Inhibiting autophagy potentiates the antitumor efficacy of Euphorbia royleana for canine mammary gland tumors.

BACKGROUND: Canine mammary gland tumors (cMGTs) are the most common neoplasms in intact female canines and viewed as a suitable model for studying human breast cancers. Euphorbia royleana has been reported to have a variety of antitumor efficacies. We have prepared the crude extracts of E. royleana in ethanol and hexane solvents to evaluate the anti-tumor effects for cMGT in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS: The results showed that E. royleana could inhibit cell proliferation and colony formation in cMGT cells. The suppression of tumor cell growth resulted from necrosis and cell cycle arrest. Moreover, autophagy appears to play a critical role in E. royleana-mediated cell death by triggering cell apoptosis. The in vivo results also revealed that E. royleana treatment could reduce the size of solid tumors while exhibiting low toxicity in cMGT-bearing nude mice. CONCLUSIONS: The anti-tumor mechanisms of E. royleana were firstly verified to show it would cause autophagic cell death, apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest in canine mammary tumor cells. The in vitro and in vivo findings in the present study revealed E. royleana has potential anticancer effects for the treatment of canine mammary gland tumors.

Google trends as an early indicator of African swine fever outbreaks in Southeast Asia.

African Swine Fever (ASF) is a reportable disease of swine that causes far-reaching losses to affected countries and regions. Early detection is critically important to contain and mitigate the impact of ASF outbreaks, for which timely available data is essential. This research examines the potential use of Google Trends data as an early indicator of ASF outbreaks in Southeast Asia, focusing on the three largest swine producing countries, namely, Vietnam, the Philippines, and Thailand. Cross-correlation and Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence indicators were used to evaluate the association between Google search trends and the number of ASF outbreaks reported. Our analysis indicate strong and moderate correlations between Google search trends and number of ASF outbreaks reported in Vietnam and the Philippines, respectively. In contrast, Thailand, the country of this group in which outbreaks were reported last, exhibits the weakest correlation (KL = 2.64), highlighting variations in public awareness and disease dynamics. These findings suggest that Google search trends are valuable for early detection of ASF. As the disease becomes endemic, integrating trends with other epidemiological data may support the design and implementation of surveillance strategies for transboundary animal diseases in Southeast Asia.

Strategies for Transboundary Swine Disease Management in Asian Islands: Foot and Mouth Disease, Classical Swine Fever, and African Swine Fever in Taiwan, Japan, and the Philippines.

Swine transboundary diseases pose significant challenges in East and Southeast Asia, affecting Taiwan, Japan, and the Philippines. This review delves into strategies employed by these islands over the past two decades to prevent or manage foot and mouth disease (FMD), classical swine fever (CSF), and African swine fever (ASF) in domestic pigs and wild boars. Despite socio-economic differences, these islands share geographical and climatic commonalities, influencing their thriving swine industries. Focusing on FMD eradication, this study unveils Taiwan's success through mass vaccination, Japan's post-eradication surveillance, and the Philippines' zoning strategy. Insights into CSF in Japan emphasize the importance of wild boar control, whereas the ASF section highlights the multifaceted approach implemented through the Philippine National ASF Prevention and Control Program. This review underscores lessons learned from gained experiences, contributing to a comprehensive understanding of swine disease management in the region.

Space-Time Dynamics of African Swine Fever Spread in the Philippines.

African Swine Fever (ASF) has threatened the swine industry of Southeast Asian countries, including the Philippines, since 2019. Given the severity and the economic impact of the ASF epidemic, understanding the spatial and temporal patterns of the disease is crucial for devising effective control measures. Here, data on 19,697 ASF farm outbreaks reported in the Philippines between August 2019 and July 2022 were analyzed to estimate the space-time clustering, seasonal index, and directional spread of the disease. Central Luzon was the region with the largest number of reported outbreaks, followed by Regions I and II, whereas Western and Central Visayas remained ASF-free throughout the study period. ASF outbreaks were temporally and spatially clustered and exhibited a distinct seasonal pattern, with highest and lowest frequencies reported between August and October, and April and May, respectively. This seasonal pattern may be explained, at least in part, by a combination of environmental and anthropogenic factors, such as rain and cultural practices leading to disease spread. The results here will help inform decisions intended to mitigate the impact of ASF in the Philippines and will contribute to the understanding of the epidemiological dynamics of one of the most important emerging swine diseases globally.

Factors Affecting the Spread, Diagnosis, and Control of African Swine Fever in the Philippines.

African Swine Fever (ASF) is a highly contagious disease that threatens the swine industry globally. Since its introduction into the Philippines in 2019, ASF has spread extensively in both commercial and backyard farms. Here, using a mix of qualitative and quantitative methods, including conjoint and SWOT analyses, world café discussions, and multivariable regression models, the most important factors that influence the spread, diagnosis, and control of ASF in the Philippines were identified. Research findings suggest that swill or contaminated feed, inadequate biosecurity protocols, and movement of personnel were the top risk factors favoring ASF spread among farms in general. For commercial farms, contaminated vehicles and personnel were also important, whereas for backyard farms, the introduction of new pigs, environmental contamination, and poor feeding quality were relevant risk factors. Notable clinical signs of ASF in pigs include reduced feed intake, huddled behavior, and reluctance to stand. This study highlights the need for timely reporting, trust-building initiatives, and enhanced biosecurity measures to effectively manage ASF outbreaks in the country. Results here contribute to the knowledge of factors affecting ASF spread in the Philippines and can help design prevention and control measures in ASF-infected countries while enhancing preparedness in countries free from the disease.

Country-Level Factors Associated With Nurse Salaries: Empirical Evidence From Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Countries and Taiwan.

BACKGROUND: Salary impacts nurse retention rates and thus is a factor affecting the nursing shortage both in Taiwan and around the world. Nurses in Taiwan earn a low salary compared with other health professionals and may be undervalued compared with their international counterparts. PURPOSE: This study was designed to analyze the factors associated with nurse salary (NS) in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries and to compare NS in Taiwan with those in OECD member states. METHODS: Data were extracted from the OECD statistics database and official statistics for Taiwan. For the 28 OECD member countries considered in this study and Taiwan, 21 indicators characterizing healthcare systems, including demographics, socioeconomic status, health behaviors and risks, healthcare resources, health financing, healthcare utilization, health outcomes, and economic inequality, were examined for the period of 2009-2018. A random-effects model (REM) and a fixed-effects model (FEM) were used to investigate the associations between these indicators and annual NS levels. The expected annual NS for Taiwan was estimated and compared with the actual NS for Taiwan using the REM. RESULTS: In the REM, higher NS in OECD countries was shown to be positively associated with gross domestic product per capita (0.49, 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.41, 0.56]), proportion of population aged 65 years and over (2.72, 95% CI [2.17, 3.26]), crude birth rate (1.02, 95% CI [0.56, 1.49]), number of computerized tomography scanners per million population (0.26, 95% CI [0.17, 0.35]), alcohol consumption per person (0.94, 95% CI [0.26, 1.61]), and prevalence of obesity (0.64, 95% CI [0.40, 0.89]) and to be in inversely associated with infant mortality rate (-3.13, 95% CI [-3.94, -2.32]), bed density (-0.99, 95% CI [-1.72, -0.25]), number of hospital discharges (-0.08, 95% CI [-0.11, -0.05]), household out-of-pocket expenditure as a percentage of health expenditure (-0.34, 95% CI [-0.56, -0.11]), and the Gini coefficient (-0.25, 95% CI [-0.50, -0.01]). The FEM results were similar to those of the REM. The predicted annual NS for Taiwan based on the REM rose from 29,390 U.S. dollars (corrected for purchasing power parity; 95% CI [22,532, 36,247]) in 2009 to 49,891 U.S. dollars (95% CI [42,344, 57,438]) in 2018. The actual annual NS in Taiwan in 2018 was approximately 12% lower than the model-predicted value. CONCLUSIONS/IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Taiwan has a lower NS compared with its OECD counterparts. These findings may help policymakers, healthcare managers, and nurse organizations develop effective strategies to improve the remuneration system for nurses in Taiwan.

An Epidemiological Assessment of Cryptosporidium and Giardia spp. Infection in Pet Animals from Taiwan.

Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis are enteric protozoan pathogens in humans. and animals. Companion animals infected with zoonotic species/assemblages are a matter of major public concern around the world. The objectives of the present study were to determine the prevalences of Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis infections and their co-infection statuses in dogs and cats living in Taiwan and to identify the species and assemblages. Fecal samples were collected from local animal shelters (n = 285) and a veterinary hospital (n = 108). Nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed using the SSU-rRNA, ß-giardin, and glutamate dehydrogenase genes for Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis, respectively. Results showed that the overall prevalences of Cryptosporidium and G. duodenalis were 7.38% (29/393) and 10.69% (42/393). In addition, co-infection was detected in 1.02% (4/393) of all samples. Sample source, clinical sign, and breed may be risk factors that influence the infection rate. In Cryptosporidium-positive samples, C. canis and C. felis were detected most frequently. Although the canine-specific assemblages C and D (37/42) were dominant, the zoonotic human-specific assemblage A (1/42) was also found in Giardia-positive samples. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that most positive samples belonged to host-specific subtypes/assemblages, while some Cryptosporidium or Giardia-positive samples could be zoonotic. The findings suggested that pet animals could be a cause of zoonotic transmission, causing human cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis in Taiwan.

The Synergistic Effects of Corbicula fluminea and Sarcodia montagneana on Alleviating Systemic Inflammation and Osteoarthritis Progression.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive disease that causes pain, stiffness, and inflammation in the affected joints. Currently, there are no effective treatments for preventing the worst outcomes, such as synovitis or cartilage degradation. Sarcodia montagneana and Corbicula fluminea are common species found in the ocean or in freshwater areas. Their extracts are demonstrated to possess both antioxidative and anti-inflammatory functions. This study aimed to investigate the synergistic effects of the extracts of Sarcodia montagneana (SME) and Corbicula fluminea (FCE) on reducing local and systemic inflammation, as well as their efficacy in OA symptom relief. An in vitro monocytic LPS-treated THP-1 cell model and in vivo MIA-induced mouse OA model were applied, and the results showed that the combinatory usage of SME and FCE effectively suppressed IFN-γ and TNF-α production when THP-1 cells were treated with LPS. SME and FCE also significantly decreased the systemic TNF-α level and joint swelling and prevented the loss of proteoglycan in the cartilage within the joints of OA mice. The data shown here provide a potential solution for the treatment of osteoarthritis.

Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO), and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) expression is involved in tumour proliferation and predicts poor survival in canine melanoma.

Canine melanoma is a malignant tumour that exhibits aggressive behaviour, and frequently metastasizes to regional lymph nodes and distant sites. Currently, there are no effective treatments or practical prognostic biomarkers for canine melanoma. The enzyme kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO), which plays a central role in the tryptophan metabolism, has previously been identified as the main pathogenic factor in neurodegenerative diseases; however, it has recently been found to be positively associated with tumour malignancy in human hepatocellular carcinoma and canine mammary tumours. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a well-known oncoprotein contributing to the proliferation, survival, invasiveness and metastasis of a variety of cancers. Although whether STAT3 and KMO collaborate in tumorigenesis needs to be further verified, our previous findings showed that inhibition of KMO activity reduced activation of STAT3. This study investigated the expressions of KMO and STAT3/phosphorylated (pSTAT3) by immunohistochemical analysis in 85 cases of canine melanoma, showing their expression levels were high within highly mitotic melanoma cells. KMO Overexpression was significantly associated with increased STAT3 and pSTAT3 expressions. Melanoma tissues with higher KMO, STAT3 and pSTAT3 protein expressions were correlated with reduced survival rates of the canine patients. Moreover, inhibition of KMO activity in canine melanoma cells resulted in reduced cell viability, in addition to decreased expressions of STAT3 and pSTAT3. Our results indicated the significance of KMO and the potential role of KMO/STAT3 interaction in enhancing tumour development. Additionally, KMO and STAT3/pSTAT3 may be viewed as useful biomarkers for the prediction of prognosis of canine melanoma.

Determination of nitrite ions in environment analysis with a paper-based microfluidic device.

A new microfluidic paper-based analytical device, a (Ag-µPAD)-based chemiresistor composed of silver ink, has been developed for the selective, sensitive, and quantitative determination of nitrite ions in environmental analysis. The silver ink acts as an efficient transducer in terms of resistance changes due to nitrite initiating a diazo reaction and further reacting with the ink. The silver ink is synthesized onto the µPADs by pulsed light sintering from silver nanoparticles, a mixture of silver nanowires and nanoparticles. The resistance changes show two linear response ranges to nitrite in the concentration ranges of 1.0 × 10-8 M to 5.0 × 10-6 M and 1.0 × 10-5 M to 3.2 × 10-3 M, with a limit of detection of 8.5 × 10-11 M (S/N = 3). The sensor displays a wider linear range, a lower detection limit, a higher stability, high selectivity, low-volume sampling, and disposability for nitrite with respect to other nanoparticle- and paper-based sensors. The characterization of silver ink was verified by SEM, EDS, and IR studies, and the sensing mechanism is discussed. In addition, this paper-based sensor has been successfully employed to determine the nitrite content in tap, river and lake water samples.

A silver metal complex as a luminescent probe for enzymatic sensing of glucose in blood plasma and urine.

In this work, we present a facile preparation of a paper-based glucose assay for rapid, sensitive, and quantitative measurement of glucose in blood plasma and urine. Two copper phosphorescent complexes [Cu(2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline)(2,6-dimethylphenylisocyanide)2][B(C6H3(CF3)2)4] (Cu1) and [Cu(2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline)(2,6-dimethylphenylisocyanide)2][B(C6H3(CF3)2)4] (Cu2) and a new silver congener [Ag(P3)CNAg(P3)][B(C6H3(CF3)2)4] (Ag3) (P3 = PPh2C6H4-PPh-C6H4PPh2 [bis(o-diphenylphosphinophenyl)phenylphosphine]) have been synthesized and their oxygen sensing abilities were investigated. The dimetallic phosphine-based Ag3 complex, having a high oxygen sensing ability, was employed as an efficient signal transducer in enzymatic reactions to recognize blood plasma glucose and urine glucose, which provided a wide linear response for a concentration range between 1.0 and 35 mM and a rapid response, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.09 mM for glucose. In practical application, this Ag3 paper-based device offers great analytical reliability and accuracy upon monitoring glucose concentrations in blood plasma.