RESUMEN
Visceral adipose tissue (AT) inflammation is linked to the complications of obesity, including insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes. Recent data from our lab showed that germline deficiency in STAT4 reduces inflammation and improves IR in obese mice. The objective of this study was to determine the contribution of selective STAT4 deficiency in subsets of hematopoietic cells to IR and AT inflammation. To determine the contribution of hematopoietic lineage, we sublethally irradiated Stat4-/-C57Bl6 mice and reconstituted them with bone marrow cells (BMC) from Stat4+/+C57Bl6 congenic donors. We also established the contribution of selective STAT4 deficiency in CD4+ or CD8+ T cells using adoptive transfer in Rag1-/- mice. All mice received a HFD for 15 weeks (n = 7-12 mice/group). BMC that expressed STAT4 induced increases in glucose intolerance and IR compared to STAT4-deficient cells. Also, AT inflammation was increased and the numbers of CD8+ cells infiltrating AT were higher in mice with STAT4 expressing BMC. Studies in Rag1-/- mice further confirmed the prominent role of CD8+ cells expressing STAT4 in insulin resistance and AT and islet inflammation. Collectively our results show specific and dominant contribution of STAT4 in the hematopoietic compartment to metabolic health and inflammation in diet-induced obesity.
Asunto(s)
Tejido Adiposo/metabolismo , Inflamación/metabolismo , Factor de Transcripción STAT4/metabolismo , Adipocitos/metabolismo , Animales , Western Blotting , Citometría de Flujo , Hematopoyesis/genética , Hematopoyesis/fisiología , Inflamación/genética , Insulina/metabolismo , Resistencia a la Insulina/genética , Resistencia a la Insulina/fisiología , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Noqueados , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa , Factor de Transcripción STAT4/genéticaRESUMEN
CONTEXT: Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is a key contributor to chronic inflammation in obesity. The 12/15-lipoxygenase pathway (ALOX) is present in adipose tissue (AT) and leads to inflammatory cascades that are causal for the onset of insulin resistance in rodent models of obesity. OBJECTIVE: The pathophysiology of the ALOX 12/15 pathway in human AT is unknown. We characterized the ALOX pathway in different AT depots in obese humans with or without type 2 diabetes (T2D). DESIGN: This study includes a cross-sectional cohort of 46 morbidly obese (body mass index >39 kg/m(2)) nondiabetic (n = 25) and T2D (n = 21) subjects. SETTING: This study was conducted at Eastern Virginia Medical School (Norfolk, Virginia) in collaboration with Sentara Metabolic and Weight Loss Surgery Center (Sentara Medical Group, Norfolk, Virginia). PATIENTS: Twenty-five obese (body mass index 44.8 ± 4.4 kg/m(2)) nondiabetic (hemoglobin A1c 5.83% ± 0.27%) and 21 obese (43.4 ± 4.1 kg/m(2)) and T2D (hemoglobin A1c 7.66% ± 1.22%) subjects were included in the study. The subjects were age matched and both groups had a bias toward female gender. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Expression of ALOX isoforms along with fatty acid substrates and downstream lipid metabolites were measured. Correlations with depot-specific inflammatory markers were also established. RESULTS: ALOX 12 expression and its metabolite 12(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid were significantly increased in the VAT of T2D subjects. ALOX 15A was exclusively expressed in VAT in both groups. ALOX 12 expression positively correlated with expression of inflammatory genes IL-6, IL-12a, CXCL10, and lipocalin-2. CONCLUSIONS: ALOX 12 may have a critical role in regulation of inflammation in VAT in obesity and T2D. Selective ALOX 12 inhibitors may constitute a new approach to limit AT inflammation in human obesity.
Asunto(s)
Araquidonato 12-Lipooxigenasa/metabolismo , Araquidonato 15-Lipooxigenasa/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/enzimología , Grasa Intraabdominal/enzimología , Obesidad Mórbida/enzimología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Araquidonato 12-Lipooxigenasa/genética , Araquidonato 15-Lipooxigenasa/genética , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Estudios Transversales , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/genética , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/inmunología , Ácidos Grasos/metabolismo , Femenino , Regulación Enzimológica de la Expresión Génica/inmunología , Hemoglobina Glucada/metabolismo , Humanos , Inflamación/enzimología , Inflamación/genética , Inflamación/inmunología , Grasa Intraabdominal/inmunología , Metabolismo de los Lípidos/genética , Metabolismo de los Lípidos/inmunología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Obesidad Mórbida/genética , Obesidad Mórbida/inmunología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 4 is one of the seven members of the STAT family. STAT4 has a prominent role in mediating interleukin-12-induced T-helper cell type 1 lineage differentiation. T cells are key players in the maintenance of adipose tissue (AT) inflammation. The role of STAT4 in obesity and AT inflammation is unknown. We sought to determine the role of STAT4 in AT inflammation in obesity-induced insulin resistance. We studied STAT4-null mice on the C57Bl6/J background. We have found that STAT4(-/-)C57Bl6/J mice develop high-fat diet-induced obesity (DIO) similar to wild-type controls, but that they have significantly improved insulin sensitivity and better glucose tolerance. Using flow cytometry and real-time PCR, we show that STAT4(-/-) mice with DIO produce significantly reduced numbers of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in adipocytes, have reduced numbers of CD8(+) cells, and display increased alternative (M2) macrophage polarization. CD8(+) cells, but not CD4(+) cells, from STAT4(-/-) mice displayed reduced in vitro migration. Also, we found that adipocyte inflammation is reduced and insulin signaling is improved in STAT4(-/-) mice with DIO. We have identified STAT4 as a key contributor to insulin resistance and AT inflammation in DIO. Targeting STAT4 activation could be a novel approach to reducing AT inflammation and insulin resistance in obesity.