THE IMPORTANCE OF REMOTE COUNSELING IN COSMETOLOGY AND COSMETIC DERMATOLOGY.

Remote consultations are used for diagnosis, treatment recommendations, patient monitoring and health education. The aim of the study was to collect, assess and summarise data regarding remote consultations in cosmetology and cosmetic dermatology. The study is an introduction to the authors' research into the importance of remote counseling in cosmetology. A review of the literature available on PubMed; a diagnostic survey was carried out among those declared and qualified for the study; the author's preliminary unpublished results are reported (JMB). A total of 490 publications were identified in a search of 20 October 2021. A summary of ten research papers was produced in the narrative form. In addition, an analysis of an unpublished diagnostic survey was carried out (JMB research, 2021, respondents n=95, full survey completed n=46). The analysed research papers discussed: telephone counseling (n=2), e-counseling (n=3), e-learning (n=2), automatic counseling (n=2), and mobile health applications (n=1). The aim of each of the research papers analysed in this review was to educate patients in the field of skin care and to con¬solidate proper skin care and photo-protection behaviours. The diagnostic survey, as well as the literature review, confirmed the importance of and need for remote counseling in cosmetology and cosmetic dermatology as regards education, motivation and prophylaxis.

The role of life skills in developing an authentic leadership attitude in public health students: a multicenter cross-sectional study in Poland.

BACKGROUND: Decision-making skills are considered crucial life skills that condition proper social functioning within groups (i.e., support authentic leadership skills and increasing one's chances of success and wellbeing in life). Nonetheless, the number of scientific papers addressing the role of life skills in developing authentic leadership skills in public health students is limited. The aim of the present study was to develop a theoretical model to determine the role of selected life skills in developing authentic leadership skills in public health students. METHODS: The study was conducted from January 16 through February 28, 2018. In total, 653 students undertaking in-service training in Master's degree programs qualified for the study, and complete data sets were obtained from 329 students (response rate 50.38%). The data were collected by means of a paper questionnaire. Four research tools were used in the study: The Authentic Leadership Self-Assessment Questionnaire, The Moral Foundations Questionnaire, The General Self-Efficacy Scale, and The Youth Leadership Life Skills Development Scale. RESULTS: Two subgroups were identified among the public health students in the study: 1) the extra life skills training group (N = 113) and 2) the no extra life skills training group (N = 216). Both groups of study participants did not differ significantly in terms of age (M (SD): 25.0 (3.89) vs. 25.0 (3.66); t = 0.068, P = 0.946). On the other hand, clear differences were observed in the case of the respondents' participation in voluntary service. The respondents from the extra life skills training group declared participation in voluntary activities less frequently than the respondents from the second identified group (48.7 vs. 31.9%). CONCLUSIONS: A verified theoretical model showed that course aimed at strengthening authentic leadership competences should be modular, should focus on self-improvement and critical reflection, and should be spread over time to enable and encourage each participant to grow and flourish at their own pace.

Polish Medical Air Rescue Interventions Concerning Pregnant Women in Poland: A 10-year Retrospective Analysis.

BACKGROUND Even in the normal course of pregnancy, alarming symptoms and obstetric complications can occur, necessitating appropriate care. Medical rescue and Helicopter Emergency Medical Services (HEMS) teams are responsible for responding to emergencies and performing medical emergency procedures on scene and during patient transport to hospital. The purpose of our study was to present the characteristics of HEMS and Emergency Medical Service (EMS) interventions concerning pregnant women in Poland. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study involved a retrospective analysis of missions by HEMS and EMS crews of the Polish Medical Air Rescue concerning pregnant women in Poland. The analysis included all HEMS and EMS flights to cases of accidents and other emergencies and air transport missions where medical assistance had been provided to pregnant women between January 2011 and December 2020. RESULTS Polish Medical Air Rescue teams were most commonly dispatched to urban areas (79.46%) and for inter-hospital transport (75.85%). The mean patient age was 29.72 years, and the most common diagnosis, in accordance with the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10), was premature labor (24.38%). CONCLUSIONS Pregnant patients aged 30 and older and those receiving HEMS and EMS assistance in urban areas were found to have a higher odds ratio for premature labor. A correlation was identified between the diagnosis associated with the Polish Medical Air Rescue intervention and the pregnant woman's age and location of call.

Overall Survival in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treated with Sorafenib: A Polish Experience.

BACKGROUND The mortality caused by hepatocellular carcinoma is expected to rise in the upcoming decade. Sorafenib has become the preferred systemic treatment option in patients with unresectable HCC. This study aimed to present the median overall survival (OS) in a group of patients with advanced HCC, treated with sorafenib in Poland between 2011 and 2019. MATERIAL AND METHODS The analyzed group of patients was qualified for treatment with sorafenib, financed by the National Health Fund, based on the guidelines of the Polish Drug Program. Kaplan-Meier method was used to plot the OS curves, and the log-rank test was used for testing. Multivariate assessment of factors (sex and age) related to the time to death of the patient was done using Cox regression. RESULTS Of the 2072 treated patients, 75% were men (1556) and 25% were women (516). The minimum age of patients in the trial group was 18 years and the maximum age was 90 years. Among the 1556 analyzed cases in males, 27.44% (427) did not end with death (by the date of completing the analysis). The percentage of one-year survival for this population was 58.16%, and the 2-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates were 34.45%, 21.81%, and 9.72%, respectively. The percentage of censored cases in the 516 females was 25.78% (133). The 1-2-, 3-, and 5-year survival for this population was 59.30%, 36.27%, 22.47%, and 11.34%, respectively. Statistical tests did not reveal a significant difference in the curve profiles by sex. There were no associations between OS and age. CONCLUSIONS Systemic treatment with sorafenib in accordance with the presented criteria allows for very good results, comparable to the results of selected groups of patients presented by other authors.

Social Media Sharing of Articles About Measles in a European Context: Text Analysis Study.

BACKGROUND: Despite the existence of an effective vaccine, measles still threatens the health and lives of many Europeans. Notably, during the COVID-19 pandemic, measles vaccine uptake declined; as a result, after the pandemic, European countries will have to increase vaccination rates to restore the extent of vaccination coverage among the population. Because information obtained from social media are one of the main causes of vaccine hesitancy, knowledge of the nature of information pertaining to measles that is shared on social media may help create educational campaigns. OBJECTIVE: In this study, we aim to define the characteristics of European news about measles shared on social media platforms (ie, Facebook, Twitter, and Pinterest) from 2017 to 2019. METHODS: We downloaded and translated (into English) 10,305 articles on measles published in European Union countries. Using latent Dirichlet allocation, we identified main topics and estimated the sentiments expressed in these articles. Furthermore, we used linear regression to determine factors related to the number of times a given article was shared on social media. RESULTS: We found that, in most European social media posts, measles is only discussed in the context of local European events. Articles containing educational information and describing world outbreaks appeared less frequently. The most common emotions identified from the study's news data set were fear and trust. Yet, it was found that readers were more likely to share information on educational topics and the situation in Germany, Ukraine, Italy, and Samoa. A high amount of anger, joy, and sadness expressed within the text was also associated with a higher number of shares. CONCLUSIONS: We identified which features of news articles were related to increased social media shares. We found that social media users prefer sharing educational news to sharing informational news. Appropriate emotional content can also increase the willingness of social media users to share an article. Effective media content that promotes measles vaccinations should contain educational or scientific information, as well as specific emotions (such as anger, joy, or sadness). Articles with this type of content may offer the best chance of disseminating vital messages to a broad social media audience.

Characteristics of Antivaccine Messages on Social Media: Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Supporters of the antivaccination movement can easily spread information that is not scientifically proven on social media. Therefore, learning more about their posts and activities is instrumental in effectively reacting and responding to the false information they publish, which is aimed at discouraging people from taking vaccines. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to gather, assess, and synthesize evidence related to the current state of knowledge about antivaccine social media users' web-based activities. METHODS: We systematically reviewed English-language papers from 3 databases (Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed). A data extraction form was established, which included authors, year of publication, specific objectives, study design, comparison, and outcomes of significance. We performed an aggregative narrative synthesis of the included studies. RESULTS: The search strategy retrieved 731 records in total. After screening for duplicates and eligibility, 18 articles were included in the qualitative synthesis. Although most of the authors analyzed text messages, some of them studied images or videos. In addition, although most of the studies examined vaccines in general, 5 focused specifically on human papillomavirus vaccines, 2 on measles vaccines, and 1 on influenza vaccines. The synthesized studies dealt with the popularity of provaccination and antivaccination content, the style and manner in which messages about vaccines were formulated for the users, a range of topics concerning vaccines (harmful action, limited freedom of choice, and conspiracy theories), and the role and activity of bots in the dissemination of these messages in social media. CONCLUSIONS: Proponents of the antivaccine movement use a limited number of arguments in their messages; therefore, it is possible to prepare publications clarifying doubts and debunking the most common lies. Public health authorities should continuously monitor social media to quickly find new antivaccine arguments and then create information campaigns for both health professionals and other users.

Women's views of birth after cesarean section.

BACKGROUND: Vaginal birth is a safe mode of childbirth for the majority of women after cesarean section (CS). However, data show that women who have undergone a CS are more likely to have an elective CS (ECS) than a vaginal birth after CS (VBAC) in many areas of the world. AIM: This study aimed to review the literature about women's mode of birth preferences and attitudes and the underlying reasons for, and factors associated with, their preferences. METHODS: This is narrative literature review. PubMed/MEDLINE and Scopus databases were searched, limiting the results to non-interventional studies published between 1990 and 2020. Twenty-one articles were included in the analysis. RESULTS: The review found 34 different factors that influence women's preferences. Five factors influenced both VBAC and ECS preference, depending on the study. The most common factors having a dualistic effect on preference were: medical staff recommendation, doctor's opinion, and fear of pain. The most common factors were: desire to experience natural childbirth, faster/easier recovery, support from doctor's, and midwife's opinion. Among the factors influencing the preference for ECS, two were particularly prominent: predictability, controllability and comfortability of CS and the belief that CS is safer for the baby and/or mother. CONCLUSIONS: Our review showed that there are a variety of factors that influence women's preference for the mode of delivery after CS. Some of these have a dualistic effect according to the study. The key to making an informed decision regarding the mode of delivery is communication with medical professionals.

Core Evidence-Based Practice Competencies and Learning Outcomes for European Nurses: Consensus Statements.

BACKGROUND: Consensus on evidence-based practice (EBP) competencies and associated learning outcomes for registered nurses has not yet been achieved in the European context. AIMS: To establish a set of core EBP competencies for nurses and the most important EBP learning outcomes encompassing attitudes, knowledge, and skills dimensions for implementation into nursing education in European countries. METHODS: A multi-phase modified Delphi survey was conducted: Phase 1, a literature review; Phase 2, a two-round consensus of experts; and Phase 3, a Delphi survey. Experts from six European countries participated. RESULTS: In Phase 1, 88 records were selected and 835 statements extracted, which were grouped according to the seven steps of EBP. After removing 157 duplicates, the remaining competencies (n = 678) were evaluated in Phase 2. Then, a two-round expert consensus was reached, with 24 competencies and 120 learning outcomes identified and divided into affective, cognitive, and skills domains. In Phase 3, based on a Delphi survey expert consensus, all evaluated statements were included in a final set of competencies and learning outcomes. Only two learning outcomes were recommended for allocation to a different domain, and four were reformulated as suggested, with no further changes to the others. LINKING EVIDENCE TO ACTION: The set of EBP competencies and learning outcomes can guide nurse educators, managers, and EBP stakeholders in the development of content that incorporates EBP knowledge, skills, and attitudes into educational programs. Prioritizing the EBP competencies and learning outcomes that are most necessary and adapting them to every context will provide healthcare organizations with guidelines for enhancing the continuing education of nurses. These results could facilitate the development of effective tools for assessing nursing students' and nurses' perception of competencies required for EBP processes.

Women's experiences of dysmenorrhoea - preliminary study.

INTRODUCTION: Dysmenorrhoea is a significant interdisciplinary problem that requires intensified activities of specialists, mainly in the fields of health sciences, gynaecology, and pharmacology. AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim of the study is to learn about women's experiences of dysmenorrhoea. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was conducted between January and March, 2020 using a diagnostic research questionnaire developed for the purpose of the study. Based on the inclusion criteria, a total of 166 out of 192 completed questionnaires were analysed. The analysis of collected data was performed with the aid of Microsoft Office Excel 2007 and Statistica 13.1. RESULTS: Most of the respondents, during menstruation, experienced severe pain. Among the study participants, 86.14% used pharmacological methods to relieve menstrual pain, and non-pharmacological methods were popular among 74.10% of women. Almost half of the study participants reported that the occurrence of menstrual pain involved the reorganization of previous arrangements. Most women cancelled classes/appointments and gave up sports because of menstrual pain. CONCLUSIONS: In most cases, the symptoms of dysmenorrhoea lead to changes in daily functioning, which can have a negative impact on the academic, professional, and social lives of affected women. The early diagnosis of dysmenorrhoea is of key importance. Therefore, women who have menstrual pain and other accompanying symptoms during menstruations should be referred to experienced gynaecologists for differential diagnosis.

Optimistic thinking, satisfaction with life and job and nursing care rationing: Multicentre study in Poland.

AIMS: The aim was to examine whether the level of optimism and job and life satisfaction is a differentiating factor from the level of implicit rationing of nursing care in a sample of Polish registered nurses. BACKGROUND: Satisfaction with life and job is reflected by greater effectiveness of nurses at work and creates a positive work environment, which in turn may modulate the level of implicit rationing of nursing care. METHODS: A cross-sectional multicentre research design was adopted, employing a representative sample of 1,010 registered Polish nurses identified between the beginning of January and the end of June 2019. Four self-report scales were used in this study: Basel Extent of Rationing of Nursing Care, Satisfaction with Life Scale, Satisfaction with Job Scale and Life Orientation Test-Revised. The results were analysed using the k-means method, Student's t test and two-way ANOVA. RESULTS: Optimistic thinking, and satisfaction with job and life exerted a significant effect on the level of implicit rationing of nursing care among Polish nurses. Nurses from the group 'pessimistic' were at higher risk of nursing care rationing than those from the group 'optimistic'. CONCLUSION: Strengthening of the personal competencies, providing support and responding to all identified needs might increase job satisfaction of nurses and hence reduce the risk of nursing care rationing. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT: Leadership modelling and training in positive thinking might be the methods to support nurses and to prevent nursing care rationing.

Severe Depressive Episode with Psychotic Symptoms and Type 2 Diabetes: A 2010-2017 Longitudinal Study.

BACKGROUND There have been few studies published on the prevalence of severe depressive episode in people with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) or its role in adherence to dietary recommendations. We examined the Polish National Health Fund (NFZ) database estimates of all medical visits from 2010 to 2017 to determine the trend and the epidemiology of severe depressive episode in T2DM. MATERIAL AND METHODS The NFZ database was used. We defined the T2DM group diagnosed with both T2DM and severe depressive episode according to the ICD-10 codes. The annual prevalence of severe depressive episode was estimated according to the T2DM diagnosis status, and the age groups were stratified into 8 groups. RESULTS Relative risk for depression (regardless of severity of symptoms) in T2DM is 1.347 [95%CI: 1.342-1.353]. The frequency trend of severe depressive episode with or without psychotic symptoms remains relatively stable. In the case of mild and moderate depressive episode, a downward trend was noted, but they are still the most frequent mood disorders diagnosed. Patients with T2DM aged 20 to 40, for whom the peak of coexistence of these illnesses was noted, are the group particularly vulnerable to depression. Depression also remains on a relatively high but stable level for patients over 60 years of age. CONCLUSIONS The coexistence of depressive episodes in T2DM is a key challenge for medicine and public health. Measures aimed at early identification of patients with T2DM prone to depression need to be taken. Creating multidisciplinary care teams in diabetes management is also necessary.

Psychometric properties of Authentic Leadership Self-Assessment Questionnaire in a population-based sample of Polish nurses.

AIM: The purpose of the study was to adapt and evaluate the psychometric characteristics of the Polish language version of the Authentic Leadership Self-Assessment Questionnaire intended for use among Registered Nurses. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study where the Authentic Leadership Self-Assessment Questionnaire was administered to a representative group of 3,299 Polish Registered Nurses was carried out between September and November 2017. METHODS: Linguistic-cultural adaptation of the ALSAQ was carried out according to the WHO guidelines. The following psychometric properties of the ALSAQ were evaluated: content validity (content validity index), theoretical relevance (exploratory and confirmative factor analysis), unidimensionality of subscales (principal component analysis), internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha), test-retest reliability and criterion validity. FINDINGS: The content validity analysis revealed a need to reduce the original ALSAQ version from 16-23 items. The factor structure of ALSAQ differed from the original version. A three-factor model was better fitted to the data than a four-factor model. The three distinguished subscales (moral processing, self-awareness, and relational transparency) were characterized by unidimensionality. ALSAQ has a good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha 0.84) and test-retest analysis confirmed stability of the measurement for subscales and particular items. Moreover, the ALSAQ-P criterion validity with external variables, being of key importance for shaping the leadership skills (self-efficacy and universal moral foundations) was confirmed. CONCLUSIONS: Authentic leadership skills in nursing practice are characterized by their individual specificity, which was indicated in the ALSAQ validation. The ALSAQ can be considered a reliable and valid tool for self-assessment of leadership skills in a group of nursing practitioners. The identified standards help measuring strengths and weaknesses of authentic leadership.

Nurse prescribing: Attitudes of medical doctors towards expanding professional competencies of nurses and midwives.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the attitudes of doctors regarding prescriptive competences of nurses and midwives since these have been recently regulated in several countries. . METHODS: The cross-sectional study was conducted at the Medical University of Warsaw from February 1to7, 2016 and comprised doctors working at the Prof. Jan Nielubowicz Regional Medical Chamber in Warsaw, Poland. A specially designed 36-item questionnaire that had 22 statements was used regarding the role of the reform in the healthcare system; the need of granting nurses and midwives particular competencies; and their preparation and readiness for these competencies. The respondents assessed the statements using a Likert scale (1=strongly disagree; 5=strongly agree). STATISTICA 13.2 was used for data analysis. . RESULTS: Of the 436 doctors, 245(56%) were women. The subjects presented different opinions about the reforms, especially about possible improvement in patient care with nurses prescribing, or the process getting simplified for the care-seekers. Most doctors believed that nurses and midwives were not yet equipped enough to prescribe certain medicines or issue prescriptions (1,79/5). Only in case of nurses and midwives being able to 're-order' medicines earlier prescribed by a doctor, the attitudes of primary care physicians was significantly different than those involved with hospital care (p=0.048). CONCLUSIONS: Doctors were sceptical about expanding professional competences of nurses and midwives regarding drug prescription.

Maladaptive perfectionism and authentic leadership skills in emergency medicine students

Introduction: Leadership skills can be critical in emergency medicine. However, there are no works that analyze this issue in much more details. The aim: To analyze the level of leadership skills in emergency medicine students, and also checking if despondency perfectionism is a variable that reduce the correlation between self-efficacy and leadership skills. Material and methods: The analyzed group consisted of 75.76% of all emergency medicine students taking up education at the Medical University of Warsaw in 2018 (n = 150, W = 74, M = 71). The average age was 23 years (SD = 1.7). All students were divided into two groups: Group 0 - without maladaptive perfectionism (n = 64), and group 1- with maladaptive perfectionism (n = 79). In the cross-sectional study, three standardized research tools were used: Authentic Leadership Questionnaire, Almost Perfect Scale-Revised (APS-R), and General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES). ANCOVA analysis was used. Results: The linear regression coefficients for both comparison groups were significantly different (interaction of variables: "maladaptive perfectionism * self-efficacy": F = 4.841, p = .029). Comparing adjusted mean values for both groups (0 vs 1), it can be stated that students from group 0 had a significantly higher level of authentic leadership skills compared to group 1 (F = 4.432, p = .037). Conclusions: Studies to determine the mechanisms of a positive relationship between the self-efficacy and leadership skills in emergency medicine students with high maladaptive perfectionism are required. This will allow the development of effective programs to strengthen the leadership skills of these students.

Polish Helicopter Emergency Medical Service (HEMS) Response to Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest (OHCA): A Retrospective Study.

BACKGROUND Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is a significant clinical challenge for emergency medical systems worldwide. The first step towards ensuring patient survival is achieving return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). The purpose of the study was to analyze the cases of OHCA to which HEMS teams were dispatched. MATERIAL AND METHODS We performed a retrospective analysis of all HEMS calls in Poland for cases of OHCA between 1 January 2011 and 31 December 2016. Data were obtained from medical records maintained by the Polish HEMS. RESULTS The total number of responses to cases of OHCA was 2447. Of this total, 308 cases were excluded from the study as the patient was found not to have cardiac arrest or was confirmed dead. ROSC was achieved in 1119 cases, including 335 cases where ROSC occurred before the arrival of the HEMS team. In the group studied, ROSC was achieved more commonly in women, in patients younger than age 40 years, in CA cases of cardiac origin, and in cases with shockable rhythms (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The study results are consistent with global trends in terms of OHCA incidence and the effectiveness of CPR performed on scene. The study also demonstrates that HEMS dispatch to OHCA cases is justified both as a means of providing assistance to EMS teams on scene and as the first choice.

A Ten-Year Longitudinal Study of Prevalence of Eating Disorders in the General Polish Type 2 Diabetes Population.

BACKGROUND Little has been reported regarding the epidemiology of eating disorders (EDs) in type 2 diabetes (T2DM). We examined the Polish National Health Fund-NFZ database estimates of all medical visits from 2008 to 2017 to determine the trend and the epidemiology of EDs in T2DM patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS The NFZ database were used. We defined the T2DM group diagnosed with both T2DM and EDs according to the ICD-10 codes. Demographic data were collected from the webpage of Statistics Poland (GUS). The annual prevalence of EDs was estimated according to the T2DM diagnosis status, and the age groups were stratified into 8 groups. RESULTS The prevalence of EDs in T2DM patients in the whole patient population with diagnosed T2DM ranged from 0.059% (in 2017) to 0.086% patients (in 2010). Differences in subcategories of EDs were noted. In the case of anorexia nervosa, a decreasing trend of coexistence with T2DM was noted. However, in the case of atypical anorexia nervosa, an increasing trend was observed. Both in the case of bulimia nervosa and atypical bulimia nervosa, an increasing trend of coexistence with T2DM was noted. As patients with T2DM age, the prevalence of EDs in T2DM decreased. CONCLUSIONS A relatively stable trend of prevalence of EDs in T2DM patients benefiting from state medical care indicated the need to develop effective screening methods and adequate procedures for therapeutic interventions with this group of patients using a multidisciplinary therapeutic team.

[The epidemiology of sudden cardiac arrest in prehospital care in the area of the silesian voivodeship].

OBJECTIVE: Introduction: Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) is a serious medical and social issue. The incidence of SCA varies depending on the location and the circumstances. The aim: A retrospective analysis of non-hospital SCA cases from an epidemiological perspective. The research involved the population monitored by the Voivodeship Rescue Service (VRS) in Katowice. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Material and methods The analysis covered dispatch order forms and emergency medical procedure forms of the VRS in Katowice in 2016 (n = 249 872). The retrospective analysis involved cases of non-hospital SCA in adults (n = 1603). Quantitative parameters have been presented as average values with standard deviation. Non-metric variables have been described by means of structure indicators. A comparative analysis was conducted by means of the Student's T-test for the quantitative variables and the Pearson's chisquared test for the non-metric variables. The statistical significance adopted for the purpose of all analyses was 0.05. RESULTS: Results: There were 1005 men (62.7%), 566 women (35.3%) and 32 cases (2.0%) where gender identification was not reported. Female individuals were generally older than male individuals (p = 0.000). Patients' average age was 65.7 years. The SCA attack rate was 59.37/100 000. SCA cases were usually reported in domestic conditions (71.1%, p = 0.000). In a majority of cases, the incident was witnessed by a third person (about 70.0% of cases, p= 0.000). Most of the SCA cases were reported in the first quarter of the year whereas the lowest number of cases was noticed in the third quarter (28.4 % vs 22.5 %). SCA was most frequent during the day. Restoration of spontaneous circulation was reported in 33.4% of the cases. CONCLUSION: Conclusions: The incidence of SCA is occasional in the context of all analyzed emergency cases in the period under research. However, SCA cases are related with a high risk of failure. Acting according to the currently available knowledge will probably cause an increase of the restoration of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) rate.

Validation study of the Polish version of the Evidence-Based Practice Profile Questionnaire.

BACKGROUND: Decisions about patient care in clinical practice should be made based on proven scientific evidence of efficacy and safety (i.e., evidence-based practice [EBP]). Currently, there are no available tools in Poland for assessing the knowledge and attitudes of specialists in health sciences towards EBP. Therefore, by validating the Polish version of the original English Evidence-Based Practice Profile Questionnaire (EBP2Q), we may provide an appropriate instrument for assessing EBP. METHODS: The validation group consisted of 1,362 people, including nurses and midwives taking the specialization exam, second-degree students in nursing/midwifery, and staff of selected municipal and clinical hospitals in Warsaw, Pruszkow, and Chelm. The study was conducted from March to June 2014. The following psychometric properties of the EBP2Q were assessed: reliability (Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and test-retest), validity (exploratory factor analysis, Spearman's r correlation coefficient, and assessment of inter-group differences), as well as unidimensionality of domains (principal component analysis). RESULTS: All domains of the EBP2Q were characterized by high reliability (Cronbach's alpha ranging from 0.800 to 0.972). The Polish version showed a strong similarity of factor structure with the original English EBP2Q, indicating that the condition for theoretical validity is fulfilled. Maintenance of the theoretical and discriminative validity and unidimensionality of five domains of the EBP2Q was confirmed. CONCLUSIONS: The Polish version of the EBP2Q is comparable in terms of psychometry to the original English version. This questionnaire can be used to assess knowledge, attitudes, and skills concerning EBP among students and practicing professional nurses and midwives. The future validation of the EBP2Q in other groups of specialists in health sciences may increase the scope of applicability of this tool.

Evidence-based selection process to the Master of Public Health program at Medical University.

BACKGROUND: Evaluation of the predictive validity of selected sociodemographic factors and admission criteria for Master's studies in Public Health at the Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw (MUW). METHODS: For the evaluation purposes recruitment data and learning results of students enrolled between 2008 and 2012 were used (N = 605, average age 22.9 ± 3.01). The predictive analysis was performed using the multiple linear regression method. In the proposed regression model 12 predictors were selected, including: sex, age, professional degree (BA), the Bachelor's studies grade point average (GPA), total score of the preliminary examination broken down into five thematic areas. Depending on the tested model, one of two dependent variables was used: first-year GPA or cumulative GPA in the Master program. RESULTS: The regression model based on the result variable of Master's GPA program was better matched to data in comparison to the model based on the first year GPA (adjusted R2 0.413 versus 0.476 respectively). The Bachelor's studies GPA and each of the five subtests comprising the test entrance exam were significant predictors of success achieved by a student both after the first year and at the end of the course of studies. CONCLUSIONS: Criteria of admissions with total score of MCQs exam and Bachelor's studies GPA can be successfully used for selection of the candidates for Master's degree studies in Public Health. The high predictive validity of the recruitment system confirms the validity of the adopted admission policy at MUW.

NURSE PRESCRIBING. KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDES OF POLISH NURSES IN THE EVE OF EXTENDING THEIR PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCES: CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.

In Poland, since 1 January 2016 nurses who graduated from the master studies or hold a title of a specialist may ordain and prescribe specific medicines ("independent nurse prescribing" - INP). Nurses, who completed bachelor studies or hold a title of a specialist are allowed to prescribe drugs to continue the patient's treatment as ordered by a physician ("supplementary nurse prescribing" - SNP). The aim of this paper was to analyze the knowledge and attitudes of the Polish nurse specialists to their new professional rights in the independent ordaining of some drugs and drug prescribing. Participants were 902 women and 26 men. The age average was 42.4 (min. 26, max. 65, SD = 7.56, median: 43, mode: 40). 300 respondents - secondary medical education, 325 - the bachelor degree, 277 - the master degree. Own, validated questionnaire. Attitudes with answers based on the Likert scale (1-5) assessed by the nonparametric ANOVA Kruskal-Wallis test with the post-hoc analysis. The same statistical model was used in the evaluation of potential differences for the total scale of knowledge and attitudes.On average less than half of answers about the knowledge were correct (average of difficulty index was 39%). Nurses believe that the introduction of nurse prescribing will increase the nurse's control of the therapeutic process (mean: 3.22/5). No significant differences between the attitudes of respondents with different education level (p = 0.206; H = 3.160). 55% of nurses supports the introduction of INP. Respondents with the master education significantly more frequently support INP than those with secondary education (p = 0.001; z = 3.685). The knowledge of nurses on the extension of their professional rights is unsatisfactory and requires urgent complementation. The health policy makers should consider an extensive information campaign, especially in the group of nurses with advanced practice who will have prescribing competences. Nurses' attitudes to nurse prescribing are generally positive. Concerns expressed are the same as in the opinions of nurses from countries where the professional rights underwent extension earlier.