Mechanochemically induced sulfur doping in ZnO via oxygen vacancy formation.

Surface defects of ZnO nanoparticles were induced via mechanical stressing using a Turbula shaker mixer and a planetary ball mill, and the possibilities for surface modification and functionalization of the ZnO nanoparticles were exemplified by sulfur doping of activated ZnO. Raman spectroscopy reveals that the formation of oxygen vacancies (VO) does not only occur under high stressing conditions in a planetary ball mill but even upon rather 'mild stressing' in the shaker mixer. The temporal evolution of the vacancy concentration in ZnO stressed under different conditions can be described by a model that accounts for stress number and vacancy diffusion with diffusion coefficients of VO of 3.7 × 10-21 m2 s-1 and 2.4 × 10-20 m2 s-1 for stressing in the shaker and the planetary ball mill, respectively. The thickness of the VO layer was estimated to be about 1 nm. Thiourea was mixed with defective ZnO particles, and then heated at various temperatures for sulfur-doping. A linear relationship between the amount of induced VO and the level of sulfur doping was found. Remarkably, mechanical activation is indispensable in order to control the level of sulfur doping quantitatively. High-angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF STEM) observations with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis clearly revealed that the doped sulfur atoms are concentrated at the particle surface. Thus, ZnO (core)/ZnS (shell) structures are obtained easily via mechanochemical activation and subsequent thermal treatment.

Development of a weighted sum estimate of the total radiated power from large helical device plasma.

Diagnosing the amount of radiated power is an important research goal for fusion devices. This research aims at better understanding and diagnosing the radiated power from the Large Helical Device (LHD). The current radiated power estimate in the LHD is based on one wide-angle resistive bolometer. Because the estimate stems from one bolometer location toroidally and has a wide-angle poloidal view, this estimate does not take into account toroidal and poloidal radiation asymmetries that are observed in the LHD in discharges with gas puffing. This research develops a method based on the EMC3-Eirene model to calculate the set of coefficients for a weighted-sum method of estimating the radiated power. This study calculates these coefficients by using a least-squares method to solve for a coefficient set, using a variety of simulated cases generated by the EMC3-Eirene model, combined with corresponding geometric radiated power density considerations. If this set of coefficients is multiplied by the detector signal of each bolometer and summed up, this gives a total radiated power estimate. This new estimate takes into account toroidal and poloidal asymmetries by using the bolometer channels viewing different toroidal and poloidal locations, thereby reducing the estimation error and providing information about toroidal asymmetries.

[Laboratory and clinical studies on ceftizoxime in the field of pediatrics (author's transl)].

Ceftizoxime, a new cephalosporin preparation, was evaluated for its antibacterial activity, absorption, excretion and clinical effectiveness, and the following results were obtained. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ceftizoxime against 211 clinical isolates were determined in comparison with those of cefazolin, cefmetazole, cefotiam and 6059 S. Against S. pyogenes (50 strains), ceftizoxime was 1 tube inferior to cefazolin inoculum size of 10(8) cells/ml, but was 2--3 tubes superior to cefmetazole and 6059-S. Against E. coli (50 strains), ceftizoxime and 6059-S were significantly more active than the other drugs. The susceptibility pattern of Klebsiella sp. (50 strains) to ceftizoxime was similar to that to cefotiam and 6059-S. Against Proteus sp. (50 strains), cefotiam and 6059-S were more active than the other drugs. Ceftizoxime was intermediate in activity, and cefazolin was the least active. Against H. influenzae (11 strains), ceftizoxime was the most active, with concentrations of 0.1 mcg/ml required to inhibit 100% of strains with an inoculum size of 10(8) cells/ml and 10(6) cells/ml. A dose of ceftizoxime 10 mg/kg or 20 mg/kg was administered to 15 patients aged from 5 years to 12 years, and serum levels and urinary excretion of the drug were measured. Intravenous bolus injection of the drug in dose of 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg yielded mean serum levels of 26.6 mcg/ml and 55.7 mcg/ml at 30 minutes, respectively. The serum levels of the drug, thereafter, declined gradually but still remained 1.3 mcg/ml and 2.7 mcg/ml at 6 hours. The serum half-lives (T 1/2) were estimated to be 1.17 hours in dose of 10 mg/kg and 1.31 hours in dose of 20 mg/kg. When a dose of 20 mg/kg was infused over a period of 30 minutes, the serum levels attained the peak of 72.4 mcg/ml to 82.4 mcg/ml (mean 79.4 mcg/ml) at the end of infusion. The levels, thereafter, tapered to mean levels of 45.3 mcg/ml at 30 minutes, 24.7 mcg/ml at 1 1/2 hours, and 3.6 mcg/ml at 5 1/2 hours, with a T 1/2 of 1.22 hours. Meanwhile, when the same dose was infused over 1 hour, the serum levels attained the peak of 59.4 mcg/ml to 68.5 mcg/ml (mean 64.2 mcg/ml). The mean serum levels after the end of infusion were 41.3 mcg/ml at 30 minutes, 21.6 mcg/ml at 1 hour and 1.9 mcg/ml at 5 hours, with a T 1/2 of 0.97 hours. Urinary recovery of the drug was 69.2% to 79.9% after intravenous injection and 62.3% to 79.9% after drip infusion, most of the given drug was excreted in the first 2 hours after administration. In our clinical study, 27 children with moderate or severe infections (12 cases of bronchopneumonia or bronchitis, 5 of pyelonephritis, 3 of purulent meningitis, etc.) were treated with ceftizoxime at the daily dose of 30--309 mg/kg for 3--23 days. Clinical response was excellent in 10, good in 9, fair in 5 and poor in 3. The drug was proved to be very effective against infections due to H. influenzae K. pneumoniae, E. coli and S. aureus. No serious side effects were observed in any case.

[Experimental and clinical evaluation of cefpiramide in pediatrics].

Fundamental and clinical studies on cefpiramide (CPM), a new semisynthetic cephalosporin were performed and the following results were obtained. Antibacterial activity The antibacterial activity of CPM was investigated in comparison with those of CTT, CPZ, CEZ, LMOX and CFS. Against clinical isolates of S. aureus, CPM was superior to CTT and LMOX, but almost similar to CPZ and inferior to CEZ. Against E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. mirabilis and S. marcescens, CPM showed the activity almost similar to that of CEZ, but inferior to those of the others. On the contrary, the activity of CPM against P. aeruginosa was satisfactory and was superior to those of CTT, CPZ and LMOX, but slightly inferior to that of CFS. Blood level and urinary recovery Twenty mg/kg of CPM was given intravenously at one shot to 3 patients. The mean serum levels of CPM were 116.9 micrograms/ml at 30 minutes, 90.5 micrograms/ml at 1 hour, 71.1 micrograms/ml at 2 hours, 55.8 micrograms/ml at 4 hours, 24.9 micrograms/ml at 6 hours, 19.3 micrograms/ml at 9 hours and 12.1 micrograms/ml at 12 hours after administration, respectively. The mean half-life was very long and the value was 3.85 hours. The urinary recovery rates in 2 cases were 18.31 and 21.47% respectively up to 12 hours after administration. Clinical results and side effects CPM was given intravenously to 30 diseases including 11 cases of bronchopneumonia, 3 cases of bronchopneumonia and pleurisy, 2 cases of bronchitis, 4 cases of purulent tonsillitis, 5 cases of pyelonephritis and each one case of pyothorax, parotitis, cellulitis, otitis media and salmonellosis. CPM was effective in 29 out of 30 cases, and the effective rate was 96.7%. As side effects, 2 cases of fever and 1 case of cough were observed, but no abnormality in clinical laboratory findings was observed.

[Laboratory and clinical studies on T-1982 (cefbuperazone) in the field of pediatrics].

T-1982 (cefbuperazone), a new 7 alpha-methoxycephem antibiotic, was fundamentally and clinically studied, and the following results were obtained. The antibacterial activities of T-1982 against clinical isolates of S. aureus, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, S. marcescens, P. mirabilis and P. aeruginosa were determined in comparison with those of CER, CEZ, CMZ and CTT. Against S. aureus, CER and CEZ exhibited excellent activity, whereas T-1982 was less active with the peak MIC of 12.5 micrograms/ml even with the inoculum size of 10(6) cells/ml. The activity of T-1982 was equal to that of CTT and by far superior to that of CER, CEZ and CMZ against E. coli, K. pneumoniae and P. mirabilis, the peak MICs with the inoculum size of 10(6) cells/ml being less than or equal to 0.1-0.2 microgram/ml, less than or equal to 0.1-0.2 microgram/ml and 0.2-0.39 microgram/ml, respectively. Against S. marcescens, T-1982 was superior to CMZ and CTT and 48% of the strains were inhibited by 3.13 micrograms/ml or less, whereas all the strains were resistant to CER and CEZ. The MIC of T-1982 against most strains of P. aeruginosa was more than 100 micrograms/ml. 10 mg/kg or 20 mg/kg of T-1982 was administered by one shot intravenous injection or 1 hour drip infusion to 23 pediatric patients to measure serum levels and urinary recovery. At 30 minutes after one shot injection of 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg, the highest serum levels of 22.0-38.8 micrograms/ml and 52.4-80 micrograms/ml were observed, the half-lives being 1.32 hours and 1.76 hours. When given by 1 hour drip infusion, the serum levels attained the peaks of 29.2-42.6 micrograms/ml and 49.0-75.6 micrograms/ml at the end of infusion, the half-lives being 1.24 hours and 1.19 hours. The urinary recovery rates within 6 hours were 74.2-92.5% and 50.2-66.5% by one shot injection and 63.4-84.2% and 53.9-79.0% by drip infusion. T-1982 was administered at a dose of 50 mg/kg by 30 minutes drip infusion to a child with purulent meningitis. The levels of T-1982 in the cerebrospinal fluid at 1 hour after administration were 4.8-6.7 micrograms/ml with the CSF/serum ratios of 4.4-8.4%. A total of 36 pediatric patients (21 cases of respiratory tract infection, 9 cases of urinary tract infection and each 1 case of purulent cervical lymphadenitis, scarlet fever, purulent meningitis, acute colitis, peritonitis and sinusitis) was treated with 40-80 mg/kg/day of T-1982 (252.6 mg/kg/day in purulent meningitis). The response was excellent in 27 patients and good in 7 patients, the efficacy rate being 94.4%. Diarrhea or eruption were observed in each 1 case. No abnormal laboratory findings were noted in any cases.

[Fundamental and clinical studies on ceftazidime in the field of pediatrics].

Fundamental and clinical studies were carried out on ceftazidime ( CAZ ), a newly synthesized cephalosporin C antibiotic ( CEPs ). The antibacterial activity of CAZ was compared with those of CER, CEZ, CMZ and CPZ against clinical isolates of S. aureus. S. pyogenes. E. coli, K. pneumoniae and P. mirabilis, and with those of GM and CFS against P. aeruginosa. Against S. aureus, the antibacterial activity of CER was highest, followed by that of CEZ. The peak MIC after inoculation of 100-fold dilution was 0.10 microgram/ml with CER and 0.78 microgram/ml with CEZ. But in view of the peak MIC of 6.25 micrograms/ml, the antibacterial activity of CAZ was inferior to that of CPZ by about 2 tubes. This was not surprising, because CAZ was one of the antibiotics in the fifth group of CEPs . The CEPs in the fifth group naturally show high antibacterial activity against S. pyogenes. CAZ , as expected, inhibited the growth of all the strains at the concentration of 0.10 microgram/ml at the inoculation of 100-fold dilution. In the gut bacterial flora such as E. coli, K. pneumoniae and P. mirabilis, CAZ showed the results almost equal to those of other CEPs in the fifth group; the peak MICs of CAZ were 0.20 approximately 0.39, 0.20 approximately 0.39, 0.10 microgram/ml, respectively, at the inoculation of 100-fold dilution, which was good results. In P. mirabilis with the undiluted inoculation, the result of CAZ was slightly inferior to those of the other CEPs in the fifth group previously reported; however, CAZ was prone to be affected by inoculum size, and with the inoculation of 100-fold dilution, MIC of CAZ turned to be as low as 0.10 microgram/ml. Against P. aeruginosa, CAZ showed the activity comparable to that of CFS, the antibiotic considered to have the highest antibacterial activity of all CEPs used in Japan. This finding is in accordance with the findings reported by other authors. The peak MICs of CAZ were 3.13, 12.5 microgram/ml at the inoculation of undiluted solution, and from 1.56 to 3.13 microgram/ml at the inoculation of 100-fold dilution, which were the results equal to, or even better than those of GM. The change in blood levels of CAZ was studied by one shot intravenous injection and 1 hour intravenous drip infusion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Dependence of the membrane potential of Chara cells on external pH in the presence or absence of internal adenosinetriphosphate.

The dependence of the membrane potential (Em) and the membrane resistance (Rm) of Chara australis R. Brown on the pH of the external medium (pH0) was studied by controlling the activity of the plasmamembrane H(+) pump under both light and dark conditions. The activity of the pump was controlled by regulating the internal ATP or Mg(2+) concentration in tonoplast-free cells prepared by vacuolar perfusion. In these cells, which contained Mg · ATP (mgATP cells), Em and Rm were very sensitive to pH0, as in normal cells. Em was more negative in light than in the dark at all pH0 values tested. Tonoplast-free cells with very low [ATP]i (-ATP cells) or [Mg(2+)]i (-Mg cells) showed very weak dependence of Em and Rm on pH0. Thus, the active and not the passive component of Em was sensitive to pH0. At the same time, the high permeability of the plasma membrane to H(+) was questioned. In both-ATP cells and-Mg cells, Em was scarcely affected and Rm markedly decreased on illumination.

Immunological abnormalities in a patient with lysinuric protein intolerance.

We report an 8-year-old girl with lysinuric protein intolerance and immunological abnormalities including impaired function of lymphocytes, the presence of LE cells, antinuclear antibodies, and hypergammaglobulinaemia. These abnormalities have not been reported before and may be due to an amino acid imbalance or protein malnutrition in cells or tissues. The coincidence of a pre-stage of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and LPI is not excluded.

The Program for Public Psychiatry: state-university collaboration in Colorado.

A major focus of state-university collaboration programs in psychiatry has been providing services and manpower from the university to the public mental health system, which in turns provides valuable educational experiences to the university. The Program for Public Psychiatry, a state-university collaboration program in Colorado, was founded on a 25-year relationship between the department of psychiatry at the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center and the Colorado Division of Mental Health. The program has enabled Colorado's two state hospitals and most of its urban community mental health centers to almost completely fill previously vacant psychiatric positions. The collaboration has expanded to include programs for forensic psychiatry and developmental disabilities, as well as to fund educational and research missions in developing the public psychiatric work force.