The origin of amniotic polymorphonuclear leucocytes in the mare.

The objective of this study was to investigate the presence and origin of polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNLs) in the amniotic fluid of mares giving birth to healthy foals. Material from 25 mares was included. Amniotic fluid was collected during parturition before breakage of the amniotic vesicle. Manual microscopic cytologic evaluation was made on cytospin preparations after staining. PMNLs were found in all amniotic samples examined. The genomic DNA was extracted from 12 of the amniotic fluid samples and was genotyped. The results indicate that the PMNLs originate from the foetus.

Individual risk assessment and information technology to optimise screening frequency for diabetic retinopathy.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: The aim of this study was to reduce the frequency of diabetic eye-screening visits, while maintaining safety, by using information technology and individualised risk assessment to determine screening intervals. METHODS: A mathematical algorithm was created based on epidemiological data on risk factors for diabetic retinopathy. Through a website, www.risk.is , the algorithm receives clinical data, including type and duration of diabetes, HbA(1c) or mean blood glucose, blood pressure and the presence and grade of retinopathy. These data are used to calculate risk for sight-threatening retinopathy for each individual's worse eye over time. A risk margin is defined and the algorithm recommends the screening interval for each patient with standardised risk of developing sight-threatening retinopathy (STR) within the screening interval. We set the risk margin so that the same number of patients develop STR within the screening interval with either fixed annual screening or our individualised screening system. The database for diabetic retinopathy at the Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark, was used to empirically test the efficacy of the algorithm. Clinical data exist for 5,199 patients for 20 years and this allows testing of the algorithm in a prospective manner. RESULTS: In the Danish diabetes database, the algorithm recommends screening intervals ranging from 6 to 60 months with a mean of 29 months. This is 59% fewer visits than with fixed annual screening. This amounts to 41 annual visits per 100 patients. CONCLUSION: Information technology based on epidemiological data may facilitate individualised determination of screening intervals for diabetic eye disease. Empirical testing suggests that this approach may be less expensive than conventional annual screening, while not compromising safety. The algorithm determines individual risk and the screening interval is individually determined based on each person's risk profile. The algorithm has potential to save on healthcare resources and patients' working hours by reducing the number of screening visits for an ever increasing number of diabetic patients in the world.

Relationships between early foal health, future performance and their dams reproductive health.

The objectives of this study were to investigate: (i) relationships between early foal health and their dams' reproductive health at mating/conception as well as after parturition and (ii) health status during early foal life and its association with performance as an adult. The study included 35 foals showing clinical symptoms indicating septicaemia, sometimes in combination with other disturbances, within their first 18 h postpartum (Group I). Eighty-eight foals that were healthy during their first few days of life were used as control (Group II). All foals were born in the same region of Sweden and during the same period, and were expected to become performance athletes based upon the pedigree of their parents. Cytological and bacteriological examination of uterus at the time of mating/insemination at which the foal was conceived, revealed no difference between dams of Group I and Group II foals. Within 2-3 days after parturition, 29% and 4% of dams (p < 0.001) of Group I and Group II foals had metritis, respectively. At 30 days post-parturition, 64% of the dams of Group I foals and 32% of the dams of Group II foals (p = 0.002) had cytological indication of endometritis, and 57% of the dams of Group I foals and 21% of the dams of Group II foals (p < 0.001) showed bacterial growth upon culture. Altogether 29% of the Group I foals and 7% of the Group II foals were killed or died before 2 years of age (p = 0.001). The majority of the remaining Group I foals were poor performers and some were used just for pleasure riding. It is hypothesized that (i) mares--delivering foals that compromised within their first 18 h postpartum--might have suffered from an ascending infection during late gestation and (ii) health status during early foal life might be associated with their performance as adult.

Short- and long-term effects of immunization against gonadotropin-releasing hormone, using Improvac, on sexual maturity, reproductive organs and sperm morphology in male pigs.

The objective of this study was to determine the short and long term effects of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) vaccine (Improvac Pfizer Ltd.), on sexual maturity, development of the reproductive organs, and the morphology of caudal epididymal spermatozoa in non-castrated male pigs. The pigs were slaughtered 4, 16 or 22 weeks after the second Improvac vaccination. A total of 80 crossbred non-castrated male pigs were included in this study comprising two experiments, a short-effect (Experiment 1) and a long-effect (Experiment 2). The first experiment included 56 pigs, 24 of them were maintained as controls and 32 were vaccinated twice, and slaughtered 4 weeks after the second vaccination. The second experiment included 24 pigs, 12 controls and 12 vaccinated twice, and slaughtered either 16 weeks (n=6) or 22 weeks (n=6) after the second vaccination. None of the immunized pigs was sexually mature at slaughter, i.e. 4, 16 or 22 weeks after second vaccination. Corresponding results of the control pigs showed that 50% had reached sexual maturity at the age corresponding to 4 weeks after the second vaccination, and 100% at slaughter 16, respectively, 22 weeks after vaccination. At 4, 16 and 22 weeks after second vaccination both testes weight and bulbourethral length were significantly reduced (p<0.001). The percentages of proximal droplets and abnormal heads were significantly lower in the control pigs than in the immunized pigs at slaughter 4 weeks after vaccination, whereas distal droplets were higher. For the other morphological parameters no significant differences were seen, but all mean values except for acrosome defects were numerically lower in the control pigs compared with the immunized pigs. For pigs slaughtered 16 or 22 weeks after vaccination, the vaccination effect was significant for percentages of proximal droplets, distal droplets, acrosome defects, acrosome abnormality and abnormal heads (p=0.017-0.001). The immunization clearly disrupted the number and morphology of the interstitial Leydig cells, lasting throughout the study period (4-22 weeks after vaccination). Spermatogenesis was also clearly affected in the immunized pigs, to various degrees, from mild disruption (spermatocyte loss, decrease of the normal number of layers of germ cells) to severe loss of germ cells including tubuli with Sertoli cells-only (complete disappearance of germ cells), also covering the entire study period. The results indicated that the effect of immunization persisted for at least 22 weeks after the second vaccination.

Sperm production and sperm morphology of Swedish Warmblood stallions.

The present study investigated daily sperm output and sperm morphology of fresh semen in eight Swedish Warmblood stallions aged 5-8 years. They were used for artificial insemination, and their fertility during the breeding season of semen collection exceeded 60% per cycle. One ejaculate of semen was collected daily for 10 consecutive days from each stallion. The gel-free volume was measured, and the sperm concentration was assessed with a Bürker chamber. The volume of gel-free fraction was multiplied by the sperm concentration to give the total number of spermatozoa (TSN). Sperm morphology was examined in ejaculates collected on days 2, 5 and 10. An aliquot from each ejaculate was fixed in 1 ml formol-saline immediately after collection and examined under a phase-contrast microscope (magnification 1000x) to assess morphological abnormalities. Furthermore smears were prepared and stained according to Williams (carbolfuchsin-eosin) for a more detailed examination of the sperm heads under a light microscope (magnification 1000x). Analysis of variance was applied to data. Total spermatozoa number decreased progressively during the first 8 days of collection, and daily sperm output (DSO) was calculated as mean TSN of collections on days 8-10, being 6.4 x 10(9) spermatozoa. The overall percentages of morphologically normal spermatozoa in ejaculates collected on days 2, 5 and 10 were above 70%, being significantly lower in ejaculate 2 (68.6%) compared with ejaculates 5 and 10 (72.9% respectively 75.3%).

Cumulative live birth rates after weight reduction in obese women scheduled for IVF: follow-up of a randomized controlled trial.

STUDY QUESTION: Did weight reduction in obese women scheduled for IVF increase cumulative live birth rate (CLBR) after 2 years? SUMMARY ANSWER: Weight loss prior to IVF did not increase CLBR. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Few studies have investigated the effect of weight reduction in obese infertile women scheduled for IVF. In a recent randomized controlled trial (RCT), including one IVF cycle, we found no increase in live birth rate after weight reduction. Weight regain after obesity reduction treatment often occurs, and children born to obese women have a higher risk of childhood obesity. STUDY DESIGN SIZE DURATION: A 2-year follow-up of a multicenter, RCT running between 2012 and 2018 was performed. Out of 317 women randomized to weight reduction followed by IVF treatment or IVF treatment-only, 305 remained in the full analysis set. Of these women, 90.5% (276/305) participated in this study. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS SETTING METHODS: Nine infertility clinics in Sweden, Denmark and Iceland participated in the RCT. Obese women under 38 years of age having a BMI ≥30 and < 35 kg/m2 were randomized to weight reduction and IVF or IVF-only. In all, 160 patients were randomized to a low calorie diet for 12 weeks and 3-5 weeks of weight stabilization, before IVF and 157 patients to IVF-only. Two years after randomization, the patients filled in a questionnaire regarding current weight, live births and ongoing pregnancies. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: 42 additional live births were achieved during the follow-up in the weight reduction and IVF group, and 40 additional live births in the IVF-only group, giving a CLBR, the main outcome of this study, of 57.2% (87/152) and 53.6% (82/153), respectively (P = 0.56; odds ratio (OR) 1.16, 95% CI: 0.74-1.52). Most of the women in the weight reduction and IVF group had regained their pre-study weight after 2 years. The mean weight gain over the 2 years was 8.6 kg, while women in the IVF-only group had a mean weight loss of 1.2 kg. At the 2-year follow-up, the weight standard deviation scores of the children born in the original RCT (index cycle) were 0.218 (1.329) (mean, SD) in the weight reduction and IVF group and - 0.055 (1.271) (mean, SD) in the IVF-only group (P = 0.25; mean difference between groups, 0.327; 95% CI: -0.272 to 0.932). LIMITATIONS REASON FOR CAUTION: All data presented in this follow-up study were self-reported by the participants, which could affect the results. A further limitation is in power for the main outcome. The study is a secondary analysis of a large RCT, where the original power calculation was based on live-birth rate after one cycle and not on CLBR. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: The follow-up indicates that for women with a BMI ≥30 and < 35 kg/m2 and scheduled for IVF, the weight reduction did not increase their chance of a live birth either in the index cycle or after 2 years. It also shows that even in this highly motivated group, a regain of pre-study weight occurred. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS: The 2-year follow-up was financed by grants from the Swedish state under the agreement between the Swedish Government and the county councils, the ALF-agreement (ALFGBG-70940 and ALFGBG-77690), Merck AB, Solna, Sweden (an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Hjalmar Svensson Foundation. Ms Kluge has nothing to disclose. Dr Bergh has been reimbursed for lectures and other informational activities (Ferring, MSD, Merck, Gedeon Richter). Dr Einarsson has been reimbursed for lectures for Merck and Ferring. Dr Thurin-Kjellberg reports grants from Merck, and reimbursement for lectures from Merck outside the submitted work. Dr Pinborg has been reimbursed for lectures and other informational activities (Ferring, MSD, Merck, Gedeon Richter). Dr Englund has nothing to disclose. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01566929.

Conference lecture: influence of stress on estrus, gametes and early embryo development in the sow.

Systems with loose-housed sows have become common. Regrouping, which is commonly done after weaning and may coincide with many important reproductive events, causes stressful situations with elevated blood cortisol concentrations. Depending on group size, approximately 2-7 d are required for a new group of sows to become relatively stable. In a series of studies, the social stress after regrouping was simulated with repeated adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) treatments for approximately 48h. Sows were allocated into control and experimental groups, fitted with jugular catheters, and blood samples were collected every 2 or 4h. Follicular development and ovulation were monitored by transrectal ultrasonography every 4h. Simulated stress during pro-estrus prolonged estrus and disturbed the follicular growth and ovulation. Giving ACTH during estrus elevated concentrations of cortisol and progesterone, and changed the intraluminal environment, including exaggerated amounts of mucus in the UTJ and isthmus. Although ACTH had no effect on the time of ovulation (relative to onset of standing estrus), or on embryo development, fewer oocytes/embryos were retrieved from the ACTH group than from the control group (51% vs. 81%, P<0.05), and there was a tendency towards faster embryo transportation to the uterus. Short-term fasting after ovulation had an unfavourable effect on sperm numbers in UTJ/isthmus, cleavage rate of fertilized ova, as well as ova transport through the isthmic part of the oviduct. Treatment with ACTH after ovulation reduced numbers of spermatozoa at the zona pellucida and retarded cleavage rate of fertilized ova. Therefore, the timing of stress seemed to be an important factor regarding effects on reproductive events.

Effects of ACTH injections during estrus on concentrations and patterns of progesterone, estradiol, LH, and inhibin alpha and time of ovulation in the sow.

This study investigated whether injections of ACTH for 48 h, from the onset of the second standing estrus after weaning, had any impact on time of ovulation and patterns of progesterone, estradiol, luteinizing hormone (LH), and inhibin alpha. The studied sows (n=15) were fitted with jugular vein catheters and randomly divided into a control (C group) and an ACTH group. From the onset of standing estrus, the sows were injected (NaCl or synthetic ACTH, 5 microg/kg) every 4h; blood samples were collected immediately before and 45 min after each injection. Ovulation was monitored using ultrasonography. The ACTH-group sows stopped displaying signs of standing estrus sooner after ovulation in their second estrus, but no impact was found on time of ovulation. There were no significant differences in the intervals between LH peak, estradiol peak, and the onset of standing estrus between the C and ACTH groups. The cortisol and progesterone concentrations were significantly elevated (p<0.001) in samples taken 45 min after ACTH injection. There were minor differences in estradiol and LH concentrations between the groups. Overall inhibin alpha concentrations were significantly higher during the treatment period in the ACTH than in the C group, but there were no significant differences between samples taken either 45 min or 4h after injection. In conclusion, injections of synthetic ACTH during estrus in the sow apparently disturb the duration of signs of standing estrus and the hormonal pattern of progesterone, and possibly of inhibin alpha, estradiol and LH.

Impact of ACTH during oestrus on the ultrastructure of the spermatozoa and their environment in the tubal reservoir of the postovulatory sow.

This study investigated whether injections of synthetic ACTH (simulating short-term stress) in sows during standing oestrus have a negative effect on spermatozoa and the local intraluminal environment in the utero-tubal junction (UTJ) and isthmus. Seven of the 14 sows were given ACTH through a jugular catheter every 2 h from the onset of standing oestrus until the sow ovulated (ACTH-group), while the other seven sows were given NaCl solution (C-group). All sows were artificially inseminated before ovulation. Six hours after ovulation (detected with transrectal ultrasonography) the sows were anaesthetised, the right oviduct was fixed in toto by vascular perfusion with glutaraldehyde, and the UTJ and specimens from the isthmus were prepared for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). SEM revealed that a seemingly viable population of spermatozoa remained in the UTJ 6 h after ovulation. A majority of sows in the ACTH-group had moderately to exaggerated amounts of mucus in the intraluminal environment of the sperm reservoir. In conclusion, stress simulated by exogenous ACTH in sows may alter the intraluminal environment of the sperm reservoir.

Impact of ACTH administration on the oviductal sperm reservoir in sows: the local endocrine environment and distribution of spermatozoa.

The objective of the study was to investigate if short-term stress in sows (simulated by injections of synthetic adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)) during standing oestrus had a negative effect on the local environment in the utero-tubal junction (UTJ) and isthmus and the distribution of spermatozoa in these segments. Fourteen sows were monitored for ovulation using ultrasonography in two consecutive oestruses. The sows were fitted with jugular catheters and, from onset of the second oestrus, blood samples were collected every second hour. In the 2nd oestrus, seven sows were given ACTH every second hour, from the onset of standing oestrus until the sow ovulated (ACTH-group), whereas the other seven sows remained as controls (C-group) and were given NaCl solution. The sows were artificially inseminated 16-18 h before expected ovulation. Six hours after ovulation the sows were anaesthetised, and blood samples were repeatedly taken from veins draining the uterus and the UTJ-isthmus, respectively. This oviduct was thereafter removed and divided in four adjacent sections consisting of: (i) the UTJ, (ii) the first, and (iii) the second isthmus segment prior to (iv), the ampullary-isthmic junction (AIJ) and the ampulla. The three first-mentioned segments were flushed to retrieve spermatozoa, whereas the last one was flushed to collect oocytes/ova. The number of spermatozoa attached to the zona pellucida was counted. The concentrations of cortisol in jugular blood of the ACTH-group sows during the time of ACTH-injections were significantly higher than of the C-group sows (p<0.05), as were the levels of progesterone (p<0.001). Progesterone and cortisol concentrations measured in the blood samples draining the UTJ-isthmic region 6 h after ovulation did not significantly differ between the groups, but the C-group displayed significantly higher concentrations of progesterone in the UTJ-isthmic region compared with the levels measured in parallel samples taken of jugular blood (p<0.01). The C-group, but not the ACTH-group, also displayed a significant elevation in progesterone concentration 6h after ovulation compared with the basal levels before ovulation (p<0.01). Numbers of retrieved spermatozoa were not significantly different between the C-group and the ACTH-group. However, there was a tendency for a larger number of spermatozoa among sows in the ACTH-group, especially in the isthmic segment adjacent to the AIJ. In conclusion, simulated stress induced by injections of ACTH during standing oestrus results in elevated concentrations of progesterone before ovulation and may interfere with the rise of progesterone after ovulation. However, ACTH-injections appeared to augment transport of spermatozoa through the female genital tract of pigs.

Individualised risk assessment for diabetic retinopathy and optimisation of screening intervals: a scientific approach to reducing healthcare costs.

OBJECTIVE: To validate a mathematical algorithm that calculates risk of diabetic retinopathy progression in a diabetic population with UK staging (R0-3; M1) of diabetic retinopathy. To establish the utility of the algorithm to reduce screening frequency in this cohort, while maintaining safety standards. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The cohort of 9690 diabetic individuals in England, followed for 2 years. The algorithms calculated individual risk for development of preproliferative retinopathy (R2), active proliferative retinopathy (R3A) and diabetic maculopathy (M1) based on clinical data. Screening intervals were determined such that the increase in risk of developing certain stages of retinopathy between screenings was the same for all patients and identical to mean risk in fixed annual screening. Receiver operating characteristic curves were drawn and area under the curve calculated to estimate the prediction capability. RESULTS: The algorithm predicts the occurrence of the given diabetic retinopathy stages with area under the curve =80% for patients with type II diabetes (CI 0.78 to 0.81). Of the cohort 64% is at less than 5% risk of progression to R2, R3A or M1 within 2 years. By applying a 2 year ceiling to the screening interval, patients with type II diabetes are screened on average every 20 months, which is a 40% reduction in frequency compared with annual screening. CONCLUSIONS: The algorithm reliably identifies patients at high risk of developing advanced stages of diabetic retinopathy, including preproliferative R2, active proliferative R3A and maculopathy M1. Majority of patients have less than 5% risk of progression between stages within a year and a small high-risk group is identified. Screening visit frequency and presumably costs in a diabetic retinopathy screening system can be reduced by 40% by using a 2 year ceiling. Individualised risk assessment with 2 year ceiling on screening intervals may be a pragmatic next step in diabetic retinopathy screening in UK, in that safety is maximised and cost reduced by about 40%.

Factors regulating ovarian function in pigs.

The hormonal interactions of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian-uterine axis are accountable for a normal reproduction in female pigs. It is of importance to have knowledge of estrous symptoms and hormonal profiles around ovulation. The introduction of the transrectal ultrasonography in sows has given us the possibility to study ovarian activity in conscious animals and relate the timing of estrus to ovulation. Combining this technique with measuring of several hormones like luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), inhibin, estradiol, progesterone, insulin-like growth hormone I (IGF-I), prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) metabolite, oxytocin, facilitate our knowledge about the sequence of ovarian events. Evidence suggests that activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis may hamper the normal gonadotropin secretion and in consequence, the ovarian function. The metabolic status during lactation, weaning of piglets and social stress might affect onset of ovarian activity and the related estrous behavior. The role of seminal plasma, artificial insemination and presence of the boar might also be included as factors regulating the temporal kinetics of ovulation, corpus luteum development, uterine function and steroid production in the ovary. Studies using a simulated stress by means of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) administration or food deprivation are tools in understanding how the ovary is susceptible to impairment. The intention of this paper is to review current knowledge concerning the endocrine aspects of normal and stress-influenced ovarian function in pigs.

Effect of feeding level on progesterone concentration in early pregnant multiparous sows.

The effect of three feeding regimens on progesterone level was tested during early pregnancy in multiparous sows. A total of eighteen sows in their eighth parity (8.1 +/- 2.8, mean +/- S.D.) were used. During lactation the sows were fed to appetite and after weaning they received 4 kg (52 MJ) a commercial feed per day. Following ovulation, sows were allocated to one of three treatment groups and fed 2 kg/day (low feeding, LLL) or 4 kg/day (high feeding, HHH) throughout the trial or 2 kg/day for 11 days, 4 kg/day for 10 days, and 2 kg/day for the remaining days of the study (modified feeding, LHL). Blood for progesterone and cortisol analyses was collected daily throughout the study, and for luteinizing hormone (LH) assay for 12 h at 15 min intervals on days 14 and 21 of pregnancy. An adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) challenge test was performed on all sows day 28 of pregnancy. Dietary treatment did not significantly affect hormonal parameters. However, progesterone concentration tended to be lower (P = 0.08) in the HHH group than in the LLL group. In the LHL group venous progesterone concentration seemed to fluctuate. No effects of feeding were observed on progesterone concentration in allantoic fluid on day 35 of pregnancy. Venous cortisol level was significantly higher (P < 0.05) during proestrus and oestrus in all groups and there was no significant difference between groups in response to ACTH challenge. The mean amplitude of LH pulses decreased significantly (P < 0.01) from days 14 to 21 of pregnancy in all groups. In addition, an interaction was found between feeding level and baseline LH concentration and also between feeding level and mean LH concentration. Embryonic recovery was highest in the LLL (69%), lowest in the HHH (45%) and moderate in the LHL (55%) group. Neither high feeding nor modified feeding provided any benefits for reproductive performance in multiparous sows. A low feeding regimen thus appears optimal for multiparous sows in early pregnancy at least with the management regime described.

Effect of ACTH and CRH on plasma levels of cortisol and prostaglandin F2alpha metabolite in cycling gilts and castrated boars.

The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of synthetic ACTH (1-24, tetracosactid) and porcine CRH on the plasma levels of cortisol and PGF2alpha metabolite in cycling gilts (n = 3) and castrated boars (n = 3). The experiments were designed as crossover studies for each gender separately. Each animal received, during three consecutive days; 1) ACTH (Synacthen Depot) at a dose of 10 microg/kg body weight in 5 ml physiological saline, 2) porcine CRH at a dose 0.6 microg/kg body weight in 5 ml physiological saline or 3) physiological saline (5 ml). The test substances were administered via an indwelling jugular cannula in randomized order according to a Latin square. The administration of ACTH to cycling gilts resulted in concomitant elevations of cortisol and PGF2alpha metabolite with peak levels reached at 70.0 +/- 10.0 and 33.3 +/- 6.7 min, respectively. Similarly, the administration of ACTH to castrated boars resulted in concomitant elevation of cortisol and PGF2alpha metabolite with peak levels reached at 60.0 +/- 0.0 and 20.0 +/- 0.0 min, respectively. Cortisol peaked at 20 min after administration of CRH in both cycling gilts and castrated boars with maximum levels of 149.3 +/- 16.5 nmol/l and 138.3 +/- 10.1 nmol/l, respectively. It can be concluded that administration of synthetic ACTH (tetracosactid) to pigs caused a concomitant elevation of cortisol and PGF2alpha metabolite levels in both cycling gilts as well as castrated boars. The administration of CRH to pigs resulted in an elevation of cortisol levels in both cycling gilts and castrated boars. Conversely, PGF2alpha metabolite levels were not influenced by the administration of CRH either in cycling gilts or in castrated boars.

Occurrence of bacteria and polymorphonuclear leukocytes in fetal compartments at parturition; relationships with foal and mare health in the peripartum period.

This study investigated the relationship of the health of the newborn foal and (1) number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) in the amniotic fluid, (2) bacteria present in the amniotic fluid and the venous umbilical blood, and (3) bacteria present in the uterus of the newly foaled mare. A further aim was to investigate relationships between the bacteriologic findings in the amniotic fluid, umbilical blood, and uterus postpartum. Samples were taken from 50 Standardbred trotter foaling mares from a well-managed stud in Sweden. Parturition was spontaneous in all cases. Length of pregnancy, parturition and postpartum complications, health status of the foal, the time between foaling and the expulsion of the placenta, and the number of postfoaling mares becoming pregnant after insemination were recorded. Amniotic fluid was collected when the amniotic vesicle was clearly visible; it was analyzed for bacteriology and occurrence of PMNLs. Umbilical blood was analyzed for the presence of bacteria and the concentration of serum amyloid A. The uterus of the mare was swabbed for bacteriology 6 to 17 hours postpartum. A blood sample was taken from the foal before administering plasma. The foals were divided into two groups: group 1 required up to 2 hours to rise after birth (≤2 hours; 31 foals) and group 2 required more than two hours (>2 hours; 19 foals). The length of gestation varied between 332 and 356 days; there was no significant difference in gestation length between the two foal groups. Partus and postpartum complications occurred in a significantly higher proportion of mares giving birth to group 2 foals than group 1 foals (P = 0.02), although uterine culture postpartum and the subsequent pregnancy rate per season were not different between the groups. Compromised health status was significantly higher among foals belonging to group 2 than group 1 (P = 0.001). Most of the amniotic samples contained 5% or less PMNLs. Only three samples contained more than 30% PMNLs; group 2 foals had the highest percentage of PMNLs. Bacterial growth was found in both amniotic fluid (57%) and umbilical blood (35%) in mares irrespective of whether their foals were healthy or compromised. Coagulase-negative staphylococci were the most frequent bacteria. There were no differences in bacterial occurrence in amniotic fluid or in umbilical blood between the two foal groups.

Investigation of the mechanism of perforation of an intrauterine device in pigs and dogs.

In the last few years the risk of perforations in connection with the insertion and later use of intrauterine devices (IUDs) has been the subject of much discussion in Sweden. In this experimental study, which was carried out on five pigs and nine dogs and in which four different types of IUDs were used, the following clinical situations encountered in women were simulated: IUD in correct position in the uterus, IUD in an adverse position in the uterus, and IUD more or less inserted through the uterine wall. The animals were observed for 3 to 6 months. The findings indicate that, when perforation occurs, it is most probably ascribable to the insertion procedure.

The possible risks of a copper and an inert intrauterine device situated in the abdominal cavity: an experimental study in pigs and dogs.

The possible injurious effects of abdominal intrauterine devices (IUDs), including Cu-IUDs, inert IUDs, and "closed' IUDs, were evaluated in an experimental study. Pigs and dogs were used as they have, respectively, a propensity to form adhesions and a pronounced tendency to develop serious peritonitis. The reactions expected in humans might be intermediate to those found in these two kinds of experimental animals. The results of this study indicate that an inert or copper-bearing IUD usually remains in its initial position in the abdominal cavity, encapsulated by adhesions. The risk of strangulation of the intestine by a "closed' IUD seems minimal.

Sugar beet fiber in formula diet reduces postprandial blood glucose, serum insulin and serum hydroxyproline.

OBJECTIVE: The object of the study was to investigate the effects of sugar beet fiber in formula diet on blood glucose, serum insulin and serum hydroxyproline in humans. DESIGN: Two formula test meals with and without 7 g of sugar beet fiber, namely 5.1 g total dietary fiber, were ingested on two mornings, in random order, by the subjects. SETTING: The test meals were served in a clinic to the subjects after a 12 h fast. SUBJECTS: Fifteen healthy male human volunteers (mean age 25 y, range 21-42) registered to participate in the study after an announcement. METHODS: The test meals of formulas contained similar amounts of nutrients and gave total energy of 1778 kJ (425 kcal). Blood samples were drawn before and after the test meals. The total test time from the start of ingestion of the meal was 155 min. RESULTS: The formula with sugar beet fiber reduced the postprandial blood glucose response (P < 0.05), serum insulin response (P < 0.025) and serum hydroxyproline response (P < 0.025), compared with the formula without fiber. CONCLUSION: Sugar beet fiber in a formula could thus reduce hyperglycemia in enteral nutrition and be useful in therapeutic liquid and formula diets. Sugar beet fiber was shown to tolerate preparation for canning well, namely homogenization and heating, and to be capable of diminishing the glycemic responses in the relatively small amount used.

Effects of exogenous oestradiol on the number and functional capacity of circulating mononuclear and polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the sow.

The effects of exogenous oestradiol-17 beta on blood leukocytes were studied in four ovariectomized gilts. The gilts were injected with oestradiol benzoate dissolved in arachidic oil during the test period and 6 weeks later, during the control period, with arachidic oil alone. During both periods, the immune status of the blood was monitored by determining the total numbers of leukocytes, lymphocytes and neutrophils and the percentage of immunoglobulin (Ig)-bearing mononuclear cells. The serum level of Ig, the number of circulating monocytes with phagocytic activity and the phagocytic function of circulating polymorphonuclear leukocytes, estimated by means of chemiluminescence, were also determined. During the test period, the total number of lymphocytes and the proportion of Ig-bearing mononuclear cells in blood decreased significantly (P less than 0.05 and P less than 0.01 respectively) after treatment with oestradiol benzoate. For the polymorphonuclear cells, the time needed to reach the peak value of chemiluminescence was significantly (P less than 0.01) prolonged after treatment; the phagocytic capacity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes was increased (P less than 0.01) concurrently. None of the changes recorded during the test period occurred during the control period. The results show that oestradiol-17 beta depresses some components of the vascular compartment of the porcine immune system, and stimulates other components.

Metabolic and reproductive hormones during lactation and the post-weaning period in sows.

There is a great variation in body weight loss during lactation among primiparous sows fed a standard diet that is adjusted based on the number of piglets nursed and the maintenance requirements. Energy and protein catabolism is more pronounced during the first 1 to 3 weeks of lactation and sows with low weight loss recover earlier from their negative energy balance during lactation than sows with high weight loss. Using continuous blood collection a decrease in plasma levels of oxytocin, prolactin, and insulin, and an increase in plasma levels and no of LH pulses during lactation were demonstrated. Prolactin levels gradually increased in response to each suckling while only 40-50% of recorded sucklings induced a significant rise in plasma oxytocin. Following a 24-h fast during lactation, levels of prolactin were very low but increased rapidly after refeeding. Even plasma levels of insulin and glucose decreased to very low levels during fasting, but the release of LH was similar before and after refeeding. Weaning resulted in decrease in plasma levels of prolactin and increase in plasma levels and no. of LH pulses. Plasma levels of cortisol showed a diurnal pattern of change which disappeared on the day of weaning. In response to weaning plasma levels of glucagon and gastrin decreased, whereas insulin and somatostatin increased. At weaning sows with low weight loss during lactation had higher plasma insulin and lower plasma cortisol levels than sows with high weight loss, but no differences in levels or no. of LH pulses were observed between the two groups of sows.