How do the working lives of general practitioners in rural areas compare with elsewhere in Scotland? Cross-sectional analysis of the Scottish School of Primary Care Survey.

INTRODUCTION: The shortage of GPs in Scotland is concerning, particularly in rural areas. There are many reasons why GPs are leaving general practice; however, satisfaction with working life is an important predictor of GP retention. The aim of this study was to compare the working lives and intentions to reduce work participation of rural GPs and GPs working elsewhere in Scotland. METHODS: Quantitative analysis of responses from a nationally representative survey of GPs in Scotland. GPs were classified as 'non-rural' or 'rural' and these groups were compared using univariate and multivariate statistical analysis on four domains of working lives (job satisfaction, job stressors and positive and negative job attributes) and four intentions to reduce work participation (reducing working hours, working abroad, leaving direct patient care and leaving medical work entirely). RESULTS: There were significant differences in characteristics between rural and non-rural GPs. After controlling for these differences, GP age and gender, rural GPs reported higher job satisfaction, lower job stressors, higher positive job attributes, and lower negative job attributes than GPs elsewhere. A significant interaction between gender and rurality was found for job satisfaction, indicating that it was rural female GPs who were more satisfied. Rural GPs were, however, more likely to intend to work abroad and leave medical work entirely within 5 years than other GPs. DISCUSSION: These findings corroborate research from around the world and have serious implications for the future care of patients in rural areas. Further research is urgently required to understand the drivers of these findings.

How do the working lives of general practitioners in rural areas compare with elsewhere in Scotland? Cross-sectional analysis of the Scottish School of Primary Care National GP Survey.

INTRODUCTION: Like many countries around the world, Scotland faces a shortage of general practitioners (GPs) due to both recruitment and retention issues. Such workforce shortages are of particular concern in rural areas. There are many reasons why GPs are leaving general practice; however, satisfaction with working life is an important predictor of GP retention. It is important, therefore, to understand working life satisfaction of rural GPs. The purpose of this study was to compare the working lives and intentions to reduce work participation of rural GPs and GPs working elsewhere in Scotland. METHODS: This study was a quantitative analysis of survey data from the Scottish School of Primary Care national working lives survey. GPs were classified as working in 'non-rural' or 'rural' practices based on the Scottish Government's rural binary classification system, and were compared using univariate and multivariate statistical analysis on four domains of working lives: job satisfaction, job stressors, positive and negative job attributes, and four intentions to reduce work participation: reducing working hours, working abroad, leaving direct patient care and leaving medical work entirely. RESULTS: A total of 2465 GPs returned the survey, giving a response rate of 56%. Three-hundred and forty seven GPs who returned the survey worked in practices in rural areas (14.1%). Rural GPs were more likely to do out-of-hours work (p<0.001), to have worked in their practice for fewer years (p=0.014), to work in single-GP partnerships (p<0.001), and to work in practices with smaller list sizes (p<0.001), than GPs in non-rural settings. Compared with GPs elsewhere, rural GPs reported higher mean job satisfaction (5.23 v 5.39, respectively; p<0.005), lower mean job stressors (3.58 v 3.29; p<0.001) and lower mean negative job attributes (4.08 vs 3.78; p<0.001). These differences remained highly significant after controlling for potential confounders (age, gender and the differences in work practices shown above). In regression analysis, a significant interaction was found between gender and rurality for job satisfaction (p=0.008), which indicated that rural female GPs' higher job satisfaction mainly accounted for rural GPs' increased job satisfaction. No significant interaction was found between gender and rurality for the other domains of working lives. Compared with GPs elsewhere, however, rural GPs were more likely to intend to work abroad (mean 1.39 v 1.55; p=0.013) and leave medical work entirely within 5 years (mean 2.15 v 2.36; p=0.039). These intentions remained significant after controlling for potential confounders. No significant interaction was found between gender and rurality for variables for intentions to reduce work participation. CONCLUSION: Rural GPs in Scotland are more satisfied with their working lives than GPs working elsewhere in Scotland, which is mainly due to higher job satisfaction in female GPs in rural areas. Despite this, rural GPs as a whole have a higher intention to leave their job in the next 5 years than their non-rural counterparts. Although some of these differences are small, they may signal serious implications for the future care of patients in rural areas and require further research to understand the drivers of this.