Early Postoperative Results after Thymectomy for Thymic Cancer: A Single-Institution Experience.

BACKGROUND: Surgery for thymic cancers is considered the key of curative treatment. Preoperative patients' characteristics and intraoperative features might influence postoperative outcome. We aim to verify short-term outcomes and possible risk factors for complications after thymectomy. METHODS: We retrospectively investigated patients undergoing surgery for thymoma or thymic carcinoma in the period between January 1, 2008, and December 31, 2021, in our department. Preoperative features, surgical technique (open, bilateral VATS, RATS), intraoperative characteristics and incidence of postoperative complications (PC) were analyzed. RESULTS: We included in the study 138 patients. Open surgery was performed in 76 patients (55.1%), in 36 VATS (26.1%) and in 26 RATS (36.1%). Resection of one or more adjacent organs due to neoplastic infiltration was required in 25 patients. PC appeared in 25 patients (52% Clavien-Dindo grade I, 12% grade IVa). Open surgery had a higher incidence of PC (p < 0.001), longer postoperative in-hospital stay (p = 0.045) and larger neoplasm (p = 0.006). PC were significant related to pulmonary resection (p = 0.006), phrenic nerve resection (p = 0.029), resection of more than one organ (p = 0.009) and open surgery (p = 0.001), but only extended surgery of more organs was confirmed as independent prognostic factor for PC (p = 0.0013). Patients with preoperative myasthenia symptoms have a trend toward stage IVa complications (p = 0.065). No differences were observed between outcomes of VATS and RATS. CONCLUSIONS: Extended resections are related to a higher incidence of PC, while VATS and RATS guarantee a lower incidence of PC and shorter postoperative stay even in patients that require extended resections. Symptomatic myasthenia patients might have a higher risk toward more severe complications.

Robotic resection of mediastinal left vagus neurofibroma.

A Correction has been published | View Neurogenic tumors represent 10 to 34% of all mediastinal tumors and among them, neurofibroma originating from the vagus nerve are rare entities. We present a case of a neurofibroma with cystic degeneration originating from the left branch of the vagus nerve in a 27-year-old man without von Recklinghausen disease. A complete robotic resection of the mediastinal mass has been performed, with amputation of the vagus nerve enclosed in the mass. The postoperative course was uneventful and the patient was discharged in two days.

An unusual foreign body after dental filling.

We report a case of a 71-year-old Caucasian woman who was referred to our emergency department for acute onset of dyspnoea and dry cough. She underwent dental filling for caries ~2 h before. During the treatment, the distal part of the odontoiatric drill unintentionally fell off into the patient's oral cavity and was accidentally inhaled. Posteroanterior chest X-ray evidenced the foreign body localized in the right bronchial tree. A chest computed tomography scan showed the drill (with the tip pointed upward) wedged at the beginning of the right basal pyramid. A subsequent fiberoptic bronchoscopy confirmed the tip of the drill in the right lower bronchus, and the foreign body was easily removed due to the favorable position of the tip. The patient was discharged in first postoperative day without consequences.

Surgical Management and Reconstruction of Diaphragm, Pericardium and Chest Wall in Mesothelioma Surgery: A Review.

Mesothelioma is an aggressive disease arising from parietal pleura. Surgery is a valuable option in the frame of a multimodality treatment. Several surgical approaches have been standardized with the aim of a macroscopic complete resection; these often require homolateral diaphragm and pericardial resection and reconstruction. Extrapleural pneumonectomy (EPP) and extended pleurectomy decortication (EPD) have been recognized as radical surgical procedures. Nevertheless, both operations are technically challenging and associated with a significant rate of peri-operative morbidity and non-negligible mortality. The diaphragmatic and pericardial reconstruction technique is mandatory to avoid respiratory impairment and to reduce post-operative complications like gastric and cardiac herniation. Moreover, in the case of localized chest wall recurrence, surgery might be considered a valuable therapeutical option for highly selected and fit patients. All the technical aspects of the resection and reconstruction of the diaphragm, pericardium, and chest wall are described as well as the possible use of new minimally invasive techniques. In addition, the choice of different prosthetic materials, considering the most recent innovations in the field, are discussed.

Diaphragmatic and pericardial reconstruction after surgery for malignant pleural mesothelioma.

Extrapleural pneumonectomy (EPP) and pleurectomy-decortication (P/D) are both recognised surgical procedures for selected cases affected by malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM). Surgical techniques have ameliorated over the last years, remaining the complete macroscopic resection of the disease the main surgical principle. EPP is defined as an en-bloc resection of the visceral pleura, parietal pleura, pericardium and diaphragm alongside the pneumonectomy. The thoracic domain of the International Association for Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC) recently clarified the, previously confused, surgical terminology. "Extended P/D" is considered as parietal and visceral pleurectomy, diaphragmatic and pericardial resection with the purpose to remove all macroscopic disease. The term "radical" was replaced by "extended" to underline that this procedure does not have oncologic radicality aims. Both operations above are technically challenging and associated with a significant rate of peri-operative morbidity and non-negligible mortality. The diaphragmatic and pericardial reconstruction technique is mandatory to avoid respiratory impairment and to reduce post-operative complications like gastric and cardiac herniation. The technical aspects of resection and reconstruction are described and the choice of different prosthetic materials, considering the most recent innovations in the field, are discussed.

Bronchoscopic management of prolonged air leak.

Broncho-pleural fistula (BPF) is an atypical communication between the tracheobronchial tree and the alveolar/pleural space, with prolonged air leak (PAL). BPF is frequent and related to significant morbidity, prolonged length of hospital stay, and mortality. Nevertheless, in about 10%, more than 5 days of an air leak is considered a PAL, accounted for significant morbidity. Endobronchial valve is a novel device for the PAL management with minimal morbidity if related to surgical repairs. While it is suggested that surgical treatment should be undertaken when possible, endobronchial valves should be recommended as a therapeutic choice in high-risk patients. Placement techniques remain operator and patient friendly and allow the procedure to be performed with relative ease. Prospectively conducted, randomised, controlled clinical trials are needed where valve treatment is compared with other bronchoscopic techniques, surgical procedures, or both.

Tnm independent prognostic factors in lung cancer.

Large studies have demonstrated that TNM staging system is the most consistent prognostic factor in patients with non small cell lung carcinoma. However, because patients within the same stage may have very different survival, better prognostic information is needed. The recent progress in molecular biology has allowed the analysis of proteins and genes involved in cancer development. To date, more than 150 different prognostic factors affecting survival in patients with lung cancer have been discovered and extensively studied. Despite the encouraging prognostic results in angiogenesis markers, there is not yet a molecular marker validated in large prospective trials that has major independent predictive prognostic value.

Surgical treatment of non-small cell lung cancer: mediastinal lymph node dissection.

The effectiveness of lymph node dissection in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer is evaluated. The extent of lymphadenectomy in the treatment of NSCLC is still controversial. Although some centers perform only mediastinal lymph node sampling with resection of suspicious lymph nodes, others recommend radical, systematic mediastinal lymph node dissection to improve survival and achieve a better staging. Reports of the literature on the subject are reviewed and the results achieved with the various procedures are analyzed. A personal technique to perform mediastinal lymph node dissection is described.

An unusual case of persistent pneumothorax.

We herein report a case of a 45-year-old white male who referred to the emergency department for a right pneumothorax. A chest tube was emergently placed. Due to incomplete lung reexpansion, the patient underwent a right thoracoscopy disclosing the presence of several kinky vessels consistent of localized pleural angiomatosis, and a talc pleurodesis was performed. Computed tomographic scan and angiography confirmed an anomalous vascular connection between systemic and pulmonary circulation. Thus, a vascular percutaneous transcatheter embolization of the abnormal vessel was successfully executed and the patient was discharged without consequence.

Trauma-induced "Macklin effect" with pneumothorax and large pneumomediastinum, disguised by allergy.

A 56-year-old man presented spontaneously to the Emergency Department complaining of facial and neck oedema after assumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS). The triage nurse assigned the patient to Accident & Emergency (A&E) doctor as probable allergic reaction to NSAIDS. Chest X-ray (CXR), ordered after 24 hours, revealed a huge subcutaneous chest and neck emphysema without clearly visible pneumothorax. Subsequent chest CT scan showed a small left pneumothorax and a large amount of air in the mediastinum. The patient was conservatively treated since he was eupnoeic and hemodynamically stable. The pathophysiology of pneumomediastinum was first described by Macklin in 1939. The Macklin effect involves alveolar ruptures with air dissection along bronchovascular sheaths to the mediastinum. In this case the patient did not report in his history a recent blunt thoracic trauma and the initial suspicion of an allergic reaction has prevented physicians to immediately achieve the correct diagnosis.

Acute postoperative cardiac herniation.

Acute herniation of the heart is an uncommon complication in patients undergoing pneumonectomy with associated pericardial resection. We report the case of a postoperative cardiac herniation after a right extrapleural pneumonectomy following neoadjuvant chemotherapy for malignant pleural mesothelioma. After surgery the patient was completely asymptomatic, but a postoperative chest X-ray revealed unexpected massive dextrocardia. The patient was immediately brought back to the operating room: a cardiac herniation was found to be caused by a partial dehiscence of the pericardial prosthesis suture. The defect was repaired without consequences.

Mediastinal germ cell tumour with massive pulmonary involvement.

Multimodality treatment, with chemotherapy and surgery, is potentially curative in case of non-seminomatous germ cell tumours. The authors present the case of a primitive mediastinal GTC with bilateral lung metastases. The patient was treated with five cycles of chemotherapy. Restaging showed reduction of the extent and of 18 FDG intake and ß-HCG serum levels. The patient underwent two-step surgical excision of the tumours: mediastinal lesion and 35 lung metastases were resected by a right thoracotomy and 39 metastases were removed by a left thoracotomy. Histology showed absence of viable tumour in all the specimens. Twelve months after surgery the patient is free of disease.

Treatment of an acquired esophageal-bibronchial benign fistula using an original combination of techniques.

We report on the successful surgical treatment of an esophageal-bibronchial fistula originating from an iatrogenic mediastinal abscess. Endoscopic treatment had been excluded due to the extensive damage to the right main stem bronchus wall. The surgical treatment was carried out as follows: 1) Endoscopic stenting of the left main bronchus with a self-expanding metallic stent followed by selective left main bronchus intubation; 2) Laparotomic harvesting of the omentum pedicled on both gastro-epiploic vessels; 3) Right thoracotomy, complete dissection of both main bronchi and esophageal wall at the site of the leakage; 4) Harvesting of a pericardial vascularized graft; 5) Deployment of a self-expanding metallic stent from the surgical field into the right main stem bronchus; 6) Reconstruction of the right bronchus wall with the pericardial patch; 7) Positioning a T-tube in the esophageal leak; and 8) Intrathoracic transposition of the omental graft for buttressing all sutures and potential leakage points. The postoperative course was uneventful from a surgical point of view and the patient recovered completely.

Does induction treatment increase the risk of morbidity and mortality after pneumonectomy? A multicentre case-matched analysis.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this investigation was to compare postoperative morbidity and early and late mortality in patients after pneumonectomy for non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with or without induction neo-adjuvant therapy. METHODS: This is an observational study performed on prospectively collected data at four tertiary referral centres (2000-2007). Of 225 pneumonectomies for NSCLC, 81 patients underwent neo-adjuvant chemotherapy. Several perioperative variables were used in identifying propensity score-matched pairs of patients with and without induction treatment. The matched groups were then compared in terms of morbidity, early (30-day or in-hospital) and 90-day mortality. RESULTS: The overall cardiopulmonary morbidity, early mortality and 90-day mortality rates were 30% (67 patients), 7.1% (16 patients) and 9.8% (22 patients), respectively. Propensity score analysis yielded 56 well-matched pairs of patients with and without induction chemotherapy. The two groups had similar early and late mortality rates: four versus four (p=1) and seven versus seven (p=1), respectively. Moreover, the incidence of cardiopulmonary morbidity and bronchopleural fistula were also similar in both the groups: 19 versus 17 patients (Fisher's exact test p=0.7) and two versus three patients (Fisher's exact test, p=0.7), respectively. Twenty-one patients with induction chemo-radiotherapy were analysed separately and compared with well-matched counterparts without any induction treatment. No significant differences were identified in terms of early mortality (1 vs 0, p=1), 90-day mortality (1 vs 0, p=1), cardiopulmonary complications (5 vs 5, p=1) and bronchopleural fistula (1 vs 1, p=1). CONCLUSIONS: Current regimens of induction treatment do not seem to increase the risk of morbidity, early mortality and late mortality after pneumonectomy in properly selected patients. This study warrants confirmation from future multicentre prospective randomised trials powered on early outcomes.