Reducing 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Testing in a Large, Urban Safety Net System.

BACKGROUND: 25-Hydroxyvitamin D testing is increasing despite national guidelines and Choosing Wisely recommendations against routine screening. Overuse can lead to misdiagnosis and unnecessary downstream testing and treatment. Repeat testing within 3 months is a unique area of overuse. OBJECTIVE: To reduce 25-hydroxyvitamin D testing in a large safety net system comprising 11 hospitals and 70 ambulatory centers. DESIGN: This was a quality improvement initiative with a quasi-experimental interrupted time series design with segmented regression. PARTICIPANTS: All patients in the inpatient and outpatient settings with at least one order for 25-hydroxyvitamin D were included in the analysis. INTERVENTIONS: An electronic health record clinical decision support tool was designed for inpatient and outpatient orders and involved two components: a mandatory prompt requiring appropriate indications and a best practice advisory (BPA) focused on repeat testing within 3 months. MAIN MEASURES: The pre-intervention period (6/17/2020-6/13/2021) was compared to the post-intervention period (6/14/2021-8/28/2022) for total 25-hydroxyvitamin D testing, as well as 3-month repeat testing. Hospital and clinic variation in testing was assessed. Additionally, best practice advisory action rates were analyzed, separated by clinician type and specialty. KEY RESULTS: There were 44% and 46% reductions in inpatient and outpatient orders, respectively (p < 0.001). Inpatient and outpatient 3-month repeat testing decreased by 61% and 48%, respectively (p < 0.001). The best practice advisory true accept rate was 13%. CONCLUSION: This initiative successfully reduced 25-hydroxyvitamin D testing through the use of mandatory appropriate indications and a best practice advisory focusing on a unique area of overuse: the repeat testing within a 3-month interval. There was wide variation among hospitals and clinics and variation among clinician types and specialties regarding actions to the best practice advisory.

Redistribution of NMDA Receptors in Estrogen-Receptor-ß-Containing Paraventricular Hypothalamic Neurons following Slow-Pressor Angiotensin II Hypertension in Female Mice with Accelerated Ovarian Failure.

Hypertension in male and aging female rodents is associated with glutamate-dependent plasticity in the hypothalamus, but existing models have failed to capture distinct transitional menopausal phases that could have a significant impact on the synaptic plasticity and emergent hypertension. In rodents, accelerated ovarian failure (AOF) induced by systemic injection of 4-vinylcyclohexane diepoxide mimics the estrogen fluctuations seen in human menopause including the perimenopause transition (peri-AOF) and postmenopause (post-AOF). Thus, we used the mouse AOF model to determine the impact of slow-pressor angiotensin II (AngII) administration on blood pressure and on the subcellular distribution of obligatory N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor GluN1 subunits in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN), a key estrogen-responsive cardiovascular regulatory area. Estrogen-sensitive neuronal profiles were identified in mice expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein under the promoter for estrogen receptor (ER) ß, a major ER in the PVN. Slow-pressor AngII increased arterial blood pressure in mice at peri- and post-AOF time points. In control oil-injected (nonhypertensive) mice, AngII decreased the total number of GluN1 in ERß-containing PVN dendrites. In contrast, AngII resulted in a reapportionment of GluN1 from the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane of ERß-containing PVN dendrites in peri-AOF mice. Moreover, in post-AOF mice, AngII increased total GluN1, dendritic size and radical production in ERß-containing neurons. These results indicate that unique patterns of hypothalamic glutamate receptor plasticity and dendritic structure accompany the elevated blood pressure in peri- and post-AOF time points. Our findings suggest the possibility that distinct neurobiological processes are associated with the increased blood pressure during perimenopausal and postmenopausal periods.

Initiative to reduce unnecessary routine daily testing of complete blood counts across 11 safety net hospitals.

OBJECTIVES: National societies recommend against performing routine daily laboratory testing without a specific indication. Unnecessary testing can lead to patient harm, such as hospital-acquired anemia. The objective of this study was to reduce repeat complete blood counts (CBCs) after initial testing. METHODS: This was a quality improvement initiative implemented across 11 safety net hospitals in New York City. A best practice advisory (BPA) was implemented that asked the user to remove a CBC if the last 2 CBCs within 72 hours had normal white blood cell and platelet counts and unchanged hemoglobin levels. The outcome measure was the rate of CBCs per 1000 patient days preintervention (January 8, 2020, to December 22, 2020) to postintervention (December 23, 2020, to December 7, 2021). The process measure was the acceptance rate of the BPA, defined as the number of times the repeat CBC order was removed through the BPA divided by the total number of times the BPA triggered. RESULTS: Across 11 hospitals, repeat CBC testing decreased by 12.3% (73.05 to 64.04 per 1000 patient days, P < .001). Six of the 11 hospitals exhibited statistically significant decreases, ranging from a 10% to 48.9% decrease of repeat CBCs. The overall BPA action rate was 20.0% (24,029 of 119,944 repeat CBCs). CONCLUSIONS: This low-effort, electronic health record-based intervention can effectively reduce unnecessary laboratory testing.

Choosing Wisely and Promoting High-Value Care and Staff Safety During the COVID-19 Pandemic in a Large Safety Net System.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: As the COVID-19 pandemic brought surges of hospitalized patients, it was important to focus on reducing overuse of tests and procedures to not only reduce potential harm to patients but also reduce unnecessary exposure to staff. The objective of this study was to create a Choosing Wisely in COVID-19 list to guide clinicians in practicing high-value care at our health system. METHODS: A Choosing Wisely in COVID-19 list was developed in October 2020 by an interdisciplinary High Value Care Council at New York City Health + Hospitals, the largest public health system in the United States. The first phase involved gathering areas of overuse from interdisciplinary staff across the system. The second phase used a modified Delphi scoring process asking participants to rate recommendations on a 5-point Likert scale based on criteria of degree of evidence, potential to prevent patient harm, and potential to prevent staff harm. RESULTS: The top 5 recommendations included avoiding tracheal intubation without trial of noninvasive ventilation (4.4); not placing routine central venous catheters (4.33); avoiding routine daily laboratory tests and batching laboratory draws (4.19); not ordering daily chest radiographs (4.17); and not using bronchodilators in the absence of reactive airway disease (4.13). CONCLUSION: We successfully developed Choosing Wisely in COVID-19 recommendations that focus on evidence and preventing patient and staff harm in a large safety net system to reduce overuse.

SEE the DIFFerence: Reducing unnecessary C. difficile orders through clinical decision support in a large, urban safety-net system.

BACKGROUND: Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) is a hospital-acquired infection. Overtesting for C. difficile leads to false positive results due to a high rate of asymptomatic colonization, resulting in unnecessary and harmful treatment for patients. METHODS: This was a quality improvement initiative to decrease the rate of inappropriate C. difficile testing across 11 hospitals in an urban, safety-net setting. Three best practice advisories were created, alerting providers of recent laxative administration within 48 hours, a recent positive test within 14 days, and a recent negative test within 7 days. The outcome measures were the number of C. difficile tests per 1,000 patient days, as well as the rate of hospital onset C. difficile infection was compared pre- and post-intervention. The process measures included the rate of removal of the C. difficile test from the best practice advisory, as well as the subsequent 24-hour re-order rate. RESULTS: The number of C. difficile tests decreased by 27.3% from 1.1 per 1,000 patient days preintervention (May 25, 2020-May 24, 2021) to 0.8 per 1,000 patient days postintervention, (May 25, 2021-March 25, 2022), P < .001. When stratified by hospital, changes in testing ranged from an increase of 12.5% to a decrease of 60%. Analysis among provider type showed higher behavior change among attendings than compared to trainees or advanced practice providers. There was a 12.1%, nonsignificant decrease in C. difficile rates from preintervention, 0.33 per 1,000 patient days compared to postintervention, 0.29 per 1,000 patient days, P=.32. CONCLUSIONS: Using only an electronic health record intervention, we successfully decreased C. difficile orders after 72 hours of admission in a large, safety-net system. Variation existed among hospitals and by provider type.

Diarrhea don'ts: Reducing inappropriate stool cultures and ova and parasite testing for nosocomial diarrhea.

BACKGROUND: Diarrhea that develops in patients after 72 hours of hospitalization is likely to have a nosocomial or iatrogenic etiology. Testing with stool cultures and stool ova and parasites (O&P) is not recommended. Our goal was to reduce this inappropriate testing within a large, urban safety-net hospital system. METHODS: This was a quality improvement project. We created a best practice advisory (BPA) within the electronic medical record that fires when a stool culture or O&P order is placed 72 hours after admission for any immunocompetent patient. It states that stool testing is low yield and offers the option to remove the order. We measured weekly counts of stool culture and stool O&P orders pre- and postintervention. We also measured the BPA acceptance rate, the 24-hour stool testing reorder rate, and Clostridioides difficile infection rates. Data were analyzed using Welch tests as well as a quasi-experimental pre- and postintervention interrupted time series regression analysis. RESULTS: Stool culture orders decreased by 24.4% (P < .001). There was a significant level difference and slope difference with linear regression. Five of the 11 hospitals had a significant reduction in stool culture orders. Stool O&P orders decreased by 18.2% (P < .01). Three of the 11 hospitals had a significant reduction in stool O&P orders. CONCLUSIONS: Our intervention successfully reduced inappropriate stool testing within a large safety-net hospital system.

Reducing Inappropriate Simultaneous Ordering of Heparin Antibody and Serotonin Release Assays.

INTRODUCTION: A 4T score with intermediate or high probability of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia prompts ordering of anti-platelet 4 heparin complex. If positive, a serotonin release assay (SRA) is recommended to confirm diagnosis. Despite these recommendations, overtesting of both anti-platelet 4 and SRA is highly prevalent. METHODS: This was a quality improvement initiative using two forms of clinical decision support across 11 acute care hospitals. First, a 4T calculator was incorporated into anti-platelet 4 orders. Second, a Best Practice Advisory fired when anti-platelet 4 and SRA were ordered simultaneously, prompting the provider to remove the SRA order. Data were analyzed by a quasi-experimental interrupted time series linear regression comparing weekly average laboratory tests per 1,000 patient-days pre- and postintervention. RESULTS: Average ordering frequency of anti-platelet 4 changed from 0.508 to 0.510 per 1,000 patient-days (0.5%, p = 0.42) without significant slope or level differences. Average ordering frequency of SRA decreased from 0.430 to 0.289 per 1,000 patient-days (32.8%, p < 0.001) with a significant level difference of -0.128 orders per 1,000 patient-days (-31.2%, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: A simultaneous Best Practice Advisory was effective in reducing SRA orders, but not anti-platelet 4 orders.

Tell-a provider about tele: Reducing overuse of telemetry across 10 hospitals in a safety net system.

BACKGROUND: Telemetry is often a scarce resource at hospitals and is important for arrhythmia and myocardial ischemia detection. Overuse of telemetry monitoring leads to alarm fatigue resulting in failure to respond to arrhythmias, patient harm, and possible unnecessary testing. METHODS: This quality improvement initiative was implemented across NYC Health and Hospitals, an 11-hospital urban safety net system. The electronic health record intervention involved the addition of a mandatory indication in the telemetry order and a best practice advisory (BPA) that would fire after the recommended time period for reassessment had passed. RESULTS: The average telemetry hours per patient encounter went from 60.1 preintervention to 48.4 postintervention, a 19.5% reduction (p < .001). When stratified by the 11 hospitals, decreases ranged from 9% to 30%. The BPA had a 53% accept rate and fired 52,682 times, with 27,938 "discontinue telemetry" orders placed. The true accept rate was 50.4%, as there was a 2.6% 24-h reorder rate. There was variation based on clinician specialty and clinician type (attending, fellow, resident, physician associate, nurse practitioner). CONCLUSION: We successfully reduced telemetry monitoring across a multisite safety net system using solely an electronic health record (EHR) intervention. This expands on previous telemetry monitoring reduction initiatives using EHR interventions at single academic sites. Further study is needed to investigate variation across clinician type, specialty, and post-acute sites.

Choosing wisely initiative for reducing urine cultures for asymptomatic bacteriuria and catheter-associated asymptomatic bacteriuria in an 11-hospital safety net system.

BACKGROUND: Treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) is common. Overtreatment of ASB leads to harm, including adverse effects from antibiotics, antibiotic resistance, and increased length of stay. METHODS: This quality improvement initiative targeted inappropriate urine cultures across 11 hospitals in a safety-net setting. A mandatory prompt for appropriate indications for urine culture orders and a best practice advisory (BPA) for urine culture on patients with urinary catheters were created. Urine culture ordering was compared pre-intervention (6/2020 to 10/2021) to post-intervention (12/2021 to 8/2022). Catheter associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI) was compared pre- and post-intervention. Variation in urine culture ordering and CAUTI rates in hospitals were assessed. RESULTS: Inpatient urine cultures decreased by 20.9% (p<0.001). Inpatient urine cultures on patients with urinary catheters decreased by 21.6% (p<0.001). CAUTI rates remained unchanged post-intervention. High variation in urine culture ordering and CAUTI rates was seen among hospitals. CONCLUSIONS: This initiative successfully decreased urine cultures in a large, safety-net system. Further study is needed in assessing variation among hospitals.

Nudging to select single-lumen over multiple-lumen peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) in a large safety net system.

BACKGROUND: Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) are increasingly used for vascular access in inpatient settings. Compared to multilumen PICCs, single-lumen PICCs carry a lower rate of complications, including central-line-associated bloodstream infection and thrombosis. Despite this, multilumen PICCs are still overused. METHODS: This quality improvement initiative was implemented across 11 hospitals at New York City Health + Hospitals safety net system. The electronic health record (EHR) interventional radiology or vascular access team consultation orders were modified to allow for lumen choice, with default selection to a single-lumen PICC. RESULTS: Average single-lumen PICC utilization increased by 25.5%, from 44.4% to 69.9% (P < .001). CLABSI rates had a nonsignificant reduction by 26.7% from 2.44 to 1.79 infections per month (P = .255). Among provider types in the postintervention period, single-lumen PICC utilization ranged from 67.7% for advanced practice providers to 82.4%-94.6% for physicians. Among provider specialties, utilization ranged from 31.8% for neurology to 97.7% for orthopedics. Additionally, there was large variation in pre- and postintervention differences in utilization by hospital. CONCLUSIONS: We successfully increased single-lumen PICC utilization across all 11 safety net hospitals. This expands on previous work on improving single-lumen PICC use and use of default nudges in large, resource-limited settings. Further study is needed to examine variation among provider types, specialties, and hospitals.

Choosing Wisely and reducing the simultaneous ordering of erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein testing in a large safety net system.

OBJECTIVES: C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) are commonly used inflammatory markers. C-reactive protein is more sensitive and specific for monitoring acute inflammation. However, it is commonly co-ordered with ESR despite recommendations against this. Our objective was to reduce unnecessary ESR orders and ESR/CRP co-ordering rates across a large safety net health system. METHODS: This was a quality improvement project that used a quasi-experimental pre- and postintervention interrupted time-series regression analysis. Patients with a positive COVID-19 test were excluded. We designed a nonintrusive, normative nudge within the ESR order that recommended against co-ordering ESR and CRP. In addition, a best practice advisory triggered when ESR and CRP were simultaneously ordered. The outcome measures were ESR order rates per 1000 patient days in the inpatient setting and per 1000 patient encounters in the outpatient setting, as well as ESR/CRP co-ordering rates. RESULTS: Inpatient ESR orders decreased from 12.02 preintervention to 5.61 per 1000 patient days (-53.3%, P < .001). Outpatient ESR orders decreased from 6.09 to 4.07 per 1000 patient encounters (-33.2%, P < .001). Relative co-ordering rates decreased by 50%. CONCLUSIONS: This electronic health record initiative successfully reduced ESR testing across 11 hospitals and 70 ambulatory centers in a safety net setting.

National Outreach of Telepalliative Medicine Volunteers for a New York City Safety Net System COVID-19 Pandemic Response.

The coronavirus disease 2019 surge in New York City created an increased demand for palliative care (PC) services. In staff-limited settings such as safety net systems, and amid growing reports of health care worker illness, leveraging help from less-affected areas around the country may provide an untapped source of support. A national social media outreach effort recruited 413 telepalliative medicine volunteers (TPMVs). After expedited credentialing and onboarding of 67 TPMVs, a two-week pilot was initiated in partnership with five public health hospitals without any previous existing telehealth structure. The volunteers completed 109 PC consults in the pilot period. Survey feedback from TPMVs and on-site PC providers was largely positive, with areas of improvement identified around electronic health record navigation and continuity of care. This was a successful, proof of concept, and quality improvement initiative leveraging TPMVs from across the nation for a PC pandemic response in a safety net system.

How Co-Creation Helped Address Hierarchy, Overwhelmed Patients, and Conflicts of Interest in Health Care Quality and Safety.

Co-creation is health professionals' and systems' development of health care together with patients and families. Such collaborations yield an exchange of values, ideas, and priorities that can individualize care for each patient. Co-creation has been discussed interchangeably with co-production and shared decision making; this article explores co-creation through the lens of quality improvement. Although there are barriers to co-creation including physician autonomy, patient overwhelm, and conflicts of interest, co-creation has been shown to promote patient engagement, peer learning, and improved outcomes. Further research is needed in co-creation for systems improvement.