[Pathomorphological changes in a disease in swine caused by feeding bacterial-contaminated 1-lysine]. / V'rkhu patomorfologichnite izmeneniia pri zaboliavane na svine, khraneni s's zam'rsen s bakterii techen 1-lizin

Studied were the lesions in the parenchymal organs and the hormonal glands in 20 pigs spontaneously died as a result of feeding with 1-lysine that had been contaminated with bacteria. The gross changes consisted of the enlargement and dark red coloration of the liver, gastroenteritis, hyperemia and hemorrhages in the kidneys and heart, oedema of the lungs and the wall of the gall bladder. Histologically, in the acute cases the liver showed hyperemia, pericapillary oedema, and granular dystrophia; in the subacute cases there were toxic dystrophy with the activation of the reticulo-endothelial system and subserous oedema in the gall bladder. The kidneys presented hyperemia, hemorrhages, and decreased volume of the glomeruloses in the subacute course of the disease. In terms of their function the heart, lungs, and kidneys displayed hemodynamic disturbances, and in the thyroid there were histologically changes characteristic of a follicular collapse. It is believed that the morphologic changes in the viscera investigated were due not to the intake of lysine itself, but to the effect of toxins produced by the concomitant microflora and the toxic amins (metabolites of the amino acids).

[Pathomorphologic changes in calves with ruminal acidosis for fattening]. / Vurkhu patomorfologichnite izmeneniia pri atsidoza na turbukha u teleta za ugoiavane

Studied were the morphologic changes in the organs of 17 calves for fattening with massive acute and subacute acidosis of the rumen. The disease broke out as the result of an abrupt change in the regime of feeding and tending. The gross observations consisted of hemorrhagic and necrotic foci in the rumen, hemorrhages and hyperemia in the omasum and reticulum, and ulcera in the abomasum. Established was also enlargement of the lymph nodes in the forestomach as well as odemas in the liver and kidneys. Histologically, there were necrotic inflammation of the rumen, serous and fibrinous exudate, leukocyte infiltration, hyphae, thrombuses, and arteritis. The omasum and reticulum presented desquamation of the cutaneous mucosal membrane, and the abomasum--necrotic foci, edema, and leukocyte infiltrations. There was also hepatitis, and fatty infiltration of the kidneys and heart and an activation of the interstitium. Degenerative process and hyperemia were observed in the thyroid gland, and fatty infiltration--in the pancreas. The kidneys, the adrenal glands, and the liver had higher alkalinephosphatase activity.

[Effect of ochratoxin on the health status of broilers]. / Vliianie na okhratoksina vurkhu zdravoslovnoto sustoianie na pileta broileri.

An experiment was carried out with 7-day-old broiler birds to assess the effect of ochratoxin A on their health. A standard feed mixture, containing 4 mg/kg ochratoxin A in pure substance, was offered to the birds in the course of 21 days. No severe clinical symptoms and death cases were observed during the experimental period. However, both the growth and the development of the birds were arrested along with an increase in the relative weight of the kidneys and changes in their morphology--vascular disturbances and dystrophy more strongly manifested in the kidneys and to a weaker extent seen in the bursa of Fabricius, the thymus, and other organs.

[Histogenesis of granulation tissue in wound healing by second intention in horses and cattle]. / Khistogenez na granulatsionnata tukan pri zarastvashti po vtorichen nachin rani na kone i goveda.

An experiment in comparative developmental aspect was carried out with 5 horses and 5 cattle having a total of 60 skin and muscular wounds. Light microscopic studies on hematoxylin-eosin stained preparations revealed that the dystrophic changes in the underlying tissues were more strongly manifested in horses. This had to be taken into consideration in the surgical treatment of wounds with this animal species. The basic differences comprised the better manifested leukocytic reaction in horses and the more strongly expressed processes of growth and differentiation on the part of the connective tissue after the tenth day of wounding in cattle. The definitive formation of granular tissue in horses took place in shorter terms than in cattle. In the fully developed new tissue in horses three different layers were found: leukocytic, vascular-fibroblastic, and a maturing one, while in cattle the layers found were four: fibrous tissue, heterophilic-leukocytic, vascular-fibroblastic, and a maturing one.

[Toxicological and pharmacokinetic research on lincomycin hydrochloride in broiler chickens and layer hens]. / Toksikologichni i farmakokinetichni prouchvaniia na linkomitsinov khidrokhlorid pri pileta broileri i kokoshki.

Tested was the activity of linkomycin hydrochloride at the rate of 820 IU/mg. The LD50 of the preparation was found to exceed 12.0 g/kg body mass at intracrop application to broiler birds. When offered with the drinking water or the feed in amounts that were 3 to 5 times higher than the therapeutic ones for broilers in the course of 45 days it did not cause mortality nor induced changes in the white and red blood cell counts, in the total protein, and in the levels of urea, blood sugar, AlT, and AcT. Neither were there any structural changes in the internal organs. Upon the single intracrop treatment of broilers with linkomycin at 50 and 100 mg/kg most of the amount introduced was established in the blood serum at the second hour and up to the 6th and 8th hour, respectively. Studies on the effect of age on the serum concentrations at this route of introduction revealed that the preparation was absorbed at higher rates in the broilers than in the layers, while with the persistence of the levels there were no essential differences. At the single oral administration with broilers in amounts of 100 mg/kg linkomycin was chiefly retained in the kidneys, liver, and lungs as well in the content of the small and large intestines. At intracrop application to layers in doses of 100 mg/kg in the course of 7 days the antibiotic was excreted with the eggs at the time of treatment and in the course of 4 days later in bacteriostatic concentrations of 0.6-5.9 micrograms/cm3.

[Pathomorphological studies in experimental simazine poisoning of sheep]. / Patomorfologichni prouchvaniia pri eksperimentalno otraviane na ovtse sus simazin.

Studied were the morphologic changes in the viscera of 14 sheep and 2 goats experimentally intoxicated via the oral administration of simasin at various rates. The gross lesions consisted of catarrhal and hemorrhagic typhlitis, liver dystrophia, and enlargement of the gallbladder. Histologically, the acute cases presented granular degeneration of the liver and kidneys, oedema of the lungs, fatty infiltration of the myocardium, oedema, hyperemia, and hemorrhages in the brain. In the cases of chronic intoxication there were fatty degeneration of the liver as well as dystrophic changes in the testes, cerebrum, and cerebellum and diffuse granular degeneration of the kidney. Chronic intoxication of sheep with simasin at 1.4 and 3.0 mg per kilogram led to hypofunction of the thyroid; doses of 6.0 and 25 mg kg caused colloid struma while acute toxicity with 250 mg/kg (once and twice treated animals) caused parenchymal struma. A drop in the content of liver glycogen and degranulation of the mastocytes of the mesentery were also observed.

[Histochemical tracing of the iron in the body of piglets injected with an iron-dextran preparation]. / Khistokhimichno proslediavane na zheliazoto v organizma na praseta, inzhektirani s zheliazo-dekstranovi preparati

A comparative study was carried out with thirteen pigs, aged 1 to 3 days, to follow up the resorption and distribution of the Bulgarian iron-dextran preparations Ferdex-100, Dextrofer-75, A-100, and Miofer-100 in the body. Histochemically, an activation of the reticulo-endothelial system was established. Most macrophages that had phagocytised iron were established in the regional lymph nodes, followed by the liver, kidneys, marrow, while in the spleen their count was negligible. Using the histochemical reaction for the demonstration of iron in the viscera it was established that the A-100 preparation was best utilized by the organism. It was concluded that by the amounts of iron found in some organs it even exceeded Miofer-100.

[Biochemical, electrocardiographic and pathomorphological studies the monensin poisoning of sheep]. / Biokhimichni, elektrokardiografski i patomorfologichni prouchvaniia pri otraviane na ovtse s monenzin.

Studies were carried out on the changes in the electrocardiogram, the content of sodium and potassium in the plasma and erythrocytes, and the morphology of the viscera of sheep spontaneously intoxicated with monensin. It was found that in the initial phases of poisoning the plasma level of Na and K strongly rose--410 +/- 12.57 mg% and 36.28 +/- 1.99 mg%, respectively, while after the tenth day it showed a trend of coming back to normal. The electrocardiogram of the poisoned sheep was inevitably deprived of the P deflection, while the QRST complex showed deformations characteristic of ischemia and degeneration of the myocardium. Morphologically, there were catarrhal abomasoenteritis, edomatized and fragile kidneys and liver, enlarged mucous membrane of the gallbladder, showing hyperemia and nodules, hemorrhages in the heart, and hyperemia and edema of the lungs. Histologically, there were dystrophic and necrotic nephrosis and focal glomerulonephritis, granular and fatty dystrophy and necroses of the liver, cholecystitis, granular and hyaline dystrophy of the myocardium, hyperemia, hemorrhages, and edema of the lungs as well as degenerative changes in the ganglion cells of the brain. The cadavers of animals that were ill for seven to ten days and died had multiple hemosiderosis in the kidneys, liver, lungs, and heart.

[Pathomorphology of gastroenteritis in newborn calves]. / Vurkhu patomorfologiiata na gastroenterita pri novorodenite teleta.

The morphologic changes were studied in the parenchymal and digestive organs of a total of 39 calves with gastroenteritis from which pathogenic Escherichia coli organisms were isolated. A correlation was established between the age of calves and the forms of gastroenteritis manifestation. In 1 to 3-day-old calves 63.6 per cent of the cases presented histologic changes of enteritis, and 36.3 per cent presented the septic form of the disease, while in 4 to 7 day-old calves these forms were presented in equal percent. In 8 to 12-day-old animals septic changes were seen in 71.4 per cent of the cases, and toxic changes-in 28.5 per cent. The same age group showed initial changes typical of catarrhal (28.2 per cent) and interstitial (37.7 per cent) pneumonia. With the advance in age the histologic changes of septicaemia showed a rising trend as against the enterotoxaemic and enterotoxic form. The coli infections in 90 per cent of the investigated cases were accompanied by degenerative changes in the kidneys. In calves with nervous symptoms there were hyperemia, perivascular and pericellular edema and status cribrosus of the brain, and occasionally - lymphocytic and leukocytic infiltrations in the leptomeninges.

[Pathomorphology of acute furazolidone poisoning in calves]. / Vurkhu patomorfologiiata na akutno otraviane s furazolidon pri teleta.

Studied was the morphologic picture in a total of 13 calves spontaneously intoxicated with furazolidon following its overrating and use once and severalfold as a therapeutic means against infectious enteritis. There were hemorrhages in the subcutaneous tissue and the muscles, kidneys, abomasum, spleen, and heart as well as liver dystrophia and hyperemia and edema of the leptomeninges and the brain cortex. Histologically, there were hyperemia, strong and diffuse pericellular and perivascular edema of the cerebrum and the cerebellum with degenerative changes in the Purkinje layer, fatty degeneration and biliary thrombi in the liver, hemorrhages and activation of the endothelial cells and glomeruli of the kidneys, hyperemia and fatty infiltration of the myocardium, and hemorrhages in the spleen.

[Experiments to elucidate the role of Aspergillus fungi in the hemorrhagic syndrome in poultry]. / Opiti za iziasniavane roliata na gubichki ot rod Aspergillus za khemoragichniia sindrom pri ptitsi.

Attempts were made to assess the role played by fungi of the Aspergillus genus in the occurrence of the hemorrhagic syndrome in birds. Groups of test birds were given continuously a forage mixture containing 30 per cent of ground nut cake which had aflatoxin at the rate of 1.5 ppm, a forage mixture 30 per cent of which was preliminarily contaminated with spores of Asp. fumigatus or Asp. flavus, and subtoxic amounts of nonpurified aflatoxin. Growth retardation was established along with the development of slightly manifested morphologic changes in some organs of the test birds. No morphologic picture characteristic of a hemorrhagic syndrome was found. In the authors' opinion the toxic Aspergillus fungi entering the body of the birds via the forage were not the sole factor contributing to the outbreak of such a syndrome.

[Histological changes in the liver of Benkovska breed geese during the fattening period]. / Vurkhu khistologichnite promeni v cherniia drob na benkovskata guska prez perioda na ugoiavaneto.

Studies were carried out to follow up the histologic changes taking place in the liver of Benkovska breed geese during different periods of fattening. A correlation was established between the period of fattening and the severity of the liver lesions. During the preparatory period there was in the hepatocytes focal fatty infiltration, and by the 5th-10th day of the forced fattening diffuse fatty infiltration and fatty and granular degeneration were seen. On the 15th-20th day of the fattening period predominating in the dystrophic hepatocytes were the medium-sized fatty vacuoles, and on the 28th day - the larger vacuoles, which corresponds to Ist quality in terms of weight and macroscopic picture. The enrichment of the liver with fats was accompanied by lymphocytic and pseudoeosinophilic leukocyte infiltration of the interstitium.

[Toxicity and nutritive action of Pharmakhim's sodium monensin in weaned lambs]. / Toksichnost i nutritivno seistvie na monenzin-natrii "Farmakhim" pri shileta.

Tested was the monensin-Na Pharmakhim preparation (commercial formula Monensin-100, a 10 per cent premix of monensin-sodium) with weaned lambs with regard to toxicity, tolerance, nutritive action, distribution, and residual amounts in the body as well as with special reference to its effect on meat quality. It was found that doses of 15 mg/kg body mass were well tolerated, with no changes in both behaviour and appetite. The minimum lethal dose was 30 mg/kg b. m. Medicated feed, containing Monensin-100 at rates 10, 20, and 30 ppm, offered to the animals in the course of 90 days produced a positive effect after the 30th day, acting best in conc. of 30 ppm. In the amounts referred to Monensin-100 negligibly stimulated the process of hemopoiesis; more substantial was the improvement of the carbohydrate metabolism, raising the amount of blood sugar (better at the rate of 30 ppm). Histologic investigations of parenchymal organs of the animals treated with nutrient amounts of the preparation revealed no degenerative changes. Neither was there any negative effect on the tested organoleptic, physico-chemical, and microbiological indices of the meat obtained following the use of Monensin-100 in the concentrations referred to. The withdrawal time at slaughtering weaned lambs that had been offered Monensin-100 with the feed in the course of 90 days with regard to the concentrations cited above was shown to be at least 48 hours.

[Toxicological studies of a combination of technical tylosin phosphate with bentonite (farmazin TB)]. / Toksikologichni prouchvaniia vurkhu komibnatsiia na tekhnicheski tilozinov fosfat s bentonit (farmazin TB).

Studied were both the acute and subchronic toxicity of technical tylosine phosphate (TP), produced at the Research Chemical and Pharmaceutical Institute, Sofia, used in combination with bentonite, known as Pharmasine TB. Pharmasine TB was practically untoxic for albino mice and birds at oral application. Neither toxic nor lethal effects were observed after giving it once, twice, and three times at a 2-hour interval at rates of 5 and 10 g per kg body mass. Calves and pigs also showed very good tolerance for the preparation at oral application. At prolonged application via the feed (30 days) in amounts of 0.5, 1.5, and 2.5 per cent (equal to 100, resp., 300 and 500 ppm with regard to tylosine in active matter) Pharmasine TB was shown to stimulate the weight gain on the basis of the better utilization of feed, having no unfavourable effect on the appetite, behaviour, clinical and biochemical composition of blood, and the morphologic structure of the viscera in pigs. Used in the same way with birds at the rates of 3, 5, and 10 per cent (equal to 450, resp., 750 and 1500 ppm with regard to tylosine in active matter) for a time period of 60 days the preparation did not lead to deviations in terms of the most clinical and morphological indices, however, it inhibited the weight gain by 3.2 to 8.1 per cent. According to the authors, this was due incomplete biologic value of the medicated feeds and their improper utilization because of the introduction of rather greater amounts of bentonite with Pharmasine TB.

[Acute and subchronic monensin toxicity for lambs]. / Ostra i subkhronichna toksichnost na monenzina za agneta.

The acute and subchronic toxicity of monenzine (preparation Elancoban -- 100 of Elanco Co., USA) to male lambs for fattening aged 3-4 months and weighing 16-28.5 kg was studied. It was established that the single per oral dose of 5 mg/kg weight of the natrium monoenzine salt causes a temporary lack of appetitie but no changes in the behavior and the general state of the animals. The use of a 10 and 30 mg/kg weight dose of the preparation led to death of the lambs on the 72nd-120th hour. The toxicity was clinically manifested by anurexia, arumination, ataxia, paresis, and paralysis of the limbs, tachicardia, taxipnea, hypothermia and showed down and weakened rumen movements. Erosive rumitis and abomasis, catharrhalhemorrhagis duodenitis, hemorrhages on the epicardis, hyperremia and parenchymal organ oedema, 3-4 times increased gall-bladder with numerous nodes having a sunken center on its walls were observed pathologo-anatomically, while microscopically blood vessel disturbances (hyperremia, hemorrhages and oedema) of the lungs, heart, spleen, endocrinal glands (thyroid, adrenal and hypophysis), the brain, and the leptomeninges, liver distrophy, distrophic nephrosis and necrotic holecystitis were obvious. Following a long term (30 days) application to the fodder in 10 and 50 g/t doses, monenzine-natrium does not have a negative effect on the behaviour, general condition, clinical and biochemical blood composition and the structural build up of the inner organs, but in the first 5-10 days of the treatment it causes loss of appetite. Additional specific investigations are needed to elucidate the effect of the preparation on body gain.

[Chronic zinc-bacitracin toxicity in chickens]. / Vurkhu khronichnata toksichnost na tsink-batsitratsina pri pileta

The administration of zink-bacitracin, mainly bacipharmin, at rates of 300 mg per kg with the feed did not produce toxic effects in birds: there were no changes in the general condition and the blood picture, the activity of SGPT and SGOT, the blood level of sugar, and the microstructure of the viscera over a period of 90 days. However, doses of 1000 mg/kg of the preparation given with the feed to chickens led to sporadic cases of slightly expressed karyopycnosis in the renal tubules. Established was a growth-stimulating effect. By the end of the experimental period the relaive weight of the adrenal glands, kidneys, liver, and heart in the treated birds was lower in most of the cases as compared with the weight of the same organs in the control birds.

[Pathomorphology of stachybotryotoxicosis in calves during the nursing period]. / Vurkhu patomorfologiiata na stakhibotriotoksikoza pri teleta prez mlechniia period.

An enzootic of stachybotryotoxicosis was established on a dairy farm in 35-46-day-old calves due to the use of straw contaminated with Stachybotrys alternans. Studied were the epizootiology, the clinical picture, and chiefly the morphology of the disease. A characteristic clinical feature was the edema in the intermandibular space. Morphologically, there were numerous hemorrhages in the subcutaneous tissue, skeletal muscles, abomasal and intestinal mucosa, kidney cortex, and urinary bladder as well as ulcerous and erosive colitis, edematized mesenterial lymph nodes and occasionally catarrhal and necrotic stomatitis, icterus, and perirenal edema. Contrary to the gross lesion picture known there were no changes in the rumen, reticulum, and omasum which were not sufficiently developed during that period. Histologically, there were degenerative nephrosis, focal hemorrhagic glomerulonephritis (occasionally coupled with bacterial embolization and dystrophic calcification of the kidneys), granular degeneration of the liver and heart, hemorrhages and edema of the lungs, and edema, hyperemia, and thrombi in the brain.

[Toxicity of "Farmakhim" tetramisole in laboratory and farm animals]. / Prouchvaniia vurkhu toksichnostta na tetramizol "Farmakhim" pri laboratorni i selskostopanski zhivotni.

Tetramisole produced by ICI, England, and Tetramisole Pharmachim, Bulgaria, were comparatively studied in terms of their acute and subchronic toxicity, and the local and general tolerance and antinematode activity. No differences were found in their acute toxicity (LD50) for albino mice at oral, subcutaneous, and venous application, the index of resorption being 6.3. The same was true so far as the tolerance in calves, sheep, goats, and pigs was concerned. Orally at the rate of 45 mg/kg in sheep and over 30/kg with calves (3, resp., 2 times as high as the therapeutic dose) tetramisole produced nervous and locomotor excitement, tremor, salivation, higher respiration and pulse rate, frequent urination and defecation. Following the tenfold oral administration at intervals, of 3 days at rates of 15 and 45 mg/kg tetramisole Pharmachim did not affect unfavourably the appetite, behaviour, general status, and the clinical and biochemical composition of the blood as well as the structural pattern of the viscera in sheep. Tetramisole Pharmachim was shown to be well tolerated with regard to the conjunctivae at concentrations of up to 5 per cent, the subcutaneous tissues and muscles at conc. of up to 3 per cent, and mucous membranes of the stomach and intestines at conc. of up to 10 per cent.

[Experimentally induced aflatoxicosis in broilers]. / Eksperimentalno vuzproizvedena aflatoksikoza pri broileri.

Aflatoxicosis was induced under experimental conditions in two groups of broiler birds fed in the course of the entire fattening period upon feed, containing 0,250 and 0,600 ppm aflatoxin. Dependable changes were established in the investigated haematological and biochemical indices. There was a drop of the body weight and an increase in the feed to gain ratio. Pathologic changes were recorded in the liver.

[Species-specific toxicity of arprinocid in mammals and birds]. / Niakoi prouchvaniia vurkhu vidovospetsifichnata toksichnost na arprinotsid pri bozainitsi i ptitsi.

Studied was the species-specific tolerance and the subchronic toxicity of the arprinocid coccidiostatic (9-/2-chloro-6-fluorophenylmethyl/9H-pirineamine) in the form of a 12% premix with trade mark Arpocox, Merk Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories. It was found that at single oral application arprinocid led to the intoxication of broiler birds at 50 mg/kg, turkey poults-at up to 18 mg/kg, ducklings--up to 18 mg/kg, goslings--up to 6 mg/kg, calves--up to 10 mg/kg, lambs--up to 60 mg/kg, pigs--up to 30 mg/kg. The lethal dose for chickens was over 100 mg/kg, turkeys and duckling--30 mg/kg, and goslings--18 mg/kg. Arprinocid given with the feed to chicken broilers in conc. 60 ppm for 30 days did not lead to side effects. In conc. of 120 and especially 180 ppm there was retardation of growth with birds and inhibition of hemopoiesis. With pigs the preparation in conc. 60 to 180 ppm given with the feed had no effect on the growth and consumption of feeds; in 120 ppm and especially in 180 ppm it inhibited the hemo- and erythropoiesis. With chickens and pigs arprinocid in 180 ppm did not cause degenerative and inflammatory changes in the liver, kidneys, heart, spleen, testes, ovaria, adrenals, thyroid, and skeletal muscles.