A novel Fc-enhanced humanized monoclonal antibody targeting B7-H3 suppresses the growth of ESCC.

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a prevalent malignant tumor of the digestive tract with a low 5-year survival rate due to the lack of effective treatment methods. Although therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) now play an important role in cancer therapy, effective targeted mAbs are still lacking for ESCC. B7-H3 is highly expressed in a variety of tumors and has emerged as a promising therapeutic target. Several mAbs against B7-H3 have advanced to clinical trials, but their development has not yet been pursued for ESCC. Here, we developed a humanized and Fc-engineered anti-B7H3 mAb 24F-Hu-mut2 and systematically evaluated its anti-tumor activity in vitro and in vivo. The 24F-Hu-mut2 was humanized and modified in Fc fragment to obtain stronger antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity(ADCC) activity and nanomolar affinity. Furthermore, both of ESCC cell-derived xenograft (CDX) and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) mice models indicated that 24F-Hu-mut2 displayed potent in vivo anti-tumor activity. In addition, a computational docking model showed that the mAb bound to IgC1 and IgC2 domain of B7-H3, which is closer to the cell membrane. Consistently, our ELISA results verified the binding of 24F-Hu-WT and IgC1 and IgC2. Our results indicate that 24F-Hu-mut2 has significant anti-ESCC activity both in vitro and in vivo, and this monoclonal antibody may be a promising antibody against ESCC and other B7-H3 overexpressing tumors.

DNA polymerase ß deficiency promotes the occurrence of esophageal precancerous lesions in mice.

Esophageal mucosa undergoes mild, moderate, severe dysplasia, and other precancerous lesions and eventually develops into carcinoma in situ, and understanding the developmental progress of esophageal precancerous lesions is beneficial to prevent them from developing into cancer. DNA polymerase ß (Polß), a crucial enzyme of the base excision repair system, plays an important role in repairing damaged DNA and maintaining genomic stability. Abnormal expression or deletion mutation of Polß is related to the occurrence of esophageal cancer, but the role of Polß deficiency in the esophageal precancerous lesions is still unclear. Here, esophageal mucosa Polß-knockout mice were used to explore the relationship of Polß deficiency with esophageal precancerous lesions. First, we found the degree and number of esophageal precancerous lesions in Polß-KO mice were more serious than those in Polß-Loxp mice after N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine (NMBA) treatment. Whole exome sequencing revealed that deletion of Polß increased the frequency of gene mutations. Gene expression prolife analysis showed that the expression of proteins correlated to cell proliferation and the cell cycle was elevated in Polß-KO mice. We also found that deletion of Polß promoted the proliferation and clone formation as well as accelerated cell cycle progression of human immortalized esophageal epithelial cell line SHEE treated with NMBA. Our findings indicate that Polß knockout promotes the occurrence of esophageal precancerous lesions.

Dihydroartemisinin Inhibits the Proliferation of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Partially by Targeting AKT1 and p70S6K.

Dihydroartemisinin (DHA), a sesquiterpene lactone with endoperoxide bridge, is one of the derivatives of artemisinin. In addition to having good antimalarial properties, DHA exhibits anticancer effects including against malignant solid tumors. However, the mechanism by which DHA inhibits the progression of esophageal cancer, especially esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), is unclear. In this study, DHA was found to inhibit the proliferation of ESCC, and the underlying molecular mechanisms were explored. DHA inhibited ESCC cells proliferation and anchorage-independent growth. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that DHA significantly blocked cell cycle in the G1 phase. The results of human phospho-kinase array revealed that DHA downregulated the levels of p70S6KT389 and p70S6KT421/S424. Furthermore, the levels of mTORS2448, p70S6KT389, p70S6KT421/S424 and RPS6S235/S236 were decreased after DHA treatment in KYSE30 and KYSE150 cells. We then explored the proteins targeted by DHA to inhibit the mTOR-p70S6K-RPS6 pathway. Results of the in vitro kinase assay revealed that DHA significantly inhibited phosphorylation of mTORS2448 by binding to AKT1 and p70S6K kinases. In vivo, DHA inhibited the tumor growth of ESCC patient-derived xenografts and weakened p-mTOR, p-p70S6K, and p-RPS6 expression in tumor tissues. Altogether, our results indicate that DHA has antiproliferative effects in ESCC cells and can downregulate mTOR cascade pathway partially by binding to AKT1 and p70S6K. Thus, DHA has considerable potential for the prevention or treatment of ESCC.

Removal of nitrogen and phosphorus in a combined A2/O-BAF system with a short aerobic SRT.

A bench-scale anaerobic/anoxic/aerobic process-biological aerated filter (A2/O-BAF) combined system was carried out to treat wastewater with lower C/N and C/P ratios. The A2/O process was operated in a short aerobic sludge retention time (SRT) for organic pollutants and phosphorus removal, and denitrification. The subsequent BAF process was mainly used for nitrification. The BAF effluent was partially returned to anoxic zone of the A2/O process to provide electron acceptors for denitrification and anoxic P uptake. This unique system formed an environment for reproducing the denitrifying phosphate-accumulating organisms (DPAOs). The ratio of DPAOs to phosphorus accumulating organisms (PAOs) could be maintained at 28% by optimizing the organic loads in the anaerobic zone and the nitrate loads into the anoxic zone in the A2/O process. The aerobic phosphorus over-uptake and discharge of excess activated sludge was the main mechanism of phosphorus removal in the combined system. The aerobic SRT of the A2/O process should meet the demands for the development of aerobic PAOs and the restraint on the nitrifiers growth, and the contact time in the aerobic zone of the A2/O process should be longer than 30 min, which ensured efficient phosphorus removal in the combined system. The adequate BAF effluent return rates should be controlled with 1-4 mg/L nitrate nitrogen in the anoxic zone effluent of A2/O process to achieve the optimal nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiencies.