Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio as a predictor of cognitive dysfunction in carotid endarterectomy patients.

BACKGROUND: Systemic inflammation has been implicated in the development of cognitive dysfunction following carotid endarterectomy (CEA). Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is a reliable measure of systemic inflammation. We hypothesize that patients with elevated preoperative NLR have increased risk of cognitive dysfunction 1 day after CEA. METHODS: Five hundred fifty-one patients scheduled for CEA were enrolled at Columbia University in New York, NY from 1995 to 2012. NLR was retrospectively reviewed; only 432 patients had preoperative NLR values available within 2 weeks of CEA. NLR was analyzed as a continuous variable and categorically with a cutoff of ≥5 and <5 and equal tertiles, as done in previous studies. RESULTS: Patients with cognitive dysfunction had significantly higher NLR than those without cognitive dysfunction (4.5 ± 4.0 vs 3.2 ± 2.6; P < .001). The incidence of cognitive dysfunction was significantly higher in patients with NLR ≥5 than NLR <5 (34.7% vs 12.8%; P < .001). Significantly fewer patients in the low tertile had cognitive dysfunction than in the high tertile (6.9% vs 25.9%; P <.001) and middle tertile (6.9% vs 17.4%; P = .006). In the final multivariate model, diabetes mellitus (odds ratio [OR], 2.03; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08-3.75; P = .03) and NLR ≥5 (OR, 3.38; 95% CI, 1.81-6.27; P < .001) were significantly associated with higher odds of cognitive dysfunction, while statin use was significantly associated with lower odds (OR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.27-0.84; P = .01). CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative NLR is associated with cognitive dysfunction 1 day after CEA. NLR ≥5 and diabetes mellitus are significantly associated with increased odds of cognitive dysfunction whereas statin use is significantly associated with decreased odds.

A study of cognitive dysfunction in patients having carotid endarterectomy performed with regional anesthesia.

BACKGROUND: In previous studies, we found that approximately 25% of patients having carotid endarterectomy with general anesthesia (CEA general) develop cognitive dysfunction compared with a surgical control Group 1 day and 1 mo after surgery. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that patients having CEA with regional anesthesia (CEA regional) will develop significant cognitive dysfunction 1 day after surgery compared with a control group of patients receiving sedation 1 day after surgery. We did not study persistence of dysfunction. METHODS: To test this hypothesis, we enrolled 60 patients in a prospective study. CEA regional was performed with superficial and deep cervical plexus blocks in 41 patients. The control group consisted of 19 patients having coronary angiography or coronary artery stenting performed with sedation. A control group is necessary to account for the "practice effect" associated with repeated cognitive testing. The patients from the CEA regional group were enrolled at New York Medical Center and the control group at Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center. The cognitive performance of all patients was evaluated using a previously validated battery of neuropsychometric tests. Differences in performance, 1 day after compared with before surgery, were evaluated by both event-rate and group-rate analyses. RESULTS: On postoperative day 1, 24.4% of patients undergoing CEA regional had significant cognitive dysfunction, where "significant" was defined as a total deficit score > or =2 SD worse than the mean performance in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Patients undergoing CEA regional had an incidence of cognitive dysfunction which was not different than patients having CEA general as previously published and compared with a contemporaneously enrolled group.

Psychological stress and 30-day all-cause hospital readmission in acute coronary syndrome patients: an observational cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Many acute coronary syndrome (ACS; myocardial infarction and unstable angina) patients are rehospitalized within 30 days of discharge, and recent US health policy initiatives have tied hospital Medicare reimbursement to 30-day readmission rates. Patient-perceived psychological stress is thought to impact prognosis after ACS. A recently offered "posthospital syndrome" model of 30-day readmissions posits that the stress level at the time of the index hospitalization itself may increase 30-day risk for readmission in ACS patients. We tested whether self-reported stress in the days surrounding the ACS hospitalization was associated with increased risk for readmission within 30 days. METHODS: A mean of 8.5 days after discharge, 342 consecutively hospitalized ACS patients reported on how often they felt stress during the past two weeks. Readmission within 30 days of hospital discharge for any cause was determined by follow-up telephone calls to patients and confirmed by hospital records. RESULTS: Overall, 40 (11.7%) participants were readmitted within 30 days, and 22 (6.4%) reported high stress. Readmission within 30 days was more common in patients with high stress (5 admissions, 23%) than in patients with low stress (35 admissions, 11%). After adjustment for demographic and clinical factors, as well as depression, high stress was associated with a 3-fold increased risk of 30-day readmission (HR = 3.21, 95% CI = 1.13, 9.10). CONCLUSIONS: Previous research has shown that stress in the days surrounding a hospitalization can mark long-term cardiovascular risk, but this is the first study to test a hypothesis of the posthospital syndrome model of early readmission. Further research is needed to confirm the association between stress and readmission risk, and to identify the processes of hospitalization that could be modified to both reduce the stress experienced and that would also be effective for reducing readmissions.

Predictors of neurocognitive decline after carotid endarterectomy.

OBJECTIVE: Although the incidence of stroke after carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is low (1-3%), approximately 25% of patients experience subtle declines in postoperative neuropsychometric function. No studies have investigated the risk factors for this neurocognitive change. We sought to identify predictors of postoperative neurocognitive dysfunction. METHODS: We enrolled 186 CEA patients, with both symptomatic and asymptomatic stenosis, to undergo a battery of neuropsychometric tests preoperatively and on postoperative Days 1 and 30. Neurocognitive dysfunction was defined as a two standard deviation decline in performance compared with a similarly aged control group of lumbar laminectomy patients. Univariate logistic regression was performed for age, sex, obesity, smoking, symptomatology, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, use of statin medication, previous myocardial infarction, previous CEA, operative side, duration of surgery, duration of carotid cross-clamp, and weight-adjusted doses of midazolam and fentanyl. Variables achieving univariate P < 0.10 were included in a multivariate analysis. Data is presented as (odds ratio, 95% confidence interval, P-value). RESULTS: Eighteen and 9% of CEA patients were injured on postoperative Days 1 and 30, respectively. Advanced age predicted neurocognitive dysfunction on Days 1 and 30 (1.93 per decade, 1.15-3.25, 0.01; and 2.57 per decade, 1.01-6.51, 0.049, respectively). Additionally, diabetes independently predicted injury on Day 30 (4.26, 1.15-15.79, 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Advanced age and diabetes predispose to neurocognitive dysfunction after CEA. These results are consistent with risk factors for neurocognitive dysfunction after coronary bypass and major stroke after CEA, supporting an underlying ischemic pathophysiology. Further work is necessary to determine the role these neurocognitive deficits may play in appropriately selecting patients for CEA.

Neuropsychological dysfunction in the absence of structural evidence for cerebral ischemia after uncomplicated carotid endarterectomy.

OBJECTIVE: Neurocognitive dysfunction has been shown to occur in roughly 25% of patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy (CEA). Despite this, little is known about the mechanism of this injury. Recently, several groups have shown that new diffusion weighted imaging (DWI)-positive lesions are seen in 20% of patients undergoing CEA. We investigated to what degree neurocognitive dysfunction was associated with new DWI lesions. METHODS: Thirty-four consecutive patients undergoing CEA were subjected to pre- and postoperative cognitive evaluation with a battery of neuropsychological tests. Postoperative magnetic resonance imaging was performed in all patients within 24 hours of surgery. Lesions that showed high signal on DWI and restricted diffusion on apparent diffusion coefficient maps but no abnormal high signal on the fluid-attenuated inversion recovery images were considered hyperacute. RESULTS: Cognitive dysfunction was seen in eight (24%) patients. New hyperacute DWI lesions were seen in three (9%). Only one (13%) of the patients with cognitive dysfunction had a new DWI lesion. Two thirds of the new DWI lesions occurred in the absence of cognitive deterioration. Patients with cognitive dysfunction had significantly longer carotid cross-clamp times. CONCLUSION: Neurocognitive dysfunction after CEA does not seem to be associated with new DWI positive lesions.