Multimedia manuscript. Thoracoscopic management of chylothorax after esophagectomy.

BACKGROUND: Chylothorax after esophagectomy is a potentially life-threatening complication, with a reported incidence rate of 1-4%. Two cases of postoperative chylothorax successfully managed thoracoscopically are reported. METHODS: In case 1, a 61-year-old man presenting with an adenocarcinoma of the lower esophagus underwent laparoscopic transhiatal esophagectomy after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The thoracic duct was identified, and no obvious leaks were detected. The thoracic drain was removed on postoperative day (POD) 6, and chest X-rays were normal. The patient was discharged on POD 10. On POD 20, he was readmitted for acute cardiopulmonary distress. Computed tomography scan showed a massive right collection. After insertion of a chest tube, 8 l of chylous fluid were drained. Once hemodynamic stabilization had been established, the patient was scheduled for surgery. In case 2, a 54-year-old woman presenting with esophageal stenosis after caustic injury refractory to balloon dilation and stenting underwent esophagectomy. Mediastinal dissection was difficult due to fibrotic reaction. On POD 2, the patient presented with a massive chylothorax. In both cases, three trocars were inserted in the right pleural cavity. An incomplete lateral injury of the thoracic duct was found in case 1, and a complete transection proximal to the cervical anastomosis next to the left subclavian was found in case 2. Clips and sutures were used first to seal the duct. Fibrin glue was applied to reinforce the closure. A chest tube was left in place. RESULTS: The operative time was 60 min in case 1 and 55 min in case 2. The chylothorax did not recur, although the postoperative course was longer in case 2 due to associate comorbidities. CONCLUSIONS: The thoracic duct is exposed to injuries during esophagectomies, especially in cases of cancer and postcaustic injuries, leading to fibrotic reaction of the surrounding tissue. Early and delayed chylothorax can be managed efficiently by a thoracoscopic approach replicating the sealing techniques used in thoracotomy.

Haptic identification of rotated letters using the left or right hand.

The present study investigated the effects of the use of the left and right hands on haptic identification of letters which were presented in either a normal (0 degrees rotation), downward (90 degrees clockwise rotation), upside down (180 degrees rotation), or facing upward (270 degrees rotation) position. Each of the 80 right-handed subjects was given five series of randomly ordered presentations of sets of 8 letters of the alphabet. The subjects were asked to feel and then name each letter correctly as quickly but as accurately as possible. Times showed no effect of hand, but significant effects were found for different sets of letters, degree of rotation and a significant decrease in identification time was observed across the five series. Interactions occurred between hand and rotation as well as set and rotation. Errors showed a significant interaction of hand with degree of rotation; the right was superior at 0 degrees but the left was superior at 90 degrees. The results were discussed in terms of hypotheses of hemisphere function, mental rotation, and stimulus familiarity.