Non-osteogenic muscle hypertrophy in children with McArdle disease.

INTRODUCTION: McArdle disease is an inborn disorder of muscle glycogen metabolism that produces exercise intolerance, and has been recently associated with low values ​​of lean mass (LM) and bone mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD) in affected adults. Here we aimed to study whether this bone health problem begins in childhood. METHODS: Forty children and adolescents were evaluated: 10 McArdle disease and 30 control children (mean age of both groups, 13 ± 2y). Body composition was evaluated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and creatine kinase (CK) levels were determined in the patients as an estimate of muscle damage. RESULTS: Legs bone mass was significantly lower in patients than in controls (-36% for BMC and -22% for BMD). Moreover, patients had significantly higher LM values in the legs than controls, whereas no difference was found for fat mass. CK levels were positively associated with LM in McArdle patients. A correlation was found between LM and BMD variables in the control group but not in McArdle patients. CONCLUSION: We have identified a 'non-osteogenic muscle hypertrophy' in children with McArdle disease. This phenomenon warrants special attention since low osteogenesis at an early age predicts a high risk for osteoporosis later in life.

Towards a full integration of vertically aligned silicon nanowires in MEMS using silane as a precursor.

Silicon nanowires present outstanding properties for electronics, energy, and environmental monitoring applications. However, their integration into microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) is a major issue so far due to low compatibility with mainstream technology, which complicates patterning and controlled morphology. This work addresses the growth of 〈111〉 aligned silicon nanowire arrays fully integrated into standard MEMS processing by means of the chemical vapor deposition-vapor liquid solid method (CVD-VLS) using silane as a precursor. A reinterpretation of the galvanic displacement method is presented for selectively depositing gold nanoparticles of controlled size and shape. Moreover, a comprehensive analysis of the effects of synthesis temperature and pressure on the growth rate and alignment of nanowires is presented for the most common silicon precursor, i.e., silane. Compared with previously reported protocols, the redefined galvanic displacement together with a silane-based CVD-VLS growth methodology provides a more standard and low-temperature (<650 °C) synthesis scheme and a compatible route to reliably grow Si nanowires in MEMS for advanced applications.

Low aerobic capacity in McArdle disease: A role for mitochondrial network impairment?

BACKGROUND: McArdle disease is caused by myophosphorylase deficiency and results in complete inability for muscle glycogen breakdown. A hallmark of this condition is muscle oxidation impairment (e.g., low peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak)), a phenomenon traditionally attributed to reduced glycolytic flux and Krebs cycle anaplerosis. Here we hypothesized an additional role for muscle mitochondrial network alterations associated with massive intracellular glycogen accumulation. METHODS: We analyzed in depth mitochondrial characteristics-content, biogenesis, ultrastructure-and network integrity in skeletal-muscle from McArdle/control mice and two patients. We also determined VO2peak in patients (both sexes, N = 145) and healthy controls (N = 133). RESULTS: Besides corroborating very poor VO2peak values in patients and impairment in muscle glycolytic flux, we found that, in McArdle muscle: (a) damaged fibers are likely those with a higher mitochondrial and glycogen content, which show major disruption of the three main cytoskeleton components-actin microfilaments, microtubules and intermediate filaments-thereby contributing to mitochondrial network disruption in skeletal muscle fibers; (b) there was an altered subcellular localization of mitochondrial fission/fusion proteins and of the sarcoplasmic reticulum protein calsequestrin-with subsequent alteration in mitochondrial dynamics/function; impairment in mitochondrial content/biogenesis; and (c) several OXPHOS-related complex proteins/activities were also affected. CONCLUSIONS: In McArdle disease, severe muscle oxidative capacity impairment could also be explained by a disruption of the mitochondrial network, at least in those fibers with a higher capacity for glycogen accumulation. Our findings might pave the way for future research addressing the potential involvement of mitochondrial network alterations in the pathophysiology of other glycogenoses.

Novel mutations in patients with McArdle disease by analysis of skeletal muscle mRNA.

OBJECTIVE: To identify pathogenic mutant alleles of the PYGM gene in "genetic manifesting heterozygous" patients with McArdle disease-that is, those in whom we could only find a sole mutant allele by genomic DNA analysis. METHODS: We studied four unrelated patients. PCR-RFLP, gene sequencing, and muscle cDNA analysis were performed to search for mutations in the PYGM gene. The effects of the mutations were evaluated by in silico analysis, and gene expression was assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS: Patient 1 was a compound heterozygous for the p.G205S missense mutation and for a novel "in frame" mutation, p.Q176_M177insVQ, resulting from a retention of six nucleotides from the 3'-end sequence of intron 4. Patient 2 was heterozygous for the common nonsense mutation p.R50X, and for a 1094 bp, c.1969+214_2177+369del mutation, spanning from intron 16 to intron 17 sequences. Furthermore, mRNA expression level was dramatically reduced consistent with nonsense mediated decay. Patient 3 was heterozygous for the p.R50X substitution, and patient 4 was heterozygous for the relatively common private Spanish mutation p.W798R. These two patients harboured a heterozygous exonic synonymous variant, p.K215K. Quantification of gene transcripts in patient 3 revealed a drastic decrease in the relative expression of the gene, which strongly supports the possibility of nonsense mediated decay. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that skeletal muscle cDNA studies in "genetic manifesting heterozygous" patients with McArdle disease are prone to identify their second mutant allele.

McArdle disease: molecular genetic update.

McArdle disease or Glycogenosis type V is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder caused by a deficiency of the muscle isoform of glycogen phosphorylase (myophosphorylase, PYGM), the specific skeletal muscle enzyme that initiates glycogen breakdown. Since the first clinical description by Brian McArdle in 1951, several patients have been identified worldwide and significant advances have been made in the study of molecular genetics of the disease. Molecular heterogeneity has been demonstrated by the identification to date of more than 65 mutations in the PYGM gene.

[Private mutations in the myophosphorylase gene: the first case in a patient of Latin American descent]. / Mutaciones privadas en el gen de la miofosforilasa: primer caso en un paciente de origen latinoamericano.

INTRODUCTION: McArdle's disease (glycogenoses type V) is a common metabolic myopathy caused by deficient myophosphorylase activity. The disease is due to mutations in the myophosphorylase (PYGM) gene and is present in a large number of countries. CASE REPORT: A 13-year-old male who suffered an episode of muscle pain and offered increased levels of creatinkinase in plasma, myoglobinuria and mild weakness of the proximal muscles, after short but vigorous exercise. The patient was born in Ecuador and was adopted by a Spanish family. The myophosphorylase gene was analysed completely and the patient was found to be a carrier of a missense mutation, a homozygous change where a G is replaced by an A in exon 11, changing a valine for a methionine in codon 456 (V456M). The mutation described above affects an amino acid that is conserved in the enzyme and which was not present in the control population that was studied. CONCLUSIONS: These findings show the presence of McArdle's disease in several ethnic groups and confirm that the ethnic origin of the patient is important when it comes to deciding what mutations should be analysed first in molecular diagnosis studies.

Molecular genetics of McArdle's disease.

This review highlights recent advances in our understanding of McArdle's disease, including the mechanisms involved in the regulation of the clinical phenotype. The latest molecular genetic studies have demonstrated the genetic heterogeneity of the disorder, with more than 65 mutations identified to date. There is not a specific treatment for McArdle's disease, but some nutritional treatments in combination with aerobic conditioning could improve the quality of life in most patients.