Synthesis of carbon nanotubes using biochar as precursor material under microwave irradiation.

Biochar is a carbon-rich porous material obtained by the thermochemical treatment of biomass. Biochar presents a suitable composition as precursor material for carbon nanotubes (CNTs) growth, and can be used as a sustainable alternative in the valorization of biomass. In this study, the synthesis of CNTs using biochar as biological precursor material is presented. CNTs were synthesized using a mixture of biochar and ferrocene including microwave assisted heating. Biochar samples used in the synthesis of CNTs were obtained from agroindustrial waste such as wheat straw, oat hulls, rapeseed cake and hazelnut hulls pyrolyzed at 400 °C and 600 °C. Synthesized CNTs were examined by dynamic light scattering, UV-VIS spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The results indicate that the physicochemical properties of CNTs were influenced by pyrolysis temperature of biomass. Biochars obtained at 600 °C produced higher CNTs concentration and smaller hydrodynamic diameter. Moreover, CNTs synthesized from biochar of hazelnut hulls and wheat straw show a higher degree of wall graphitization, suggesting superior CNT quality. The results of this study show the feasible production of CNTs using biochar as precursor material.

Acculturation and HPV infection among Latinas in the United States.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the relationship between acculturation and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection among diverse US Latinas, a group at high risk for cervical cancer. METHODS: Using survey and medical testing data from the 2003-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), we examined the relationship between acculturation level and HPV infection among diverse Latinas (n=503) and Mexican American women (n=442). Multivariable logistic regression was performed using infection with any type of HPV and with high-risk oncogenic genotypes as outcome variables. RESULTS: More acculturated Mexican American women were more likely to be infected with high-risk HPV than less acculturated women. In multivariate analyses, Mexican Americans with higher levels of self-rated English language ability (2.48 OR, 95% CI: 1.42-4.33); with birth in the US (2.07 OR, 95% CI: 1.03-4.16); and with US born parents (2.98 OR, 95% CI: 1.45-3.72) were more likely to be infected with high-risk HPV genotypes. Mexican American women with higher levels of acculturation were more likely to test positive for other sexually transmitted infections. CONCLUSION: Higher acculturation levels related to more frequent infection with high-risk HPV genotypes and other STIs among US Mexican American women. This association may in part be due to engagement in sexual behaviors.

Identifying constituents to participate in a project to control pesticide exposure in children of farmworkers.

Farmers in Washington State use pesticides to control harmful pests that might interfere with the quality of their products. Farmworkers, who are primarily responsible for thinning, harvesting, and other agricultural work, are often exposed to these pesticides and take home pesticide residues on their clothing, shoes, and skin, potentially exposing children in the household to pesticides. We designed a project to reduce children's exposure by using a community organization model. To better understand the community views regarding pesticide exposure, we conducted a qualitative community analysis. Two methods of data gathering were used to collect information. Individual interviews were conducted with some respondents, and small group discussions were held with others. Analysis indicated wide disparity among involved groups in their views on pesticides; however, a number of themes common to the majority of the constituents were identified and discussed with a community planning group. Because of the contention around pesticides, the group recommended every constituent participate in decision making. The group noted it was important to emphasize that the research project could provide scientific information on pesticide exposure to everyone in the Lower Yakima Valley. Our study demonstrates both the widely varying views of different constituents around the issue of pesticide exposure and common themes that can form the basis for collaboration and consensus on approaching the issue.

Complications in pregnancy, labor, and delivery with uterine leiomyomas: a population-based study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the extent to which uterine leiomyomas are associated with characteristics of pregnancy, labor, and neonatal outcome recorded on birth certificates. METHODS: In a population-based series of women who delivered singleton live infants in Washington state from 1987-1993, we linked computerized birth certificates and hospital discharge records to investigate the relationship between uterine leiomyomas and complications in pregnancy and delivery. Subjects were 2065 women with uterine leiomyomas noted on computerized hospital discharge records. From the remaining records, a comparison group of women without uterine leiomyomas diagnoses were selected at random and frequency-matched by birth year to women with leiomyomas. We used unconditional logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of pregnancy or delivery complications in relation to uterine leiomyomas after multivariate adjustment. RESULTS: Women with leiomyomas were more likely than controls to be over age 35 at delivery, nulliparous, or black. We observed independent associations between uterine leiomyomas and abruptio placentae (OR 3. 87, 95% CI 1.63, 9.17), first trimester bleeding (OR 1.82, 95% CI 1. 05, 3.20), dysfunctional labor (OR 1.85, 95% CI 1.26, 2.72), and breech presentation (OR 3.98, 95% CI 3.07, 5.16). The risk of cesarean was also higher among women with uterine leiomyomas (OR 6. 39, 95% CI 5.46, 7.50), but a portion of the excess risk might have been due to biased detection of leiomyomas at cesarean delivery. CONCLUSION: Leiomyomas appear to increase likelihood of complications during pregnancy, labor, and delivery.

Musculoskeletal Function Assessment instrument: criterion and construct validity.

The Musculoskeletal Function Assessment (MFA) instrument, a health status instrument with 100 self-reported health items, was designed for use with the broad range of patients with musculoskeletal disorders of the extremities commonly seen in clinical practice. In this paper, we report on its criterion and construct validity. Criterion validity was tested against physicians' ratings of patient functioning (e.g., upper functioning, lower functioning, daily activities, recreational functioning, emotional adjustment, and overall functioning) and standard clinical measures (e.g., grip strength, walking speed, fine motor skills, knee and elbow strength, and range of motion). Significant correlations (p < or = 0.05) between its scores, physicians' ratings, and clinical measures support the MFA's criterion validity. Construct validity was demonstrated against existing measures of health status (e.g., measures of lower and upper mobility, activity level and satisfaction, health status, social support, pain, emotional status, and quality of life), in accordance with clinical hypotheses about the effect of musculoskeletal disorders on functioning (e.g., type and number of problems, severity of illness or injury, and comorbidities) and by an analysis of demographic characteristics (e.g., sex, education, income, health insurance, and employment) against the MFA scores. Discriminant construct validity was supported in an analysis of MFA scores by patient disease groups (p < or = 0.01).

Factors related to cancer screening in Hispanics: a comparison of the perceptions of Hispanic community members, health care providers, and representatives of organizations that serve Hispanics.

Hispanics have lower rates of screening for cervical, breast, and colon cancer than non-Hispanics. Activities to increase cancer screening in this population may not be informed by Hispanics, which may have implications for success rates of interventions. In this study, the perceptions about cancer screening behaviors in Hispanics are compared among three groups: a random sample of respondents (75% Hispanic) to a population-based survey, health care providers (primarily non-Hispanic), and representatives of organizations that serve Hispanics (36% Hispanic). While there was agreement that socioeconomic factors were important for cancer screening, differing views were expressed regarding the importance of cultural factors for cancer screening among Hispanics. Interventions developed by those who serve the Hispanic population may be based on inaccurate perceptions about the beliefs and practices of the population served. For effective interventions, it will be necessary to understand the factors important to Hispanics for cancer screening.

Effects of a 98% solution of glycerol or sterilization with ethylene oxide on FeLV in bone allografts and effects on bone incorporation of allografts in cats.

OBJECTIVES: To compare virucidal effects and bone incorporation properties of cortical bone allografts transplanted into specific-pathogen-free (SPF) cats. Allografts consisted of untreated bone from a SPF cat (negative-control group) and bone from 5 FeLV-infected cats that was subjected to sterilization with ethylene oxide (ETO), preservation with glycerol, or no treatment (positive-control group). SAMPLE POPULATION: Bones from the aforementioned groups and twenty 8-week-old SPF cats (5 cats/group) implanted with an allograft from 1 of the aforementioned groups. PROCEDURE: After implantation, blood samples were collected weekly to monitor FeLV p27 antigen and antibody titers. Quantification of FeLV provirus was performed on blood samples at weeks 0, 4, and 8 and donor bone samples at time of implantation. Cats were euthanatized 8 weeks after transplantation, and graft sites were evaluated. RESULTS: All results for negative-control cats were negative. All ETO group cats had negative results for antigen and provirus in blood, whereas 1 cat had a low antibody titer. Although 3 ETO-treated allografts were positive for provirus, the DNA appeared denatured. One cat in the glycerol group had positive results for all tests in blood samples. All glycerol-preserved allografts were positive when tested for provirus. All results for positive-control group cats were positive. Differences in incorporation of bone grafts were not observed. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Glycerol preservation of FeLV-infected bone allografts did not eliminate transmission of retrovirus to recipients. In contrast, ETO sterilization appeared to denature DNA and prevent infection. Treatments did not affect incorporation of bone grafts in young cats.

Acquired conditions that lead to osteoarthritis in the dog.

There are many acquired arthopathies that will result in some degree of osteoarthritis, even after proper management. Once the articular cartilage is damaged, it is unlikely that the architecture of the original cartilage surface will return to the normal conditions that existed prior to injury. The purpose of timely and meticulous management of traumatic joint events is to stop the progression of osteoarthritic development. When dealing with articular fractures or other forms of trauma to articular cartilage, three important principles to remember are anatomic reduction of the articular surfaces, stable fixation, and limited weight bearing on the affected limb as soon as possible after surgery. Even after strict adherence to these principles, the pet owner should always be warned that the animal will develop some degree of osteoarthritis in the affected joint at some future time; at that time, chronic medical management may be indicated.

Comparison of a new hydro-surgical technique to traditional methods for the preparation of full-thickness skin grafts from canine cadaveric skin and report of a single clinical case.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the hydro-surgical technique to traditional techniques for removal of subcutaneous tissue in the preparation of full-thickness skin grafts. STUDY DESIGN: Ex vivo experimental study and a single clinical case report. SAMPLE POPULATION: Four canine cadavers and a single clinical case. METHODS: Four sections of skin were harvested from the lateral flank of recently euthanatized dogs. Traditional preparation methods used included both a blade or scissors technique, each of which were compared to the hydro-surgical technique individually. Preparation methods were compared based on length of time for removal of the subcutaneous tissue from the graft, histologic grading, and measurable thickness as compared to an untreated sample. RESULTS: The hydro-surgical technique had the shortest skin graft preparation time as compared to traditional techniques (p = 0.002). There was no significant difference in the histological grading or measurable subcutaneous thickness between skin specimens. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The hydro-surgical technique provides a rapid, effective debridement of subcutaneous tissue in the preparation of full-thickness skin grafts. There were not any significant changes in histological grade and subcutaneous tissue remaining among all treatment types. Additionally the hydro-surgical technique was successfully used to prepare a full-thickness meshed free skin graft in the reconstruction of a traumatic medial tarsal wound in a dog.

Glycemic load effect on fasting and post-prandial serum glucose, insulin, IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 in a randomized, controlled feeding study.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The effect of a low glycemic load (GL) diet on insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) concentration is still unknown but may contribute to lower chronic disease risk. We aimed to assess the impact of GL on concentrations of IGF-1 and IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3). SUBJECTS/METHODS: We conducted a randomized, controlled crossover feeding trial in 84 overweight obese and normal weight healthy individuals using two 28-day weight-maintaining high- and low-GL diets. Measures were fasting and post-prandial concentrations of insulin, glucose, IGF-1 and IGFBP-3. In all 80 participants completed the study and 20 participants completed post-prandial testing by consuming a test breakfast at the end of each feeding period. We used paired t-tests for diet component and linear mixed models for biomarker analyses. RESULTS: The 28-day low-GL diet led to 4% lower fasting concentrations of IGF-1 (10.6 ng/ml, P=0.04) and a 4% lower ratio of IGF-1/IGFBP-3 (0.24, P=0.01) compared with the high-GL diet. The low-GL test breakfast led to 43% and 27% lower mean post-prandial glucose and insulin responses, respectively; mean incremental areas under the curve for glucose and insulin, respectively, were 64.3±21.8 (mmol/l/240 min; P<0.01) and 2253±539 (µU/ml/240 min; P<0.01) lower following the low- compared with the high-GL test meal. There was no effect of GL on mean homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance or on mean integrated post-prandial concentrations of glucose-adjusted insulin, IGF-1 or IGFBP-3. We did not observe modification of the dietary effect by adiposity. CONCLUSIONS: Low-GL diets resulted in 43% and 27% lower post-prandial responses of glucose and insulin, respectively, and modestly lower fasting IGF-1 concentrations. Further intervention studies are needed to weigh the impact of dietary GL on risk for chronic disease.

Anatomía quirúrgica del drenaje venoso en la región del triángulo carotídeo / Surgical anatomy of jugular vein tributaries

Background: The main tributaries of the internal jugular vein join at cervical level through the venous thyrolinguofacial trunk. This trunk is classically described as formed by the union of the facial, superior thyroid and lingual veins. Aim: To evaluate variations in the formation of the thyrolinguofacial trunk in human cadavers. Material and Methods: Thirty hemi-necks were dissected in human cadavers of nine men and six women, with ages ranging between 29 and 50 years, and analyzed by direct observation. Results: In 16 hemi-necks (53.3 percent), the trunk was thyrolinguofacial; in seven (23.3 percent), it was linguofacial; in six (20 percent), it was thyrolingual and in one case (3.3 percent) it was thyrolinguo pharyngofacial. No thyrofacial trunk formation was found. There was a correlation between the diameter of the internal jugular vein and of the venous trunk formed by these veins. Conclusions: There are morphological changes in the formation patterns of facial, lingual and superior thyroid veins. This information is useful for surgical oncology, plastic surgery, head and neck surgery and radiology.

Los principales afluentes de la vena yugular interna se incorporan a nivel cervical por medio del tronco venoso tirolinguofacial. Clásicamente se ha descrito su formación por la unión de la vena facial, lingual y tiroidea superior. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar las variaciones en la presentación del tronco tirolinguofacial en cadáveres humanos de la región del Maule, Chile. Se disecaron 30 hemicuellos pertenecientes a 15 cadáveres humanos de ambos sexos, con un rango de edad entre 29 y 50 años, y se analizaron mediante observación directa. Se observó la formación de tronco venoso en la totalidad de los casos, siendo 53,3 por ciento correspondiente al tronco de tipo tirolinguofacial, 23,3 por ciento linguofacial, 20 por ciento tirolingual y sólo un 3,3 por ciento el tronco tirolinguofaringofacial. No se encontró la formación del tronco venoso de tipo tirofacial. Además se encontró una correlación significativa entre el diámetro de la vena yugular interna y el tronco venoso conformado por estas venas. Por lo tanto, existen variaciones morfológicas en los patrones de conformación de las venas facial, lingual y tiroidea superior, siendo estos datos de importancia para áreas de cirugía oncológica, cirugía plástica, cirugía de cabeza y cuello y radiología.

Estimación del volumen orbitario mediante imágenes de TC y el principio de cavalieri / Estimation of the orbital volume with ct images and cavalieris principle

Determination of the orbital volume has significance in cases such as facial injuries and lens implants where it is necessary to restore the normal position of the structures, since providing the patient with a volume-deficient orbit may result in enophthalmos. The aim of this study is to assess the volume of the orbit by using the Cavalieri s principle supplemented with sequential analysis of CT images on the computer screen. We conducted a series of CT images with a thickness of 1mm on 10 human skulls. After selection, initially random and then sequential, images were analyzed on a computer screen with a mesh test chart to determine orbital area. Once having identifed both area and thickness, we measured the volume of segments, and the total volume of the orbit was extrapolated by using a mathematical formula based on the Cavalieri s principle. Results were compared with the actual volume obtained by the displacement of fuid from printouts of the orbits. The result of this comparison suggests that the method is statistically reliable when considering that we assessed seven images of a randomly chosen orbit and then in a known sequence with a straightforward technique for orbital volume estimation.

Conocer el volumen de la órbita es importante en traumatismos faciales o implantes oculares, donde es necesario restablecer la posición normal de las estructuras y devolver un volumen deficiente puede traducirse en enoftalmo. El objetivo del presente trabajo es realizar estimación del volumen orbitario utilizando el principio de Cavalieri complementado con análisis secuencial de imágenes de TC en la pantalla del computador. Se realizó imágenes de TC de 1mm de espesor a 10 cráneos humanos. Luego de la selección, inicialmente aleatoria y luego secuencial, las imágenes se analizaron sobre la pantalla del computador con un test de malla de puntos para determinar área orbitaria. Conociendo el área y el grosor, determinamos el volumen de los segmentos y se extrapola al volumen total de la órbita, utilizando fórmula matemática basada en el principio de Cavalieri. Los resultados fueron comparados con el volumen real obtenido por el desplazamiento de fluidos de impresiones de las órbitas. Esta comparación sugiere que el método es estadísticamente confable al evaluar 7 imágenes de una órbita escogida aleatoriamente y luego en una secuencia conocida, con una manera simple de estimación del volumen.

Rural Mexican American men's attitudes and beliefs about cancer screening.

INTRODUCTION: Mexican American men are thought to receive fewer cancer screening services for prostate and colon cancer than the general male population; however, little is known about this group. METHODS: A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted to examine the knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, and use of cancer screening services among a sample of high-acculturated Mexican American, low-acculturated Mexican American, and non-Mexican American white men in Washington State. A total of 158 men (127 Mexican American; 31 non-Mexican American white) completed an in-person interview. RESULTS: The Mexican American men were more likely to report employment in agriculture and had completed fewer years of formal education compared with the non-Mexican American men, and were more likely than their non-Mexican American counterparts to have little knowledge about the causes of cancer and the need for cancer prevention practices. Further, the Mexican American men were more likely to report avoidant and fatalistic attitudes about cancer. CONCLUSION: Future research should address variables that are related to the low level of cancer screening among Mexican American men.