Synthesis of benzothiazole derivatives as a potent α-glucosidase inhibitor.

Diabetes is one of the pre-dominant metabolic disorders all over the world. It is the prime reason of mortality and morbidity due to hyperglycemia which is link with numerus obstacles. Delaying absorption and digestion of carbohydrate has great therapeutic impact for governing postprandial hyperglycemia. Consequently, alpha glucosidase is one of the potential therapeutic approaches that reduce absorption of glucose and delay carbohydrate digestion hence maintaining blood glucose level. In this regard we have synthesized benzothiazole based oxadiazole in search of potent anti-diabetic agent as α-glucosidase Inhibitors. Benzothiazole based oxadiazole derivatives 1-23 have been synthesized, characterized by 1HNMR, 13CNMR, and MS and evaluated for α-glucosidase Inhibition. All analogs exhibited a varying degree of α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with IC50 values ranging in between 0.5 ±â€¯0.01-30.90 ±â€¯0.70 µM when compared with the standard acarbose (IC50 = 866.30 ±â€¯3.20 µM). Structure activity relationship has been established for all compounds. Molecular docking studies were performed to predict the binding interaction of the compounds with the active site of enzyme.

Bisindolylmethane thiosemicarbazides as potential inhibitors of urease: Synthesis and molecular modeling studies.

Bisindolylmethane thiosemicarbazides 1-18 were synthesized, characterized by 1H NMR and ESI MS and evaluated for urease inhibitory potential. All analogs showed outstanding urease inhibitory potentials with IC50 values ranging between 0.14 ±â€¯0.01 to 18.50 ±â€¯0.90 µM when compared with the standard inhibitor thiourea having IC50 value 21.25 ±â€¯0.90 µM. Among the series, analog 9 (0.14 ±â€¯0.01 µM) with di-chloro substitution on phenyl ring was identified as the most potent inhibitor of urease. The structure activity relationship has been also established on the basis of binding interactions of the active analogs. These binding interactions were identified by molecular docking studies.

Synthesis, SAR elucidations and molecular docking study of newly designed isatin based oxadiazole analogs as potent inhibitors of thymidine phosphorylase.

Thymidine phosphorylase is an enzyme involved in pyrimidine salvage pathway that is identical to platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor (PD-ECGF) and gliostatin. It is enormously up regulated in a variety of solid tumors. Furthermore, surpassing of TP level protects tumor cells from apoptosis and helps cell survival. Thus TP is identified as a prime target for developing novel anticancer therapies. A new class of exceptionally potent isatin based oxadiazole (1-30) has been synthesized and evaluated for thymidine phosphorylase inhibitory potential. All analogs showed potent thymidine phosphorylase inhibition when compared with standard 7-Deazaxanthine, 7DX (IC50 = 38.68 ±â€¯1.12 µM). Molecular docking study was performed in order to determine the binding interaction of these newly synthesized compounds, which revealed that these synthesized compounds established stronger hydrogen bonding network with active site of residues as compare to the standard compound 7DX.

Synthesis, in vitro α-glucosidase inhibitory potential and molecular docking study of thiadiazole analogs.

α-Glucosidase is a catabolic enzyme that regulates the body's plasma glucose levels by providing energy sources to maintain healthy functioning. 2-Amino-thiadiazole (1-13) and 2-amino-thiadiazole based Schiff bases (14-22) were synthesized, characterized by 1H NMR and HREI-MS and screened for α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. All twenty-two (22) analogs exhibit varied degree of α-glucosidase inhibitory potential with IC50 values ranging between 2.30 ±â€¯0.1 to 38.30 ±â€¯0.7 µM, when compare with standard drug acarbose having IC50 value of 39.60 ±â€¯0.70 µM. Among the series eight derivatives 1, 2, 6, 7, 14, 17, 19 and 20 showed outstanding α-glucosidase inhibitory potential with IC50 values of 3.30 ±â€¯0.1, 5.80 ±â€¯0.2, 2.30 ±â€¯0.1, 2.70 ±â€¯0.1, 2.30 ±â€¯0.1, 5.50 ±â€¯0.1, 4.70 ±â€¯0.2, and 5.50 ±â€¯0.2 µM respectively, which is many fold better than the standard drug acarbose. The remaining analogs showed good to excellent α-glucosidase inhibition. Structure activity relationship has been established for all compounds. The binding interactions of these compounds were confirmed through molecular docking.

Synthesis of indole analogs as potent ß-glucuronidase inhibitors.

Natural products are the main source of motivation to design and synthesize new molecules for drug development. Designing new molecules against ß-glucuronidase inhibitory is utmost essential. In this study indole analogs (1-35) were synthesized, characterized using various spectroscopic techniques including 1H NMR and EI-MS and evaluated for their ß-glucuronidase inhibitory activity. Most compounds were identified as potent inhibitors for the enzyme with IC50 values ranging between 0.50 and 53.40µM, with reference to standard d-saccharic acid 1,4-lactone (IC50=48.4±1.25µM). Structure-activity relationship had been also established. The results obtained from docking studies for the most active compound 10 showed that hydrogen bond donor features as well as hydrogen bonding with (Oε1) of nucleophilic residue Glu540 is believed to be the most importance interaction in the inhibition activity. It was also observed that hydroxyl at fourth position of benzylidene ring acts as a hydrogen bond donor and interacts with hydroxyl (OH) on the side chain of catalysis residue Tyr508. The enzyme-ligand complexed were being stabilized through electrostatic π-anion interaction with acid-base catalyst Glu451 (3.96Å) and thus preventing Glu451 from functioning as proton donor residue.

Synthesis, α-glucosidase inhibitory activity and in silico study of tris-indole hybrid scaffold with oxadiazole ring: As potential leads for the management of type-II diabetes mellitus.

Discovery of α-glucosidase inhibitors has been actively pursued with the aim to develop therapeutics for the treatment of type-II diabetes mellitus and the other carbohydrate mediated disease. In continuation of our drug discovery research on potential antidiabetic agents, we synthesized novel tris-indole-oxadiazole hybrid analogs (1-21), structurally characterized by various spectroscopic techniques such as 1H NMR, EI-MS, and 13C NMR. Elemental analysis was found in agreement with the calculated values. All compounds were evaluated for α-glucosidase inhibiting potential and showed potent inhibitory activity in the range of IC50=2.00±0.01-292.40±3.16µM as compared to standard acarbose (IC50=895.09±2.04µM). The pharmacokinetic predictions of tris-indole series using descriptor properties showed that almost all compounds in this series indicate the drug aptness. Detailed binding mode analyses with docking simulation was also carried out which showed that the inhibitors can be stabilized by the formation of hydrogen bonds with catalytic residues and the establishment of hydrophobic contacts at the opposite side of the active site.

Synthesis of alpha amylase inhibitors based on privileged indole scaffold.

Twenty five derivatives of indole carbohydrazide (1-25) had been synthesized. These compounds were characterized using 1H NMR and EI-MS, and further evaluated for their α-amylase inhibitory potential. The analogs (1-25) showed varying degree of α-amylase inhibitory potential. ranging between 9.28 and 599.0µM when compared with standard acarbose having IC50 value 8.78±0.16µM. Six analogs, 25 (IC50=9.28±0.153µM), 22 (IC50=9.79±0.43µM), 4 (IC50=11.08±0.357µM), 1 (IC50=12.65±0.169µM), 8 (IC50=21.37±0.07µM) and 14 (IC50=43.21±0.14µM) showed potent α-amylase inhibition as compared to the standard acarbose (IC50=8.78±0.16µM). All other analogs displayed good to moderate inhibitory potential. Structure-activity relationship was established through the interaction of the active compounds with enzyme active site with the help of docking studies.

Biology-oriented drug synthesis (BIODS) of 2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethyl aryl ether derivatives, in vitro α-amylase inhibitory activity and in silico studies.

A new library of 2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethyl aryl ether derivatives (1-23) were synthesized and characterized by EI-MS and 1H NMR, and screened for their α-amylase inhibitory activity. Out of twenty-three derivatives, two molecules 19 (IC50=0.38±0.82µM) and 23 (IC50=1.66±0.14µM), showed excellent activity whereas the remaining compounds, except 10 and 17, showed good to moderate inhibition in the range of IC50=1.77-2.98µM when compared with the standard acarbose (IC50=1.66±0.1µM). A plausible structure-activity relationship has also been presented. In addition, in silico studies was carried out in order to rationalize the binding interaction of compounds with the active site of enzyme.

Isatin based Schiff bases as inhibitors of α-glucosidase: Synthesis, characterization, in vitro evaluation and molecular docking studies.

Isatin base Schiff bases (1-20) were synthesized, characterized by (1)H NMR and EI/MS and evaluated for α-glucosidase inhibitory potential. Out of these twenty (20) compounds only six analogs showed potent α-glucosidase inhibitory potential with IC50 value ranging in between 2.2±0.25 and 83.5±1.0µM when compared with the standard acarbose (IC50=840±1.73µM). Among the series compound 2 having IC50 value (18.3±0.56µM), 9 (83.5±1.0µM), 11 (3.3±0.25µM), 12 (2.2±0.25µM), 14 (11.8±0.15µM), and 20 (3.0±0.15µM) showed excellent inhibitory potential many fold better than the standard acarbose. The binding interactions of these active analogs were confirmed through molecular docking.

Synthesis, in vitro evaluation and molecular docking studies of thiazole derivatives as new inhibitors of α-glucosidase.

A series of thiazole derivatives 1-21 were prepared, characterized by EI-MS and (1)H NMR and evaluated for α-glucosidase inhibitory potential. All twenty one derivatives showed good α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with IC50 value ranging between 18.23±0.03 and 424.41±0.94µM when compared with the standard acarbose (IC50, 38.25±0.12µM). Compound (8) (IC50, 18.23±0.03µM) and compound (7) (IC50=36.75±0.05µM) exhibited outstanding inhibitory potential much better than the standard acarbose (IC50, 38.25±0.12µM). All other analogs also showed good to moderate enzyme inhibition. Molecular docking studies were carried out in order to find the binding affinity of thiazole derivatives with enzyme. Studies showed these thiazole analogs as a new class of α-glucosidase inhibitors.