[Gender differences of genetic etiology in the incidence of major depressive disorder among Han freshmen].

Objective: To analyze the gender differences of genetic etiology in the incidence of major depression disorder among Han freshmen. Methods: A 1-year follow-up survey was carried out among 8 079 Han freshmen from Jining, Rizhao and Weifang without lifetime major depressive disorder (MDD) at baseline (April to October 2018) and 4 828 venous blood samples were also collected. After extracting DNA, Sequenom Mass Array time-of-flight mass spectrometry biochip technology was used to detect the genotypes of 17 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) MDD-related loci. Logistic regression was used for univariate analysis. Generalized multifactor dimension reduction was used to analyze gene-gene interactions. Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) 3.0 was used for MDD diagnosis. Results: The 1-year incidence of MDD among Han freshmen was 2.23% (95%CI: 1.91%-2.60%) and the gender difference of incidence between males (1.97%, 95%CI: 1.52%-2.56%) and females (2.39%, 95%CI: 1.98%-2.90%) was not statistically significant (P>0.05). AG genotype of rs768705 (nearby gene: TMEM161B) was a risk factor for MDD (OR=1.98, 95%CI: 1.24-2.83). The TC genotype of rs17727765 (nearby gene: CRYBA1) was only a risk factor for MDD in males (OR=9.61, 95%CI: 2.04-45.30). An 8-loci interaction model (PMFBP1, OLFM4, LHPP, ENOX1, TMEM161B, SPPL3, FBXL4 and L3MBTL2) could predict MDD in women with an accuracy rate of 60.05%. No effective prediction model was found for MDD in men. Conclusions: There might be gender differences in the genetic etiology of MDD. Further researches on the genetic causes of MDD in men should be explored.

Optimum input states of polarization for Mueller matrix measurement in a system having finite polarization-dependent loss or gain.

We present the theoretical and simulation results of the relationship between three input states of polarization (SOP) and the Mueller matrix measurement error in an optical system having birefringence and finite polarization-dependent loss or gain (PDL/G). By using the condition number as the criterion, it can be theoretically demonstrated that the three input SOPs should be equally-spaced on the Poincaré sphere and centered on the reversed PDL/G vector to achieve better measurement accuracy in a single test. Further, an upper bound of the mean of the Mueller matrix measurement error is derived when the measurement errors of output Stokes parameters independently and identically follow the ideal Gaussian distribution. This upper bound also shows that the statistically best Mueller matrix measurement accuracy can be obtained when the three input SOPs have the same relationship mentioned above. Simulation results confirm the validity of the theoretical findings.

Effect of input states of polarization on the measurement error of Mueller matrix in a system having small polarization-dependent loss or gain.

For the measurement of Mueller matrix in an optical system with birefringence and small polarization-dependent loss or gain (PDL/G), we theoretically derive the statistical relationship between the Mueller matrix measurement error and three input states of polarization (SOP). Based on this theoretical relation and simulation results, it can be concluded that the three input SOPs, that are coplanar with an angle of 120 degrees between any two of them in Stokes space, can be considered as a substitute for the best input SOPs which can statistically lead to the minimum measurement error. This conclusion is valid when the PDL/G of the optical system under test is less than 0.35 dB.

Rapid degradation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha by KRH102053, a new activator of prolyl hydroxylase 2.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is a transcription factor induced by hypoxia and degraded by ubiquitin-dependent proteasomes in normoxic conditions. Under hypoxic conditions, hydroxylation of HIF-1alpha subunit by prolyl hydroxylase (PHD) is suppressed, thus leading to increased levels of HIF. Although PHD2 plays a key role in regulating the levels of HIF, chemical activators of PHD2 are relatively unknown. The aim of this study was to identify small molecule activators of PHD2 that could be used, eventually, to suppress the level of HIF-1alpha. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: By using the overproduced PHD2 as a target, a molecular library consisting of more than 600 small molecules with a benzopyran structure was screened with an HPLC assay method. KEY RESULTS: We found a potent activator of PHD2, KRH102053 (2-amino-4-methylsulphanyl-butylic acid-4-methoxy-6-(4-methoxy-benzylamino)-2,2-dimethyl-chroman-3-yl ester). The effects of KRH102053 on controlling HIF were studied in human HOS osteosarcoma, rat PC12 phaeochromocytoma and human HepG2 hepatoma cells. Under our experimental conditions, KRH102053 decreased the protein level of HIF-1alpha and the mRNA levels of HIF-regulated downstream target genes, such as vascular endothelial growth factor, aldolase A, enolase 1 and monocarboxylate transporter 4. Consistent with these results, KRH102053 also inhibited the rates of HIF-related migration and invasion of HOS cells as well as the degree of tube formation in human umbilical vein endothelium cells. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: These results suggest that KRH102053 and its structural analogues have the potential for use as therapeutic agents against various diseases associated with HIF.

Generalized Mueller matrix method for polarization mode dispersion measurement in a system with polarization-dependent loss or gain.

A generalized Mueller matrix method (GMMM) is proposed to measure the polarization mode dispersion (PMD) in an optical fiber system with polarization-dependent loss or gain (PDL/G). This algorithm is based on the polar decomposition of a 4X4 matrix which corresponds to a Lorentz transformation. Compared to the generalized Poincaré sphere method, the GMMM can measure PMD accurately with a relatively larger frequency step, and the obtained PMD data has very low noise level.

Renal cell carcinoma escapes death by p53 depletion through transglutaminase 2-chaperoned autophagy.

In renal cell carcinoma, transglutaminase 2 (TGase 2) crosslinks p53 in autophagosomes, resulting in p53 depletion and the tumor's evasion of apoptosis. Inhibition of TGase 2 stabilizes p53 and induces tumor cells to enter apoptosis. This study explored the mechanism of TGase 2-dependent p53 degradation. We found that TGase 2 competes with human double minute 2 homolog (HDM2) for binding to p53; promotes autophagy-dependent p53 degradation in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cell lines under starvation; and binds to p53 and p62 simultaneously without ubiquitin-dependent recognition of p62. The bound complex does not have crosslinking activity. A binding assay using a series of deletion mutants of p62, p53 and TGase 2 revealed that the PB1 (Phox and Bem1p-1) domain of p62 (residues 85-110) directly interacts with the ß-barrel domains of TGase 2 (residues 592-687), whereas the HDM2-binding domain (transactivation domain, residues 15-26) of p53 interacts with the N terminus of TGase 2 (residues 1-139). In addition to the increase in p53 stability due to TGase 2 inhibition, the administration of a DNA-damaging anti-cancer drug such as doxorubicin-induced apoptosis in RCC cell lines and synergistically reduced tumor volume in a xenograft model. Combination therapy with a TGase 2 inhibitor and a DNA-damaging agent may represent an effective therapeutic approach for treating RCC.

Properties and biocompatibility of chitosan films modified by blending with PEG.

Chitosan (beta-1,4-D-glucosamine), a polysaccharide with excellent biological properties, has been widely used in biomedical fields, but many barriers still exist to its broader usage due to its chemical and physical limitations. Further work is needed to improve these properties, but changes of the chemical and physical properties will influence its biocompatibility, so the biological attribute of modified chitosan must be evaluated. In this study, the biocompatibility of chitosan modified by several methods was carefully evaluated at the cellular and protein levels using different physical and biological methods. The results provide a theoretical basis for screening biomaterials. We studied the properties of five kinds of materials made by blending chitosan with different types of polyethylene glycol (PEG). The properties included physical and chemical properties, such as mechanical strength, static contact angle, spectroscopy, thermodynamic attributes and so on. The mechanical properties were slightly improved with the proper amount of PEG, but the improvement was not obvious and was destroyed by the wrong proportion of PEG. Cultures of the cells and amounts and structures of the adsorbed proteins on different materials showed that the PEG effectively improved the biocompatibility of the materials. The PEG enhanced the protein adsorption, cell adhesion, growth and proliferation, but the effects were impaired by excessive PEG. The experiments also demonstrated that the optimum PEG concentration helped to maintain the natural structure of the protein adsorbed on the materials and that maintaining the natural structure benefited cell growth. Analysis of the results based on the intramolecular and intermolecular interaction forces leads to a basic theory for the modification of biomaterials.

Spectrally resolved reflectometric measurement of polarization mode dispersion in an optical fiber link with polarization-dependent loss.

In an optical fiber link with polarization-dependent loss (PDL), we demonstrate that although the complex polarization mode dispersion vector cannot be fully obtained by the reflectometric measurement, the spectrally resolved differential group delay (DGD) and differential attenuation slope (DAS) can be explicitly determined by such measurements performed simultaneously in the optical frequency domain and the fiber length domain. In principle, this technique can be used to realize the spectrally resolved and spatially resolved measurement of DGD and DAS in an optical fiber link having PDL based on distributed Rayleigh backscattering. We report the experimental result based on the far-end Fresnel reflection to confirm the validity of the proposed method.

Spectral-resolved backreflection measurement of polarization mode dispersion in optical fibers.

An improved backreflection technique is proposed to perform the spectral-resolved measurement of polarization mode dispersion (PMD) in optical fibers. This technique is based on the PMD dynamical equation and realized by measuring the polarization state evolutions of the reflected signal in both frequency and time domains. Two experimental setups, employing the far-end Fresnel reflection, are constructed to verify this technique. The agreement between the results of the proposed backreflection technique and the conventional forward technique is observed.

On-line simultaneous monitoring of polarization mode dispersion and chromatic dispersion.

We have developed new expressions for power fading and average power fading owing to polarization mode dispersion (PMD) and chromatic dispersion in terms of the angle of precession of the output state of polarization about the PMD vector. Based on these expressions, a simple and novel pilot-tone-based technique for simultaneous monitoring of chromatic dispersion and PMD is proposed. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed technique; these results agree well with the theoretical analysis.

New approach to determine the effects of polarization mode dispersion and chromatic dispersion on pulse and RF signals.

We present a novel analytical expression relating the output state of polarization (SOP) and the polarization mode dispersion (PMD) vector, including polarization-dependent chromatic dispersion (PCD), in terms of the angle of precession of the output SOP around the PMD vector. We derive a number of new expressions incorporating for the first time this angle of precession. First, a general relation to study the effect of differential group delay, PCD, and chromatic dispersion on pulses of arbitrary shapes is given. From this general relation, we derive expressions for pulse broadening and power penalty for Gaussian pulses. Moreover, a new expression for PMD-induced power fading for single-sideband modulated radio frequency signals is also derived. Measured experimental results are presented to support the derived expressions.

Quasi-monochromatic fiber depolarizer and its application to polarization-dependent loss measurement.

We theoretically derive the relationship between the degrees of polarization (DOPs) of input and output for an optical component with polarization-dependent loss (PDL) and birefringence. Based on the theoretical result, we propose a novel depolarizer for quasi-monochromatic light that can depolarize a fully polarized light with a 50 MHz linewidth to less than 0.2% in the DOP The depolarized light is then used to measure PDL in a single-mode optical fiber link. To the best of our knowledge, our new PDL measurement method is significantly faster than all known methods. Experimental results show excellent agreement with other methods.

Protective effects of extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) on nerve cells after spinal cord injury in rats.

STUDY DESIGN: An experimental animal model was used to assess spinal cord injury following lateral hemitransection at thoracic spinal cord level. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb) could have a neuroprotective effect in spinal cord injury (SCI) in rats. SETTING: Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, China. METHODS: A total of 72 adult rats were divided randomly into three groups: the EGb group, normal saline (NS) group, and sham operation group (sham group). After thoracic spinal cord hemitransection was performed at the level of the 9th thoracic vertebra (T9), rats in the EGb group were given 100 mg/kg EGb 761 daily, while rats in the NS group received NS. The rats in the sham group only underwent laminectomy without spinal cord hemitransection. At various time points after surgery, thoracic spinal cords were sampled and sliced for histochemistry, immunohistochemistry of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) of apoptotic cells. RESULTS: Myelin staining showed that the area of cavities was small and the demyelinated zones were limited at and around the injury site of the spinal cord in the EGb group, while the area of cavities was large and the demyelinated zones were serious in the NS group. Nissl staining showed that the ratio of bilateral ventral horn neurons (transection side/uninjured side) in the EGb group was higher than that in the NS group (P<0.05). The apoptotic index and the percentage of iNOS-positive cells were lower in the EGb group than in the NS group. Furthermore, the percentage of iNOS-positive cells positively correlated with the apoptotic index (r( 2)=0.729, P<0.01) after SCI. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that EGb 761 could inhibit iNOS expression and have neuroprotective effect by preventing nerve cells from apoptosis after SCI in rats.

Tunable microwave filter that uses a high-birefringent fiber and a differential-group-delay element.

We propose and experimentally demonstrate a novel and simple photonic microwave notch filter that uses a high-birefringent fiber that gives a fixed differential group delay (DGD), together with a DGD element that gives a tunable DGD. This configuration overcomes the problems of optical coherence interference and chromatic dispersion, which may occur in schemes that use fiber delay lines or fiber gratings. Also presented is a theoretical analysis for the performance of the microwave filter that uses the present configuration. The present scheme provides a continuous tuning capability for changing the notch frequency. Measured notch rejection is greater than 40 dB. This scheme can operate over a wide wavelength range of the optical carrier. There is good agreement between experiment results and theoretical analysis.

Strong-light photoinhibition treatment accelerates the changes of protein secondary structures in triton-treated photosystem I and photosystem II complexes.

Changes in the protein secondary structure and electron transport activity of the Triton X-100-treated photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II (PSII) complexes after strong illumination treatment were studied using Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and an oxygen electrode. Short periods of photoinhibitory treatment led to obvious decreases in the rates of PSI-mediated electron transport activity and PSII-mediated oxygen evolution in the native or Triton-treated PSI and PSII complexes. In the native PSI and PSII complexes, the protein secondary structures had little changes after the photoinhibitory treatment. However, in both Triton-treated PSI and PSII complexes, short photoinhibition times caused significant loss of alpha-helical content and increase of beta-sheet structure, similar to the conformational changes in samples of Triton-treated PSI and PSII complexes after long periods of dark incubation. Our results demonstrate that strong-light treatment to the Triton-treated PSI and PSII complexes accelerates destruction of the transmembrane structure of proteins in the two photosynthetic membranes.

Inactivation and dissociation of rice ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase during denaturation by sodium dodecyl sulfate.

Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) is a key enzyme in photosynthesis and photorespiration. The inactivation and subsequent conformational changes and dissociation of rice Rubisco by SDS have been studied. At low SDS concentrations (0.4 mM), Rubisco completely lost its carboxylase activity and most of its sulfhydryl groups became exposed. Dissociation of small subunits and significant conformational changes occurred at higher SDS concentrations. Increasing SDS concentrations caused only slight changes in CD spectrum, indicating no significant effect of SDS on the secondary structure of the enzyme. The results prove that the active site of Rubisco is more fragile to denaturants than the protein as a whole. The results also suggest that small subunits are more liable to SDS denaturation and thus dissociate first, while the more hydrophobic large subunits remain complexed. The naturally existing hydrophobic surface of Rubisco may be an important factor in the interaction of Rubisco with other macromolecules.