Comparison of Herbarium Label Data and Published Medicinal Use: Herbaria as an Underutilized Source of Ethnobotanical Information.

The use of herbarium specimens as vouchers to support ethnobotanical surveys is well established. However, herbaria may be underutilized resources for ethnobotanical research that depends on the analysis of large datasets compiled across multiple sites. Here, we compare two medicinal use datasets, one sourced from published papers and the other from online herbaria to determine whether herbarium and published data are comparable and to what extent herbarium specimens add new data and fill gaps in our knowledge of geographical extent of plant use. Using Brazilian legumes as a case study, we compiled 1400 use reports from 105 publications and 15 Brazilian herbaria. Of the 319 species in 107 genera with cited medicinal uses, 165 (51%) were recorded only in the literature and 55 (17%) only on herbarium labels. Mode of application, plant part used, or therapeutic use was less often documented by herbarium specimen labels (17% with information) than publications (70%). However, medicinal use of 21 of the 128 species known from only one report in the literature was substantiated from independently collected herbarium specimens, and 58 new therapeutic applications, 25 new plant parts, and 16 new modes of application were added for species known from the literature. Thus, when literature reports are few or information-poor, herbarium data can both validate and augment these reports. Herbarium data can also provide insights into the history and geographical extent of use that are not captured in publications.

Floral morphology and development in Quillajaceae and Surianaceae (Fabales), the species-poor relatives of Leguminosae and Polygalaceae.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Molecular phylogenies have suggested a new circumscription for Fabales to include Leguminosae, Quillajaceae, Surianaceae and Polygalaceae. However, recent attempts to reconstruct the interfamilial relationships of the order have resulted in several alternative hypotheses, including a sister relationship between Quillajaceae and Surianaceae, the two species-poor families of Fabales. Here, floral morphology and ontogeny of these two families are investigated to explore evidence of a potential relationship between them. Floral traits are discussed with respect to early radiation in the order. METHODS: Floral buds of representatives of Quillajaceae and Surianaceae were dissected and observed using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. KEY RESULTS: Quillajaceae and Surianaceae possess some common traits, such as inflorescence morphology and perianth initiation, but development and organization of their reproductive whorls differ. In Quillaja, initiation of the diplostemonous androecium is unidirectional, overlapping with the petal primordia. In contrast, Suriana is obdiplostemonous, and floral organ initiation is simultaneous. Independent initiation of five carpels is common to both Quillaja and Suriana, but subsequent development differs; the antesepalous carpels of Quillaja become fused proximally and exhibit two rows of ovules, and in Suriana the gynoecium is apocarpous, gynobasic, with antepetalous biovulate carpels. CONCLUSIONS: Differences in the reproductive development and organization of Quillajaceae and Surianaceae cast doubt on their potential sister relationship. Instead, Quillaja resembles Leguminosae in some floral traits, a hypothesis not suggested by molecular-based phylogenies. Despite implicit associations of zygomorphy with species-rich clades and actinomorphy with species-poor families in Fabales, this correlation sometimes fails due to high variation in floral symmetry. Studies considering specific derived clades and reproductive biology could address more precise hypotheses of key innovation and differential diversification in the order.

Floral morphology and development in Quillajaceae and Surianaceae (Fabales), the species-poor relatives of Leguminosae and Polygalaceae.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Molecular phylogenies have suggested a new circumscription for Fabales to include Leguminosae, Quillajaceae, Surianaceae and Polygalaceae. However, recent attempts to reconstruct the interfamilial relationships of the order have resulted in several alternative hypotheses, including a sister relationship between Quillajaceae and Surianaceae, the two species-poor families of Fabales. Here, floral morphology and ontogeny of these two families are investigated to explore evidence of a potential relationship between them. Floral traits are discussed with respect to early radiation in the order. METHODS: Floral buds of representatives of Quillajaceae and Surianaceae were dissected and observed using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. KEY RESULTS: Quillajaceae and Surianaceae possess some common traits, such as inflorescence morphology and perianth initiation, but development and organization of their reproductive whorls differ. In Quillaja, initiation of the diplostemonous androecium is unidirectional, overlapping with the petal primordia. In contrast, Suriana is obdiplostemonous, and floral organ initiation is simultaneous. Independent initiation of five carpels is common to both Quillaja and Suriana, but subsequent development differs; the antesepalous carpels of Quillaja become fused proximally and exhibit two rows of ovules, and in Suriana the gynoecium is apocarpous, gynobasic, with antepetalous biovulate carpels. CONCLUSIONS: Differences in the reproductive development and organization of Quillajaceae and Surianaceae cast doubt on their potential sister relationship. Instead, Quillaja resembles Leguminosae in some floral traits, a hypothesis not suggested by molecular-based phylogenies. Despite implicit associations of zygomorphy with species-rich clades and actinomorphy with species-poor families in Fabales, this correlation sometimes fails due to high variation in floral symmetry. Studies considering specific derived clades and reproductive biology could address more precise hypotheses of key innovation and differential diversification in the order.

Floral morphology and development in Quillajaceae and Surianaceae (Fabales), the species-poor relatives of Leguminosae and Polygalaceae.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Molecular phylogenies have suggested a new circumscription for Fabales to include Leguminosae, Quillajaceae, Surianaceae and Polygalaceae. However, recent attempts to reconstruct the interfamilial relationships of the order have resulted in several alternative hypotheses, including a sister relationship between Quillajaceae and Surianaceae, the two species-poor families of Fabales. Here, floral morphology and ontogeny of these two families are investigated to explore evidence of a potential relationship between them. Floral traits are discussed with respect to early radiation in the order. METHODS: Floral buds of representatives of Quillajaceae and Surianaceae were dissected and observed using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. KEY RESULTS: Quillajaceae and Surianaceae possess some common traits, such as inflorescence morphology and perianth initiation, but development and organization of their reproductive whorls differ. In Quillaja, initiation of the diplostemonous androecium is unidirectional, overlapping with the petal primordia. In contrast, Suriana is obdiplostemonous, and floral organ initiation is simultaneous. Independent initiation of five carpels is common to both Quillaja and Suriana, but subsequent development differs; the antesepalous carpels of Quillaja become fused proximally and exhibit two rows of ovules, and in Suriana the gynoecium is apocarpous, gynobasic, with antepetalous biovulate carpels. CONCLUSIONS: Differences in the reproductive development and organization of Quillajaceae and Surianaceae cast doubt on their potential sister relationship. Instead, Quillaja resembles Leguminosae in some floral traits, a hypothesis not suggested by molecular-based phylogenies. Despite implicit associations of zygomorphy with species-rich clades and actinomorphy with species-poor families in Fabales, this correlation sometimes fails due to high variation in floral symmetry. Studies considering specific derived clades and reproductive biology could address more precise hypotheses of key innovation and differential diversification in the order.

A prospective analysis of the immunogenicity of cryopreserved nonvalved allografts used in pediatric heart surgery.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to prospectively determine the immunogenicity of nonvalved allograft tissue used to repair congenital heart defects. METHODS AND RESULTS: We prospectively analyzed the immune response of 11 children, 1.4 months to 10 years of age, who required nonvalved allografts to alleviate stenosis during repair of congenital heart defects. In 7 patients, pulmonary arterial grafts were used; in 3 patients, monocusp pulmonary artery grafts were used; and in 1 patient, a section of glutaraldehyde-preserved allograft pericardium was used. We measured the level of HLA panel-reactive antibody (PRA) before surgery, 1 week after, 1 month after, and 3 months after surgery. PRA was determined by the antiglobulin technique and flow cytometry. HLA class I and class II antibodies measured by either technique were negligible before and 1 week after surgery. Nine of 11 patients (82%) exhibited a significant immune response at 1 month after surgery that further increased at 3 months. The measured PRA for class I antibodies with the antiglobulin technique increased to 43+/-36% at 1 month and to 69+/-38% at 3 months after surgery. Flow cytometry class I PRA measurements were similar. Class II PRA increased to 26+/-34% at 1 month and to 41+/-36% at 3 months. Age negatively correlated with the degree of elevation of PRA, but neither allograft area nor the area indexed to patient body surface area correlated with PRA. CONCLUSIONS: Cryopreserved nonvalved allografts induce a strong HLA antibody response in the majority of children.

Persistence of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) antibodies after one year in children receiving cryopreserved valved allografts.

This study shows that the broad anti-HLA antibody response against cryopreserved valved allografts used for surgical repair of congenital heart disease persists beyond 1 year after implantation. In 3 patients, there were clearly defined HLA antibody specificities consistent with the HLA phenotypes of the patients, i.e., the panel-reactive antibody was directed against major alloantigen groups that were not expressed by the antibody responders.

A novel approach to pediatric intraaortic balloon pump timing using M-mode echocardiography.

Timing balloon inflation and deflation is difficult in pediatric patients undergoing intraaortic balloon pumping, because the electrocardiogram and arterial pressure tracings are inadequate markers of the onset of diastole and systole. M-mode echocardiography provides a precise marker of aortic valve opening and closure, as well as balloon motion, and allows accurate timing by real-time adjustment of balloon inflation to diastole and deflation to systole.

Influence of left ventricular cavity size on interventricular shunt timing and outcome in neonates with coarctation of the aorta and ventricular septal defect.

In this study, we reviewed the records and echocardiograms of 39 consecutive patients with coarctation of the aorta and ventricular septal defect who underwent neonatal coarctation repair to examine the influence of left heart size on ventricular shunting and outcome. We found smaller left heart structures (initial mitral and aortic annular diameters) to be associated with diastolic interventricular shunting and to be predictive of the development of mitral or aortic and/or subaortic stenosis.

Abnormal Doppler pulmonary venous flow patterns in children after repaired total anomalous pulmonary venous connection.

Doppler echocardiography was used to evaluate pulmonary venous flow patterns in 16 children with repaired total anomalous pulmonary venous connection and in 16 age-matched normal controls. Using right upper pulmonary venous pulsed Doppler tracings, peak velocities and velocity time integrals were determined for ventricular systole, ventricular diastole, and atrial systole. Mitral inflow indexes and cardiac outputs were obtained. Patients with repaired total anomalous pulmonary venous connection and controls were similar in weight, heart rate, mitral inflow indexes, and cardiac output. In normal children, peak velocities were greater during ventricular diastole than systole, but velocity time integrals were greater during ventricular systole than diastole. Compared with normals, repaired patients had unobstructed flow patterns with increased peak velocities during ventricular diastole (0.92 +/- 0.35 vs 0.62 +/- 0.12 m/s) and atrial systole (0.27 +/- 0.12 vs 0.17 +/- 0.04 m/s). Velocity time integrals of repaired patients were increased during atrial systole (0.02 +/- 0.01 vs 0.01 +/- 0.03 m) but decreased during ventricular systole (0.08 +/- 0.03 vs 0.12 +/- 0.03 m). Systolic-to-diastolic ratios were decreased in repaired patients for peak velocity (0.56 +/- 0.20 vs 0.79 +/- 0.12) and velocity time integral (0.6 +/- 0.18 vs 1.48 +/- 0.35). Thus, pulmonary venous flow in normal children is greater during ventricular systole than during ventricular diastole. Repaired patients show a shift in forward flow from ventricular systole to diastole, with greater reversed flow during atrial systole.

Usefulness of the preoperative tricuspid/mitral valve ratio for predicting outcome in pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum.

Although tricuspid valve z-scores have been used to predict outcome in pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum, they are statistically generated from local populations, and widespread generalization may not be appropriate. To determine if there are echocardiographic predictors of outcome that can be universally used, the records of all infants with this diagnosis since 1988 were reviewed for age, weight, type of surgery, and outcome. Preoperative and follow-up echocardiograms were reviewed for valve diameter and z-scores, and valve ratios were calculated. Thirty-six patients were divided into 2 groups: group 1 included 23 infants who had a successful biventricular repair; group 2 included the remaining 13 infants who did not have a successful repair. Preoperatively, both groups had similar ages, pulmonary, aortic, and mitral z-scores, and pulmonary/aortic ratios, but the patients in group 2 had significantly lower weight (3.5 +/- 0.6 vs 2.9 +/- 0.5 kg), tricuspid z-scores (-0.7 +/- 1.5 vs -2.3 +/- 1.2), and tricuspid/mitral ratios (0.8 +/- 0.2 vs 0.5 +/- 0.1). At similar follow-up, both groups of patients had similar weight, aortic and mitral z-scores, and pulmonary/aortic ratios, but group 2 infants had significantly lower pulmonary and tricuspid z-scores and tricuspid/mitral ratios. Compared with the preoperative echocardiograms, group 1 had significant increases only in pulmonary z-scores, and pulmonary/aortic and tricuspid/mitral ratios. Group 2 had no significant change in any echocardiographic variable. The tricuspid/mitral ratio was >0.5 in all group 1 infants, and in 6 of 13 group 2 infants (2 sepsis deaths, 4 palliations). Compared with a tricuspid valve z-score >-3, a tricuspid/mitral ratio >0.5 was a better predictor of biventricular repair. Thus, infants who have a successful biventricular repair have significantly greater preoperative weight, tricuspid valve z-scores, and tricuspid/mitral valve ratios. A tricuspid/mitral ratio >0.5 was the best predictor of a biventricular repair.

Size of ventricular structures influences surgical outcome in Down syndrome infants with atrioventricular septal defect.

To evaluate the relation between ventricular structure size and surgical outcome in Down versus non-Down syndrome infants with an atrioventricular septal defect, we reviewed the charts and echocardiograms of 44 consecutive infants (34 with Down syndrome) who underwent atrioventricular septal defect repair. Children with Down syndrome had significantly greater aortic valve diameters, left ventricular valve areas, and left/right atrioventricular valve area ratios as well as fewer adverse outcomes than non-Down syndrome children.

Aortic atresia: morphologic characteristics affecting survival and operative palliation.

A quantitative anatomic study of 54 cardiac specimens with aortic atresia is related to surgical treatment of patients with aortic atresia and hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Coarctation of the aorta was present in 80% of patients with aortic atresia and should influence the extent of aortic arch reconstruction when present. Other associated cardiac defects were uncommon but, when present, may be contraindications to operative palliation because of added complexity of the operation. Anatomic abnormalities of the tricuspid or pulmonary valve were present in 7% of cases and could be important in the outcome of palliative procedures. Natural survival was related to thickness of the right ventricular wall so that selection of those infants with thicker and better functioning right ventricles may improve short-term and long-term operative results in aortic atresia.

A turnover operation for pectus excavatum at the time of correction of intracardiac defects.

Two patients are presented who had open intracardiac procedures with simultaneous repair of pectus excavatum by sternal eversion or turnover. This method offered excellent exposure, relieved cardiac compression, maintained chest wall stability, and improved the appearance of the chest wall.

Midterm results with cryopreserved allograft valved conduits from the right ventricle to the pulmonary arteries.

From 1985 to 1990, 89 patients underwent placement of 41 aortic and 54 pulmonic cryopreserved allograft valved conduits between the right ventricle and the pulmonary arteries. Six patients underwent replacement with a second allograft conduit. Median age at operation was 4.3 years, and 20 patients were infants less than 1 year of age. Conduit sizes averaged 11 mm in the conduits placed in 20 infants and 20 mm in the 75 placed in patients more than 1 year of age. There were 7 early deaths in 89 patients (7.8%, 70% confidence levels 5.4% to 11.3%) and 9 late deaths in 82 hospital survivors (11%, 70% confidence levels 8% to 15%). Actuarial survival was 81% (70% confidence levels 75% to 86%) at 33 months, and no deaths were due to conduit problems. Late reoperation was required in 13 patients (7 for conduit obstruction, 1 for conduit valve insufficiency, and 5 for nonconduit-related problems). Six of the eight reoperations were done in patients who had small (< or = 13 mm) conduits placed during infancy. Conduit failure was similar between pulmonic and aortic allografts. There were no deaths in the eight patients who required conduit reoperation. Actuarial freedom from reoperation for conduit dysfunction was 80.5% (70% confidence levels 72% to 86%) at 53 months for the entire group and 94% (confidence levels 88% to 97%) at 44 months for patients more than 1 year of age. Cryopreserved allograft conduits have good early and midterm results and are comparable to porcine xenograft conduits. Despite a likely need for replacement within 3 years, we continue to favor the use in infants of an allograft valved conduit over a xenograft Dacron conduit. The need to replace a cryopreserved allograft conduit appears similar for conduits of aortic or pulmonic origin.

Innominate artery compression of the trachea. Treatment by reimplantation of the innominate artery.

The standard treatment of innominate artery compression of the trachea has been innominate artery suspension, but the syndrome can recur when this technique is used. From October 1985 until March 1991, 29 infants and children were treated for this syndrome by innominate artery reimplantation. In all patients severe anterior vascular compression of the trachea was demonstrated preoperatively by bronchoscopy and in 17 the diagnosis was confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging scanning. Indications for operation included apneic episodes in 17 (58.6%), severe stridor in seven (24.1%), recurrent bronchopulmonary infections in four (13.8%), and exercise-induced stridor in one (3.4%). Through a median sternotomy, the innominate artery was reimplanted more proximally on the ascending aorta and to the right of the trachea. In this new position, the innominate artery no longer crosses the trachea anteriorly, and the anatomic cause of tracheal obstruction is completely eliminated. There were no early or late deaths, and 27 of the 29 patients (93%) had complete resolution of symptoms. Partial resolution of symptoms was seen in two patients (7%). Reimplantation of the innominate artery offers a unique method by which the anatomic cause of tracheal compression is eliminated. It is a safe and effective means of treating symptomatic compression of the trachea by the innominate artery.

Surgery for coccidioidomycosis in 52 diabetic patients with special reference to related immunologic factors.

Fifty-two diabetic patients who underwent pulmonary surgery for coccidioiodmycosis were evaluated by a retrospective study which included classification by stage of disease, status of insulin dependency, and reaction to coccidioidin skin test. The insulin-dependent diabetic patient had a fourfold increase in the incidence of more severe (progressive) disease. Perioperative therapy with amphotericin B may be of value in the adult surgical candidate with progressive disease but is not necessary or desirable in the juvenile diabetic patient. Coccidioidomycosis is a disease of relative immunocompromise, and a negative skin test should herald such compromise and support a decision for surgery. Such surgery in the progressive stages should be totally extirpative. The presence of inadequately resected disease may adversely affect subsequent immunologic resistance of the host.

Class I and class II anti-HLA antibodies after implantation of cryopreserved allograft material in pediatric patients.

OBJECTIVES: Very little is known regarding the immune response to cryopreserved allograft valves and patch material used in the surgical repair of congenital heart defects. METHODS: We prospectively measured the frequency of panel reactive antibodies directed against HLA class I (HLA-A, B, and C) and class II (HLA-DR/DQ) alloantigens in 24 children receiving cryopreserved allografts. We compared them with results in 11 previously reported control patients. Sixteen of the study patients underwent placement of a valved conduit (11 pulmonic, 5 aortic) between the right ventricle and pulmonary arteries, 6 underwent patch angioplasty of stenotic vessels with cryopreserved pulmonary artery, and 2 underwent placement of a pulmonary monocusp patch. Study patients had panel reactive antibodies measured before, 1 month, 3 months, and 1 year after the operation. RESULTS: With allograft implantation, panel reactive antibodies increased from 1.9% +/- 5% before the operation to 62% +/- 33% at 31 +/- 8 days after the operation, 92% +/- 15% at 3.3 +/- 0.6 months after the operation, and 85% +/- 18% at 1.1 +/- 0.2 years after the operation. The control group showed no change in panel reactive antibodies, with a level of 1.6% +/- 1% before the operation, 3.2% +/- 1% 28 +/- 5 days after the operation, and 1.7% +/- 1% 2.7 +/- 0.3 months after the operation. Class II antibodies (anti-HLA-DR/DQ) rose to 49% +/- 35% at 30 +/- 8 days and 70% +/- 26% at 3.3 +/- 0.6 months after the operation. CONCLUSIONS: Cryopreserved allograft material induces a marked response that involves both class I and class II anti-HLA antibodies within 3 months after operation in children. This alloantibody response may represent a form of "rejection," may have implications for those who require subsequent cardiac transplantation, and may play a role in early allograft failure.

Early and late results in pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum.

We examined the early and late results of operations in 29 consecutive neonates with pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum treated from 1980 to 1988. Transventricular pulmonary valvotomy and central aorta-pulmonary artery shunting were performed in 19 of 22 infants who had a patent infundibulum. Pulmonary valvotomy alone was performed in 3 of the 22 infants with a patent infundibulum, but 2 of these required subsequent systemic-pulmonary artery shunts. Primary shunting was used to palliate 7 infants who had absent infundibular portions of the right ventricle and a very diminutive right ventricular cavity. Tricuspid valve excision and atrial septectomy were also performed in 5 of these 7 infants to decompress large fistulous communications between the right ventricule and coronary artery. Two early deaths (2/29, 6.9%) occurred overall. Both were in infants who had a very small right ventricle. Definitive operation has been accomplished in 16 patients; 13 have had closure of residual interatrial communications and shunt ligation with no deaths, and 3 have undergone modified Fontan repair with 1 death. Actuarial survival rate for the entire group, including operative deaths, is 86% at 5 years. The technique of transventricular pulmonary valvotomy and systemic-pulmonary artery shunting offers a reliable means of palliating neonates with pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum and obtains good late right ventricular growth. Systemic-pulmonary shunting, tricuspid valvectomy, and atrial septectomy may offer a means of reducing or obliterating right ventricular-coronary artery fistulas.

Cost and efficacy of surgical ligation versus transcatheter coil occlusion of patent ductus arteriosus.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare cost and efficacy of surgical closure of patent ductus arteriosus using new critical pathway methods with outpatient transcatheter coil occlusion of patent ductus arteriosus. METHODS: Surgical techniques included a transaxillary, muscle-sparing thoracotomy, triple ligation of the patent ductus arteriosus, no chest tube, and discharge from the hospital within 24 hours. Transcatheter coil occlusion of patent ductus arteriosus was done as an outpatient procedure. Costs were compared with inclusion of all hospital and professional charges. RESULTS: From July 1994 until March 1996, 20 patients underwent coil occlusion of patent ductus arteriosus and 20 patients underwent surgical closure of patent ductus arteriosus. Duration of hospitalization was significantly less for the patients receiving coil occlusion (11 +/- 6 hours) as compared with that for the patients having surgical ligation (28 +/- 7 hours, p < 0.05). Total charges were similar for surgical ligation ($7101 +/- $408) as compared with those for coil occlusion ($7104 +/- $886, p > 0.05). Morbidity in coil occlusion included inability to occlude the patent ductus arteriosus in two patients (2/20, 10%) and residual patency in two patients (2/18, 11%). Morbidity in the surgical group included nausea and vomiting necessitating hospitalization for more than 36 hours in one patient (1/20, 5%), transient left recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy in one (1/20, 5%), and pneumothorax in two patients (2/20, 10%). There were no instances of residual patency in the surgical group. CONCLUSIONS: Transaxillary thoracotomy without tube thoracostomy and with critical pathway methods allows safe and effective ligation of a patent ductus arteriosus with early hospital discharge. This surgical method has similar cost, higher efficacy rate, and applicability in all patients as compared with newer transcatheter coil occlusion techniques for closure of a patent ductus arteriosus.

Left heart hypoplasia and neonatal aortic arch obstruction: is the Rhodes left ventricular adequacy score applicable?

OBJECTIVE: Although the influence of small left heart structures on outcome of a biventricular repair in neonatal critical aortic stenosis is well documented, little is known about its effect in neonates with aortic arch obstruction and coarctation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of small left heart structures on early and late results of repair and the ability to achieve a biventricular repair in neonates with coarctation and aortic arch obstruction. PATIENTS: Neonates included in this study had a left ventricular adequacy score (as proposed by Rhodes and associates for critical aortic stenosis) that would have predicted a need for a univentricular (Norwood) repair. All were ductus dependent but had antegrade ascending aortic flow and a small but nonstenotic aortic valve (<30 mm Hg gradient). Twenty neonates aged 10 +/- 9 days were identified for the study with weights averaging 3. 1 +/- 0.6 kg. Selected left heart measurements obtained by preoperative echocardiography included the following: aortic anulus 5.3 +/- 0.3 mm, mitral anulus 8.4 +/- 1.0 mm, transverse aortic arch 3.4 +/- 0.6 mm, and left ventricular volume 25 +/- 4 mL/m2. All patients underwent coarctation repair by resection and extended end-to-end anastomosis to enlarge the transverse arch as needed. Three patients underwent simultaneous pulmonary artery banding because of a hemodynamically significant ventricular septal defect. These 3 patients have subsequently had their defects successfully closed without mortality. RESULTS: There were no early or late deaths at a follow-up of 38 +/- 16 months after the operation. Three patients (3/20, 15%) have had to undergo reintervention with balloon aortoplasty because of recurrent coarctation (gradient > 20 mm Hg) in 2 and resection of subaortic stenosis in 1. Late follow-up in the remaining patients reveals 1 with moderate subaortic stenosis (gradient = 43 mm Hg), 2 with mild aortic stenosis (gradient < 30 mm Hg), and 2 with mild to moderate mitral stenosis. At late follow-up, 16 patients (16/20, 80%) are completely free of symptoms and 4 (4/20, 20%) have mild residual symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Biventricular physiology can be successfully achieved in neonates with small left heart structures and aortic arch obstruction with minimal mortality and excellent late functional results. Standard echocardiographic measurements used to predict the need for a univentricular repair in critical aortic stenosis are not valid for the neonate with aortic arch obstruction.