Extended Monopole antenna Array with individual Shield (EMAS) coil: An improved monopole antenna design for brain imaging at 7 tesla MRI.

PURPOSE: To propose a new Extended Monopole antenna Array with individual Shields (EMAS) coil that improves the B1 field coverage and uniformity along the z-direction. METHODS: To increase the spatial coverage of Monopole antenna Array (MA) coil, each monopole antenna was shielded and extended in length. Performance of this new coil, which is referred to as EMAS coil, was compared with the original MA coil and an Extended Monopole antenna Array coil with no shield (EMA). For comparison, flip angle, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and receive sensitivity maps were measured at multiple regions of interest (ROIs) in the brain. RESULTS: The EMAS coil demonstrated substantially larger flip angle and receive sensitivity than the MA and EMA coils in the inferior aspect of the brain. In the brainstem ROI, for example, the flip angle in the EMAS coil was increased by 45.5% (or 60.0%) and the receive sensitivity was increased by 26.9% (or 14.9%), resulting in an SNR gain of 84.8% (or 76.3%) when compared with the MA coil (or EMA). CONCLUSION: The EMAS coil provided 25.7% (or 24.4%) more uniform B1+ field distribution compared with the MA (or EMA) coil in sagittal. The EMAS coil successfully extended the imaging volume in lower part of the brain. Magn Reson Med 75:2566-2572, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

A form-fitted three channel (31) P, two channel (1) H transceiver coil array for calf muscle studies at 7 T.

PURPOSE: To enhance sensitivity and coverage for calf muscle studies, a novel, form-fitted, three-channel phosphorus-31 ((31) P), two-channel proton ((1) H) transceiver coil array for 7 T MR imaging and spectroscopy is presented. METHODS: Electromagnetic simulations employing individually generated voxel models were performed to design a coil array for studying nonpathological muscle metabolism. Static phase combinations of the coil elements' transmit fields were optimized based on homogeneity and efficiency for several voxel models. The best-performing design was built and tested both on phantoms and in vivo. RESULTS: Simulations revealed that a shared conductor array for (31) P provides more robust interelement decoupling and better homogeneity than an overlap array in this configuration. A static B1 (+) shim setting that suited various calf anatomies was identified and implemented. Simulations showed that the (31) P array provides signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) benefits over a single loop and a birdcage coil of equal radius by factors of 3.2 and 2.6 in the gastrocnemius and by 2.5 and 2.0 in the soleus muscle. CONCLUSION: The performance of the coil in terms of B1 (+) and achievable SNR allows for spatially localized dynamic (31) P spectroscopy studies in the human calf. The associated higher specificity with respect to nonlocalized measurements permits distinguishing the functional responses of different muscles.

New design concept of monopole antenna array for UHF 7T MRI.

PURPOSE: We have developed and evaluated a monopole antenna array that can increase sensitivity at the center of the brain for 7T MRI applications. METHODS: We have developed a monopole antenna array that has half the length of a conventional dipole antenna with eight channels for brain imaging with a 7T MRI. The eight-channel monopole antenna array and conventional eight-channel transceiver surface coil array were evaluated and compared in terms of transmit properties, specific absorption ratio (SAR), and sensitivity. The sensitivity maps were generated by dividing the SNR map by the flip angle distribution. RESULTS: A single surface coil provides asymmetric sensitivity resulting in reduced sensitivity at the center of the brain. In contrast, a single monopole antenna provides higher sensitivity at the center of the brain. Moreover, the monopole antenna array provides uniform sensitivity over the entire brain, and the sensitivity gain was 1.5 times higher at the center of the brain compared with the surface coil array. CONCLUSION: The monopole antenna array is a promising candidate for MRI applications, especially for brain imaging in a 7T MRI because it provides increased sensitivity at the center of the brain.

Synthesis and Characteristic Valuation of a Thermoplastic Polyurethane Electrode Binder for In-Mold Coating.

A polyurethane series (PHEI-PU) was prepared via a one-shot bulk polymerization method using hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), polycarbonate diol (PCD), and isosorbide derivatives (ISBD) as chain extenders. The mechanical properties were evaluated using a universal testing machine (UTM), and the thermal properties were evaluated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The PHEI-PU series exhibited excellent mechanical properties with an average tensile strength of 44.71 MPa and an elongation at break of 190%. To verify the applicability of different proportions of PU as an electrode binder, PU and Ag flakes were mixed (30/70 wt%) and coated on PCT substrates, the electrodes were evaluated by four-point probe before and after 50% elongation, and the dispersion was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The electrical resistance change rate of PHEI-PU series was less than 20%, and a coating layer with well-dispersed silver flakes was confirmed even after stretching. Therefore, it exhibited excellent physical properties, heat resistance, and electrical resistance change rate, confirming its applicability as an electrode binder for in-mold coating.

Synthesizing Polyurethane Using Isosorbide in Primary Alcohol Form, and Its Biocompatibility Properties.

Isosorbide is a bio-based renewable resource that has been utilized as a stiffness component in the synthesis of novel polymers. Modified isosorbide-based bis(2-hydroxyethyl)isosorbide (BHIS) has favorable structural features, such as fused bicyclic rings and a primary hydroxyl function with improved reactivity to polymerization when compared to isosorbide itself. Polyurethane series (PBH PU series) using polycarbonate diol (PCD) and bis(2-hydroxyethyl)isosorbide (BHIS) were polymerized through a simple, one-shot polymerization without a catalyst using various ratios of BHIS, PCD, and hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI). The synthesized BHIS and PUs were characterized using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and mechanical testing. To determine the feasibility of using these PUs as biomedical materials, we investigated the effects of their BHIS content on PBH PU series physical and mechanical properties. The PBH PU series has excellent elasticity, with a breaking strain ranging from 686.55 to 984.69% at a 33.26 to 63.87 MPa tensile stress. The material showed superb biocompatibility with its high adhesion and proliferation in the bone marrow cells. Given their outstanding mechanical properties and biocompatibility, the polymerized bio-based PUs can contribute toward various applications in the medical field.

Design of a Folded, Double-Tuned Loop Coil for ¹H/X-Nuclei MRI Applications.

MR measurement using a combination of X-nuclei and proton MRI is of great interest as the information provided by the two nuclei is highly complementary, with the X-nuclei signal giving metabolic data relating to potential biomarkers and the proton signal affording anatomical details. Due to the relatively weak signal obtained from X-nuclei, combining an X-nuclei coil with a proton coil is also advantageous for [Formula: see text] shimming and scout images. One approach to building a double-resonant coil is to modify the coil geometry. Here, to achieve double-resonance, a 2× 1 ladder network was designed and tuned at both proton and X-nuclei frequencies successfully. Due to coupling between closed wires, the double-tuned coil generates a shifted transmit efficiency pattern compared to that of the single-tuned loop at the 7T MRI proton frequency. To compensate for the shifted pattern, one part of the 2× 1 ladder network was folded, and the tuning and performance of the folded double-tuned coil were evaluated in simulations and MR measurements. The proposed structure was further evaluated with overlapped decoupling in a receive-only array. The results show that our proposed folded double-tuned coil moderated the shifted pattern of a straight double-tuned loop coil and provided minimum losses at both proton and X-nuclei frequencies. The proposed folded double-tuned loop coil has also been further extended to a receive-only array.

A Novel J-Shape Antenna Array for Simultaneous MR-PET or MR-SPECT Imaging.

Simultaneous MR-PET/-SPECT is an emerging technology that capitalises on the invaluable advantages of both modalities, allowing access to numerous sensitive tracers and superior soft-tissue contrast alongside versatile functional imaging capabilities. However, to optimise these capabilities, concurrent acquisitions require the MRI antenna located inside the PET/SPECT field-of-view to be operated without compromising any aspects of system performance or image quality compared to the stand-alone instrumentation. Here, we report a novel gamma-radiation-transparent antenna concept. The end-fed J-shape antenna is particularly adept for hybrid ultra-high field MR-PET/-SPECT applications as it enables all highly attenuating materials to be placed outside the imaging field-of-view. Furthermore, this unique configuration also provides advantages in stand-alone MR applications by reducing the amount of coupling between the cables and the antenna elements, and by lowering the potential specific absorption rate burden. The use of this new design was experimentally verified according to the important features for both ultra-high field MRI and the 511 keV transmission scan. The reconstructed attenuation maps evidently showed much lower attenuation (  âˆ¼ 15 %) for the proposed array when compared to the conventional dipole antenna array since there were no high-density components. In MR, it was observed that the signal-to-noise ratio from the whole volume obtained using the proposed array was comparable to that acquired by the conventional array which was also in agreement with the simulation results. The unique feature, J-shape array, would enable simultaneous MR-PET/-SPECT experiments to be conducted without unduly compromising any aspects of system performance and image quality compared to the stand-alone instrumentation.

Hyperelastic, shape-memorable, and ultra-cell-adhesive degradable polycaprolactone-polyurethane copolymer for tissue regeneration.

Novel polycaprolactone-based polyurethane (PCL-PU) copolymers with hyperelasticity, shape-memory, and ultra-cell-adhesion properties are reported as clinically applicable tissue-regenerative biomaterials. New isosorbide derivatives (propoxylated or ethoxylated ones) were developed to improve mechanical properties by enhanced reactivity in copolymer synthesis compared to the original isosorbide. Optimized PCL-PU with propoxylated isosorbide exhibited notable mechanical performance (50 MPa tensile strength and 1150% elongation with hyperelasticity under cyclic load). The shape-memory effect was also revealed in different forms (film, thread, and 3D scaffold) with 40%-80% recovery in tension or compression mode after plastic deformation. The ultra-cell-adhesive property was proven in various cell types which were reasoned to involve the heat shock protein-mediated integrin (α5 and αV) activation, as analyzed by RNA sequencing and inhibition tests. After the tissue regenerative potential (muscle and bone) was confirmed by the myogenic and osteogenic responses in vitro, biodegradability, compatible in vivo tissue response, and healing capacity were investigated with in vivo shape-memorable behavior. The currently exploited PCL-PU, with its multifunctional (hyperelastic, shape-memorable, ultra-cell-adhesive, and degradable) nature and biocompatibility, is considered a potential tissue-regenerative biomaterial, especially for minimally invasive surgery that requires small incisions to approach large defects with excellent regeneration capacity.

A warm footbath improves coronary flow reserve in patients with mild-to-moderate coronary artery disease.

BACKGROUNDS: Recent studies have shown that thermal therapy by means of warm waterbaths and sauna has beneficial effects in chronic heart failure. However, a comprehensive investigation of the hemodynamic effects of thermal vasodilation on coronary arteries has not been previously undertaken. In this study, we studied the effect of a warm footbath (WFB) on coronary arteries in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), as well as any adverse effect. METHODS: We studied 21 patients (33.3% men, mean age 60.8 ± 13.5 years) with CAD. Coronary flow Doppler examination of the left anterior descending coronary artery and coronary flow reserve (CFR) were performed and measured using adenosine before and after a WFB. RESULTS: Systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate did not change with the WFB. Mean velocity of diastolic coronary flow significantly increased (diastolic mean flow velocity: 18.3 ± 7.1 cm/sec initial, 21.5 ± 8.0 cm/sec follow-up, P = 0.002) and CFR significantly improved (1.6 ± 0.4 vs. 2.2 ± 0.5, P < 0.001) after WFB. The WFB was well accepted and no relevant adverse effects were observed. The change of CFR after WFB correlated well with diastolic function (E', r = 0.51, P = 0.031; E/E', r =-0.675, P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: A WFB significantly improved CFR without any adverse effects in patients with mild-to-moderate CAD and can be applied with little risk of a coronary artery event if appropriately performed.

Non-invasive visualization of basilar artery perforators with 7T MR angiography.

PURPOSE: To visualize the perforating arteries originating from basilar artery (BA) by using ultra-high resolution 7T MR angiography (MRA) and optimizing MR parameters as well as radio frequency (RF) coils, which may provide important information for neurosurgery and understanding diseases of the pons, but was unable to clearly visualize with conventional MRA techniques. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seven healthy volunteers (five males and two females, age [mean +/- SD] = 28.71 +/- 7.54 years) were scanned using optimized MR parameters to obtain images of pontine arteries (PAs) originating from the main trunk of BA. Two different volume coils and a phased array coil were designed and compared for this study. The images obtained at 7T MRA were compared with those at 1.5T and 3T MRA. RESULTS: The results showed that PA imaging at 7T MRI consistently provided clearly identifiable vessels, which were difficult to visualize in MR angiograms obtained at 1.5T and 3T MRIs. Volume RF coils had higher sensitivity for the center of the brain, which enhanced PA imaging compared to phased array coil. The average number of PA branches in all seven subjects observable by 7T MRA was 7.14 +/- 2.79, and the visualized PA branches were found to mainly propagating on the surface of the pons. CONCLUSION: We have demonstrated that ultra-high resolution 7T MRA could delineate the PAs using optimized imaging parameters and volume RF coils compared to commercially available 1.5T and 3T MRIs.

The state-of-the-art and emerging design approaches of double-tuned RF coils for X-nuclei, brain MR imaging and spectroscopy: A review.

With the increasing availability of ultra-high field MRI systems, studying non-proton nuclei (X-nuclei), such as 23Na and 31P has received great interest. X-nuclei are able to provide insight into important cellular processes and energy metabolism in tissues and by monitoring these nuclei closely it is possible to establish links to pathological conditions and neurodegenerative diseases. In order to investigate X-nuclei, a well-designed radiofrequency (RF) system with a multi-tuned RF coil is required. However, as the intrinsic sensitivity of non-proton nuclei is lower compared to 1H, it is important to ensure that the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the X-nuclei is as high as possible. This review aims to give a comprehensive overview of previous efforts, with particular focus on the design concept of multi-tuned coils, predominantly for brain applications. In order to guide the readers, the main body of the review is categorised into two parts: state-of-the art according to the single or multiple design structures and emerging technologies. A more detailed description is given in each subsection relating to the specific design approaches of, mostly, double-tuned coils, including using traps, PIN-diodes, nested and metamaterial, together with explanations of their novelties, optimal solutions and trade-offs.

Design, evaluation and comparison of endorectal coils for hybrid MR-PET imaging of the prostate.

Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers among men and its early detection is critical for its successful treatment. The use of multimodal imaging, such as MR-PET, is most advantageous as it is able to provide detailed information about the prostate. However, as the human prostate is flexible and can move into different positions under external conditions, it is important to localise the focused region-of-interest using both MRI and PET under identical circumstances. In this work, we designed five commonly used linear and quadrature radiofrequency surface coils suitable for hybrid MR-PET use in endorectal applications. Due to the endorectal design and the shielded PET insert, the outer face of the coils investigated was curved and the region to be imaged was outside the volume of the coil. The tilting angles of the coils were varied with respect to the main magnetic field direction. This was done to approximate the various positions from which the prostate could be imaged. The transmit efficiencies and safety excitation efficiencies from simulations, together with the signal-to-noise ratios from the MR images were calculated and analysed. Overall, it was found that the overlapped loops driven in quadrature were superior to the other types of coils we tested. In order to determine the effect of the different coil designs on PET, transmission scans were carried out, and it was observed that the differences between attenuation maps with and without the coils were negligible. The findings of this work can provide useful guidance for the integration of such coil designs into MR-PET hybrid systems in the future.

Roll-to-roll graphene oxide radon barrier membranes.

Graphene oxide as a radon barrier in living environments was introduced by intercalating the polymer resin-coated layer inside a multilayer membrane with an area of 1 × 10 m and a thickness of 2.5 mm, prepared by the roll-to-roll method. A 5 µm-thick graphene oxide polymer resin (GOPR) layer was coated on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film (100 µm) between the two styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS)-modified bitumen asphalt layers fitted for construction sites. The inserted graphene oxide materials were characterized by means of infrared, Raman, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Dispersion-corrected density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggested weaker binding energies on the oxide surfaces and higher penetration energy barriers of graphene nanopores for radon (222Rn) than in the cases of the atmospheric gas molecules Ar, H2O, CO2, H2, O2, and N2. Theoretical calculations of the graphene nanopores supported the higher barrier energies of 222Rn than most ambient gases. The roll-to-roll prepared graphene materials exhibited good barrier properties for 222Rn as well as for the ambient gases. The purpose of our experimental and theoretical study is to provide a better understanding of using graphene-based materials to reduce the risk of carcinogenic radon gas in construction sites and residential buildings for practical applications.

In situ visualization of gene expression using polymer-coated quantum-dot-DNA conjugates.

Imaging of specific mRNA targets in cells is of great importance in understanding gene expression and cell signaling processes. Subcellular localization of mRNA is known as a universal mechanism for cells to sequester specific mRNA for high production of required proteins. Various gene expressions in Drosophila cells are studied using quantum dots (QDs) and the fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) method. The excellent photostability and highly luminescent properties of QDs compared to conventional fluorophores allows reproducible obtainment of quantifiable mRNA gene expression imaging. Amine-modified oligonucleotide probes are designed and covalently attached to the carboxyl-terminated polymer-coated QDs via EDC chemistry. The resulting QD-DNA conjugates show sequence-specific hybridization with target mRNAs. Quantitative analysis of FISH on the Diptericin gene after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment shows that the intensity and number of FISH signals per cell depends on the concentration of LPS and correlates well with quantitative real-time PCR results. In addition, our QD-DNA probes exhibit excellent sensitivity to detect the low-expressing Dorsal-related immunity factor gene. Importantly, multiplex FISH of Ribosomal protein 49 and Actin 5C using green and red QD-DNA conjugates allows the observation of cellular distribution of the two independent genes simultaneously. These results demonstrate that highly fluorescent and stable QD-DNA probes can be a powerful tool for direct localization and quantification of gene expression in situ.

Imaging and analysis of lenticulostriate arteries using 7.0-Tesla magnetic resonance angiography.

The purpose of this study was to analyze human lenticulostriate arteries (LSAs) obtained non-invasively by 7.0-T MRI. A three-dimensional time-of-flight (3D TOF) magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) technique was used with an investigational 7.0-T MRI scanner with a radio-frequency coil that was optimized and designed for angiographic purposes. We obtained images from 16 healthy volunteers (8 males and 8 females, mean age 21 +/- 2.7 years). For direct comparison of LSA images with digital subtraction angiography (DSA), we also obtained 7.0-T MRA and DSA images from one patient, a 27-year-old woman with a posterior fossa arteriovenous malformation (AVM). We then analyzed the characteristics of LSAs using a custom data analysis method with MatLab for quantitative analysis. Analysis of LSA images included shape and number of branches and origins, findings that are essential and useful for quantification of LSA abnormalities in both healthy controls and patients. Ultra-high-field MRA provided clear anatomic delineation of the LSAs, thereby suggesting that 7.0-T MRA may be a promising technique for microvascular imaging of the LSAs.

Design and evaluation of a 1H/31P double-resonant helmet coil for 3T MRI of the brain.

Proton magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be combined with signals from non-proton nuclei (X-nuclei) to provide metabolic information. Double-resonant coils are often used for X-nuclei MR studies where the proton element is employed for scout imaging and B 0 shimming. This work describes the development of a new double-resonant coil capable of operating at both proton and X-nuclei frequencies. The proposed design extends the wheel-and-spoke coil, which allows for quadrature drive, by adding an extra ring outside the coil to achieve double-resonance. Furthermore, in order to maximise SNR by increasing the filling factor, the shape of the coil has been modified to a helmet style making it suitable for brain applications. The performance of the double-resonant helmet coil was evaluated by simulation and MR measurements. The helmet coil was successfully tuned to the 1H/31P resonance frequencies of a 3T MR scanner, with high isolation between the two quadrature ports. MR measurements of a phantom were carried out, and the averaged sensitivity of the double-resonant helmet coil over the whole phantom was found to be higher than that of the conventional double-tuned birdcage coil at both frequencies.

Observation of the lenticulostriate arteries in the human brain in vivo using 7.0T MR angiography.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: We sought to examine the feasibility of observing the lenticulostriate arteries (LSAs) noninvasively by ultrahigh-field MRI with 7.0T. METHODS: We used 3-dimensional time-of-flight MR angiography with a radiofrequency coil optimized for 7.0T MRI. We examined the LSAs of 6 healthy subjects and compared 7.0T MR angiography images with 1.5T ones to examine the potentials of ultrahigh-field MRI for angiography. RESULTS: The results show clear details of LSAs and their distribution in the normal healthy subjects with large variations in the shapes, the number of branches and the sites of origin. We also observed substantial differences between the left and right sides within each subject. Although we studied only 6 subjects, we found no age- or gender-related differences in the LSAs. CONCLUSIONS: The visualization of microvasculature of the brain, such as LSAs, using 7.0T MR angiography, is possible in in vivo human studies noninvasively. We, therefore, believe that it could play a major role in the study of small vascular abnormalities, such as the early stages of cerebral strokes.

Functional MR angiography with 7.0 T Is direct observation of arterial response during neural activity possible?

We propose a new type of functional imaging in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a functional MR angiography (fMRA). As it is known, arterial responses during neural activities have been studied in animals, but little is known about the human brain in-vivo. Proposed fMRA at ultra-high field strength, 7.0 Tesla (T), has a potential for a direct visualization of vascular responses of those blood vessels related to the neural activity during the tasks, such as the hand movement or checker board stimulation, that is, fMRA. The results of this paper clearly indicate that there is the possibility that one can directly observe the vascular changes in individual blood vessels related to the tasks in human brain in-vivo, similar to fMRI.

Evaluation of MR angiography at 7.0 Tesla MRI using birdcage radio frequency coils with end caps.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of MR angiography (MRA) at 7.0 Tesla (T) using optimized birdcage (BC) coils with simple end cap configurations. Shielded 16-rung high-pass BC coils were built with identical geometry and compared with different sizes and locations of end caps. To determine whether the end cap configuration was effective, the signal intensity profiles along the superior-inferior (S-I) direction were analyzed in phantom and in vivo human experiments. The effects were also investigated in two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) time-of-flight (TOF) MRA experiments. The signal intensity profiles showed that B1 homogeneity at the service end, that is, the end cap side, was improved as the diameter of the end caps increased and the end cap became closer to the coil end ring. The results of 2D and 3D TOF experiments showed the best improvement of vessel visibility at the BC coil with an 80% end cap, when compared with BC coils with other end cap sizes or without an end cap. In conclusion, the BC coil with an end cap was effective for improving S-I directional homogeneity and suitable for MRA applications, especially at ultrahigh field MRI, such as 7.0T.

MR-compatible, 3.8 inch dual organic light-emitting diode (OLED) in-bore display for functional MRI.

PURPOSE: Functional MRI (fMRI) is a well-established method used to investigate localised brain activation by virtue of the blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) effect. It often relies on visual presentations using beam projectors, liquid crystal display (LCD) screens, and goggle systems. In this study, we designed an MR compatible, low-cost display unit based on organic light-emitting diodes (OLED) and demonstrated its performance. METHODS: A 3.8" dual OLED module and an MIPI-to-HDMI converter board were used. The OLED module was enclosed using a shielded box to prevent noise emission from the display module and the potentially destructive absorption of high power RF from the MRI transmit pulses. The front of the OLED module was covered by a conductive, transparent mesh. Power was supplied from a non-magnetic battery. The shielding of the display was evaluated by directly measuring the electromagnetic emission with the aid of a pickup loop and a low noise amplifier, as well as by examining the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of phantom MRI data. The visual angle of the display was calculated and compared to standard solutions. As a proof of concept of the OLED display for fMRI, a healthy volunteer was presented with a visual block paradigm. RESULTS: The OLED unit was successfully installed inside a 3 T MRI scanner bore. Operation of the OLED unit did not degrade the SNR of the phantom images. The fMRI data suggest that visual stimulation can be effectively delivered to subjects with the proposed OLED unit without any significant interference between the MRI acquisitions and the display module itself. DISCUSSION: We have constructed and evaluated the MR compatible, dual OLED display for fMRI studies. The proposed OLED display provides the benefits of high resolution, wide visual angle, and high contrast video images during fMRI exams.