities, including psychotherapy, sleep deprivation, phototherapy, and newer medications, require further research. CONCLUSIONS: Although the treatment of bipolar depression can be a complicated clinical task, the treatment armamentarium is expanding. Further research, especially in the form of randomized controlled trials, is warranted. Clinicians should be familiar with general guidelines for the use of psychopharmacologic agents for treating bipolar depression.

Priapism associated with conventional and atypical antipsychotic medications: a review.

BACKGROUND: Priapism is a prolonged, usually painful, and persistent penile erection not usually associated with sexual stimuli, resulting from a disturbance in the normal regulatory mechanisms that initiate and maintain penile flaccidity. This infrequent adverse event of antipsychotic medication use requires emergency evaluation and has potentially serious long-term sequelae including erectile dysfunction. Clinicians prescribing antipsychotic medications should be aware of this rare but serious adverse event. METHOD: A computerized search, using the MEDLINE database (1966-summer 2000), located cases of priapism associated with most conventional antipsychotics as well as with clozapine, risperidone, and olanzapine. The search included no restrictions on languages. Keywords included priapism combined with antipsychotic agents and the names of the currently available atypical antipsychotics. Twenty-nine publications were located using these parameters. Additional publications were reviewed for general background on pathophysiology, evaluation, and management. The quality of the evidence reviewed is limited by the observational and uncontrolled nature of case reports, case series. and review articles. RESULTS: Psychotropic-induced priapism is currently believed to be caused by the alpha1-adrenergic antagonism of these medications. Detumescence is sympathetically mediated, and alpha1-adrenergic antagonism (within the corpora cavernosa) inhibits detumescence. The propensity of individual antipsychotics to induce priapism can presumably be estimated on the basis of alpha1adrenergic blockade affinities. Of the conventional antipsychotics, chlorpromazine and thioridazine have the greatest alpha1-adrenergic affinity and have been most frequently reported to be associated with priapism. Of the atypical antipsychotics, risperidone has greater alpha1-adrenergic affinity, although 3 of the 5 currently U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved atypicals have been reported to be associated with priapism. CONCLUSION: Virtually all antipsychotic medications have been reported to rarely cause priapism due to their alpha-adrenergic antagonism. This adverse event should be considered a urologic emergency. Clinicians should be familiar with this infrequent serious adverse event of antipsychotic medications.

The depressed suicidal patient. Assessment and treatment.

Depressive disorders are associated with significant psychosocial impairment and disability. Depression should be thoroughly evaluated, as should current and past suicidality and potential risk factors for suicide. Mortality by suicide characterizes the course of major affective disorders in approximately 15% of those suffering from these illnesses. Several neurobiological correlates of suicidality have been discovered. Treatment of depression with suicidality may involve hospitalization, pharmacotherapy, electroconvulsive therapy, and psychotherapy. Special populations include children and adolescents, the elderly, medically ill patients, patients with comorbid personality disorders, and patients with comorbid substance abuse disorders. Clinicians encountering patients with depressive disorders should be proficient in the assessment and treatment of depression with suicidality.

The evaluation and treatment of depression in primary care.

The evaluation and treatment of depressive disorders are vital functions for practicing primary care physicians. Depression is a prevalent, recurrent, highly treatable disorder that is debilitating and leads to significant psychosocial impairment. In view of the broadly available armamentarium of safe, newer medications, primary care physicians should be proficient in the treatment of these disorders. The following review will provide a synopsis of the current state of diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of depression in the primary care setting. Appropriate treatment of depression can result in improvement in emotional, cognitive, and behavioral symptoms of depression and reduce psychosocial impairment, disability, and associated medical morbidity.

Sexual side effects associated with conventional and atypical antipsychotics.

The sexual side effects of psychotropic medications are becoming increasingly recognized in clinical psychiatry. The magnitude of the problem of sexual side effects associated with antipsychotic medications has yet to be fully elucidated, but a multitude of references in the literature demonstrate the importance of these side effects in both men and women. All currently used antipsychotic medications are associated with sexual side effects of various types. Although each antipsychotic medication may have a specific side effect profile determined by its various receptor affinities and by the degree to which it elevates serum prolactin, there is currently no evidence that specific side effects can be predicted. Sexual side effects can be categorized according to the phase of the sexual response cycle with which they interfere. Suggestions for clinical evaluation and treatment options are provided, including risk factor modification, dose reduction, switching agents, and addition of other agents. Sexual side effects associated with conventional and atypical antipsychotic medications represent an underestimated and understudied set of side effects that may diminish a patient's quality of life and lead to treatment noncompliance. Clinicians prescribing antipsychotic medications should be familiar with the classification, evaluation, and treatment of these side effects.