Rural-urban differences in use of health services before and after dementia diagnosis: a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Rural-urban differences in health service use among persons with prevalent dementia are known. However, the extent of geographic differences in health service use over a long observation period, and prior to diagnosis, have not been sufficiently examined. The purpose of this study was to examine yearly rural-urban differences in the proportion of patients using health services, and the mean number of services, in the 5-year period before and 5-year period after a first diagnosis of dementia. METHODS: This population-based retrospective cohort study used linked administrative health data from the Canadian province of Saskatchewan to investigate the use of five health services [family physician (FP), specialist physician, hospital admission, all-type prescription drug dispensations, and short-term institutional care admission] each year from April 2008 to March 2019. Persons with dementia included 2,024 adults aged 65 years and older diagnosed from 1 April 2013 to 31 March 2014 (617 rural; 1,407 urban). Matching was performed 1:1 to persons without dementia on age group, sex, rural versus urban residence, geographic region, and comorbidity. Differences between rural and urban persons within the dementia and control cohorts were separately identified using the Z-score test for proportions (p < 0.05) and independent samples t-test for means (p < 0.05). RESULTS: Rural compared to urban persons with dementia had a lower average number of FP visits during 1-year and 2-year preindex and between 2-year and 4-year postindex (p < 0.05), a lower likelihood of at least one specialist visit and a lower average number of specialist visits during each year (p < 0.05), and a lower average number of all-type prescription drug dispensations for most of the 10-year study period (p < 0.05). Rural-urban differences were not observed in admission to hospital or short-term institutional care (p > 0.05 each year). CONCLUSIONS: This study identified important geographic differences in physician services and all-type prescription drugs before and after dementia diagnosis. Health system planners and educators must determine how to use existing resources and technological advances to support care for rural persons living with dementia.

Coated Cast Saw Blades Decrease Blade Temperature During Cast Removal.

BACKGROUND: Thermal injuries can occur during cast removal with an oscillating saw. The purpose of this study is to describe the effect of blade material, blade wear, and cast material on blade temperature. METHODS: Short arm plaster and fiberglass casts were cured overnight and bivalved with either new or worn stainless-steel or tungsten-disulfide coated blades. Blade use was defined as removing 1 short arm cast. Blades used to remove more than 20 casts were defined as worn. Ten trials were performed with each combination of blade material, blade wear, and cast material, except for the combination of fiberglass and a worn stainless-steel blade due to complete erosion of cutting teeth. Thirty casts were removed with stainless-steel blades, and 40 casts were removed with coated blades. Blade temperature was measured continuously at 5 Hz using a T-type thermocouple and microcontroller board. A Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the mean maximum temperature between groups. RESULTS: For plaster casts, new and worn stainless-steel blades produced mean maximum temperatures of 51.4°C and 63.7°C ( P =0.003), respectively. New stainless-steel blades produced significantly higher mean maximum temperatures on fiberglass casts than plaster casts (95.9°C vs. 51.4°C, P <.001). For plaster casts, new and worn coated blades produced mean maximum temperatures of 56.9°C and 53.8°C ( P =0.347). For fiberglass casts, new and worn coated blades produced mean maximum temperatures of 76.6°C and 77.7°C ( P =0.653). As with new stainless-steel blades, new coated blades produced significantly higher mean maximum temperatures on fiberglass than plaster (76.6°C vs. 56.9°C, P <0.001). Mean maximum temperatures between new stainless-steel and coated blades during removal of plaster casts were 51.4°C and 56.9°C ( P =0.131), respectively. However, new coated blades demonstrated significantly lower mean maximum temperatures during fiberglass cast removal compared to new stainless-steel blades (76.6°C vs. 95.9°C, P =0.016). CONCLUSIONS: Coated blades outperformed stainless-steel in nearly all combinations. We recommend limited use of stainless-steel blades to minimize blade temperatures during cast removal. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Appropriate selection of blade material and monitoring blade wear minimizes blade temperature during cast removal.

Can Depressive Symptomatology at Diagnosis Predict Cognitive and Functional Decline Over 1 Year in Rural Canadian Patients With Dementia?

INTRODUCTION: Depressive symptomatology is often associated with the onset of dementia, although the exact form and directionality of this association is still unclear. The aim of this study is to investigate whether depressive symptomatology at the time of dementia diagnosis was predictive of cognitive, functional, and behavioral decline over 1 year. METHODS: In a Rural and Remote Memory Clinic, 375 patients consecutively diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer disease, or non-Alzheimer disease dementia completed the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale at first visit and 1-year follow-up to assess depressive symptomatology. The same cohort was evaluated for cognitive, functional, and behavioral decline through the completion of 5 clinical tests performed at the first visit and at 1-year follow-up. RESULTS: Depressive symptomatology at time of dementia diagnosis did not predict cognitive or functional decline over 1 year, although increases in depressive symptomatology over 1 year significantly correlated with higher caregiver ratings of neuropsychiatric symptom severity and related distress over that time. CONCLUSION: Increasingly severe depressive symptomatology over 1 year correlated with greater caregiver distress. This study points the way for future studies delineating the relationship between depression, dementia progression, and caregiver distress.

What Happens to the Worried Well? Follow-Up of Subjective Cognitive Impairment.

BACKGROUND: Increasing concern around perceived neurocognitive decline is increasing the number of referrals to specialists and anxiety for patients. We aimed to explore the likelihood of the "worried well" experiencing neurocognitive decline and developing a neurological diagnosis. METHODS: A total of 166 "worried well" patients who attended the Rural and Remote Memory Clinic (RRMC) between 2004 and 2019 were included in this study. Demographic, health, social, and behavioral factors were measured at the initial visit. Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD), and Functional Activities Questionnaire (FAQ) scores were measured and compared at initial assessment and at 1-year follow-up. MMSE scores over time were assessed with a mean follow-up of 2.95 years (SD 2.87). RESULTS: No statistically significant difference was seen in MMSE, CESD, or FAQ scores when comparing clinic day to 1-year follow-up, and no consistent pattern of MMSE score over time was seen. Of the 166 patients with subjective cognitive impairment (SCI) on initial assessment, 5 were diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease (AD) at 8.5, 3.5, 5, 3, and 1.75 years; 2 were diagnosed with MCI at 1 and 2 years; 1 was diagnosed with vascular cognitive impairment at 5 years; and 1 was diagnosed with frontotemporal dementia (FTD) at 0.5 years. CONCLUSION: The likelihood of a patient with SCI developing a neurological diagnosis is reassuringly low (9/166), but not irrelevant. This, along with the benefits of early diagnosis and treatment for dementia, leads us to believe that patients with SCI should still be seen in follow-up at least at the 1-year mark.

Plasmonic and label-free real-time quantitative PCR for point-of-care diagnostics.

In response to the world's medical community's need for accurate and immediate infectious pathogen detection, many researchers have focused on adapting the standard molecular diagnostic method of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for point-of-care (POC) applications. PCR technology is not without its shortcomings; current platforms can be bulky, slow, and power-intensive. Although there have been some advances in microfluidic PCR devices, a simple-to-operate and fabricate PCR device is still lacking. In the first part of this paper, we introduce a compact plasmonic PCR thermocycler in which fast DNA amplification is derived from efficient photothermal heating of a colloidal reaction mixture containing gold nanorods (AuNRs) using a small-scale vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL). Using this method, we demonstrate 30 cycle-assay time of sub-ten minutes for successful Chlamydia trachomatis DNA amplification in 20 µL total PCR sample volume. In the second part, we report an ultrasensitive real-time amplicon detection strategy which is based on cycle-by-cycle monitoring of 260 nm absorption of the PCR sample. This was accomplished by irradiating the PCR sample using a UV LED and collecting the transmitted optical power with a photodetector. The UV absorption dependency on the nucleotides' structural degree of freedom gives rise to distinctive features in the shape of UV amplification curves for the determination of PCR results, thus circumventing the need for the complicated design of target-specific probes or intercalating fluorophores. This amplicon quantification method has a high detection sensitivity of one DNA copy. This is the first demonstration of a compact plasmonic thermocycler combined with a real-time fluorophore-free quantitative amplicon detection system. The small footprint of our PCR device stems from hardware miniaturization, while abundant sample volume facilitates highly sensitive detection and fluid handling required for in-field sample analysis, thereby making it an excellent candidate for POC molecular diagnostics.

Women and Men Presenting to a Rural and Remote Memory Clinic in Saskatchewan, Canada Show Similar Cognitive Findings for Dementia.

INTRODUCTION: The course of dementia may differ between men and women. Men, for example, are more likely to exhibit aggression. It is unclear if sex differences are present at initial presentation. The present study examines sex differences among patients at initial referral to a memory clinic. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three hundred seventy-five (159 males, 216 females) patients referred to the University of Saskatchewan's Rural and Remote Memory Clinic participated. Data were collected from patients and caregivers at initial assessment. Cognitive, functional, and demographic information were compared between males and females. RESULTS: Males and females presented to the clinic at similar ages. Females were more likely to have a son or daughter caregiver and to live alone. Males were more likely to be currently working. No statistically significant differences were found for cognitive or functional assessment scores. DISCUSSION: Within this rural and remote sample, there was equivalence between male and female level of cognitive decline, function and neuropsychiatric symptoms at initial referral. Both sexes were of similar ages at the time of initial presentation. These findings may provide reassurance to patients and their family members as it does not appear that patients of one sex were referred later than the other.

Evidence for measurement bias of the short form health survey based on sex and metropolitan influence zone in a secondary care population.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The 12-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12) is a widely used measure of health related quality of life, but has been criticized for lacking an empirically supported model and producing biased estimates of mental and physical health status for some groups. We explored a model of measurement with the SF-12 and explored evidence for measurement invariance of the SF-12. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The SF-12 was completed by 429 caregivers who accompanied patients with cognitive concerns to a memory clinic designed to service rural/remote-dwelling individuals. A multi-group confirmatory factor analysis was used to compare the theoretical measurement model to two empirically identified factor models reported previously in general population studies. RESULTS: A model that allowed mental and physical health to correlate, and some items to cross-load provided the best fit to the data. Using that model, measurement invariance was then assessed across sex and metropolitan influence zone (MIZ; a standardized measure of degree of rurality). DISCUSSION: Partial scalar invariance was demonstrated in both analyses. Differences by sex in latent item intercepts were found for items assessing feelings of energy and depression. Differences by MIZ in latent item intercepts were found for an item concerning how current health limits activities. IMPLICATIONS: The fitting model was one where the mental and physical health subscales were correlated, which is not provided in the scoring program offered by the publishers. Participants' sex and MIZ should be accounted for when comparing their factor scores on the SF-12. Additionally, consideration of geographic residence and associated cultural influences is recommended in future development and use of psychological measures with such populations.

Characteristics of Young-Onset and Late-Onset Dementia Patients at a Remote Memory Clinic.

BACKGROUND: Young-onset dementia (YOD) is defined as the onset of dementia symptoms before the age of 65 years and accounts for 2-8% of dementia. YOD patients and their caregivers face unique challenges in diagnosis and management. We aimed to compare the characteristics of rural YOD and late-onset dementia (LOD) patients at a rural and remote memory clinic in Western Canada. METHODS: A total of 333 consecutive patients (YOD = 61, LOD = 272) at a rural and remote memory clinic between March 2004 and July 2016 were included in this study. Each patient had neuropsychological assessment. Health, mood, function, behaviour and social factors were also measured. Both groups were compared using χ2 tests and independent sample tests. RESULTS: YOD patients were more likely to be married, employed, current smokers and highly educated. They reported fewer cognitive symptoms, but had more depressive symptoms. YOD patients were less likely to live alone and use homecare services. YOD caregivers were also more likely to be a spouse and had higher levels of distress than LOD caregivers. Both YOD and LOD patient groups were equally likely to have a driver's licence. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate YOD and LOD patients have distinct characteristics and services must be modified to better meet YOD patient needs. In particular, the use of homecare services and caregiver support may alleviate the higher levels of distress found in YOD patients and their caregivers. Additional research should be directed to addressing YOD patient depression, caregiver distress and barriers to services.

Factors Associated with Having a Will, Power of Attorney, and Advanced Healthcare Directive in Patients Presenting to a Rural and Remote Memory Clinic.

BACKGROUND: A Will, Power of Attorney, and Advanced Healthcare Directive are critical to guide decision-making in patients with dementia. We identified characteristics that are associated with the existence of these documents in patients who presented to a rural and remote memory clinic (RRMC). METHODS: Ninety-five consecutive patients were included in this study. Patients and caregivers completed questionnaires on initial presentation to the RRMC and patients were asked if they had legal documents. Patients also completed neuropsychological testing. Statistical analysis (t-test and χ2 test) was performed to identify significant variables. RESULTS: Seventy (73.7%) patients had a Will, 62 (65.3%) had a Power of Attorney, and 21 (22.1%) had an Advanced Healthcare Directive. Having a Will was associated with good quality of life (p = 0.001), living alone or with a spouse or partner only (p = 0.034), poor verbal fluency (p = 0.055), and European ethnicity (p = 0.028). Factors associated with having a Power of Attorney included good quality of life (p = 0.031), living alone or with a spouse or partner only (p = 0.053), and poor verbal fluency (p = 0.015). Old age (p = 0.015), poor verbal fluency (p = 0.023), and greater severity of cognitive and functional impairment (p = 0.023) were associated with having an Advanced Healthcare Directive. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that poor quality of life, good performance on verbal fluency, Indigenous ethnicity, and living with others are associated with a lower likelihood of legal documents in patients with dementia. These factors can help physicians identify patients at risk of leaving their legal affairs unattended to. Physicians should discuss the creation of legal documents early on in patients with signs of dementia.

Barriers and facilitators to development and implementation of a rural primary health care intervention for dementia: a process evaluation.

BACKGROUND: With rural population aging there are growing numbers of people with dementia in rural and remote settings. The role of primary health care (PHC) is critical in rural locations, yet there is a lack of rural-specific PHC models for dementia, and little is known about factors influencing the development, implementation, and sustainability of rural PHC interventions. Using a community-based participatory research approach, researchers collaborated with a rural PHC team to co-design and implement an evidence-based interdisciplinary rural PHC memory clinic in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. This paper reports barriers and facilitators to developing, implementing, and sustaining the intervention. METHODS: A qualitative longitudinal process evaluation was conducted over two and half years, from pre- to post-implementation. Data collection and analyses were guided by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) which consists of 38 constructs within five domains: innovation characteristics, outer setting, inner setting, individual characteristics, and process. Data were collected via focus groups with the PHC team and stakeholders, smaller team workgroup meetings, and team member interviews. Analysis was conducted using a deductive approach to apply CFIR codes to the data and an inductive analysis to identify barriers and facilitators. RESULTS: Across all domains, 14 constructs influenced development and implementation. Three domains (innovation characteristics, inner setting, process) were most important. Facilitators were the relative advantage of the intervention, ability to trial on a small scale, tension for change, leadership engagement, availability of resources, education and support from researchers, increased self-efficacy, and engagement of champions. Barriers included the complexity of multiple intervention components, required practice changes, lack of formal incentive programs, time intensiveness of modifying the EMR during iterative development, lack of EMR access by all team members, lack of co-location of team members, workload and busy clinical schedules, inability to justify a designated dementia care manager role, and turnover of PHC team members. CONCLUSIONS: The study identified key factors that supported and hindered the development and implementation of a rural-specific strategy for dementia assessment and management in PHC. Despite challenges related to the rural context, the researcher-academic partnership was successful in developing and implementing the intervention.

The Worried Well? Characteristics of Cognitively Normal Patients Presenting to a Rural and Remote Memory Clinic.

INTRODUCTION: In an effort to better understand why cognitively normal patients were referred to a memory clinic, we sought to identify features of "worried well" patients to better identify those more likely to be cognitively normal. METHODS: In total, 375 consecutive patients referred by primary care practitioners to a Rural and Remote Memory Clinic were categorized into two groups based on their neurologic diagnosis, "worried well" (cognitively normal, N=81) or "other" (patients with any neurologic diagnosis, N=294). Data collected included: age, sex, years of formal education, Mini-Mental Status Examination score from initial visit, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale score, Self-Rating of Memory Scale, alcohol consumption, marital status, hours per week of work, past medical history, sleep concerns, and family history of memory concerns. The two groups were compared using t-tests and χ2 tests. The same comparison was done between the same set of "worried well" patients (cognitively normal, N=81) and the subgroup of patients with a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (N=146) from the "other" group. RESULTS: Significant differences included younger age, more formal education, more frequently having previous psychiatric diagnosis and more self-reported alcohol consumption in the "worried well" group. The "worried well" and "Alzheimer's disease" comparison had the same significant differences as the "worried well" and "other" comparison. CONCLUSION: We observed a pattern of differences unfold between the "worried well" patients and those with cognitive disease. No one variable was pathognomonic of a "worried well" patient. However, taking all the above into account when evaluating a patient may help clinically.

Improved self-referenced biosensing with emphasis on multiple-resonance nanorod sensors.

We present a novel approach to improve self-referenced sensing based on multiple-resonance nanorod structures. The method employs the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) alongside a linear response model (LM), relating the sensor response (shifts in resonance wavelengths) to the changes due to surface binding and bulk refractive index. We also provide a solution to avoid repetitive simulations, that have been previously needed to determine the adlayer thickness sensitivity when measuring biological samples of different refractive indices. The finite element method (FEM) was used to model the nanorod structure, and the nanoimprint lithography was employed to fabricate them. The standard deviation of the results based on the MLE method is lower than that associated with the LM results. The method can be applied to an extended number of resonances to achieve a higher accuracy and precision.

Monitoring of bacterial film formation and its breakdown with an angular-based surface plasmon resonance biosensor.

Bacterial biofilms are a leading cause of infection in health-care settings. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors stand as valuable tools not only for the detection of biological entities and the characterisation of biomaterials but also as a suitable means to monitor bacterial film formation. This article reports on a proof-of-concept study for the use of an angular-based SPR biosensor for the monitoring of bacterial cell growth and biofilm formation and removal under the effect of different cleaning agents. The benefit of this custom-made SPR instrument is that it records simultaneously both the critical and resonant angles. This provides unique information on the growth of bacterial cells which is otherwise not obtainable with commonly used intensity-based SPR systems. The results clearly showed that a multilayer biofilm can be formed in 48 hours and the steps involved can be monitored in real-time with the SPR instrument through the measurement of the refractive index change and following the evolution in the shape of the SPR curve. The number, the depth and the sharpness of the reflection ripples varied as the film became thicker. Simulation results confirmed that the number of layers of bacteria affected the number of ripples at the critical angle. Real-time monitoring of the film breakdown with three cleaning agents indicated that bleach solution at 4.5% was the most effective in disrupting the biofilm from the gold sensor. Our overall findings suggest that the SPR biosensor with angular modulation presented in this article can perform real-time monitoring of biofilm formation and has the potential to be used as a platform to test the efficiency of disinfectants.

Real time plasmonic qPCR: how fast is ultra-fast? 30 cycles in 54 seconds.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a critical tool for biological research investigators but recently it also has been making a significant impact in clinical, veterinary and agricultural applications. Plasmonic PCR, which employs the very efficient heat transfer of optically irradiated metallic nanoparticles, is a simple and powerful methodology to drive PCR reactions. The scalability of next generation plasmonic PCR technology will introduce various forms of PCR applications ranging from small footprint portable point of care diagnostic devices to large footprint central laboratory multiplexing devices. In a significant advance, we have introduced a real time plasmonic PCR and explored the ability of ultra-fast cycling compatible with both label-free and fluorescence-based monitoring of amplicon production. Furthermore, plasmonic PCR has been substantially optimized to now deliver a 30 cycle PCR in 54 seconds, with a detectable product. The advances described here will have an immediate impact on the further development of the use of plasmonic PCR playing a critical role in rapid point of care diagnostics.

Trends in Medication Use Over 11 Years in Patients Presenting to a Rural and Remote Memory Clinic.

BACKGROUND: Anticholinergic and sedating medications are generally contraindicated in those with cognitive decline. We examined trends in medication use by patients at initial presentation to a rural and remote memory clinic (RRMC) between March 2004 and June 2015 to determine whether patterns of medication use have changed. METHODS: The first 444 patients seen at the RRMC between 2004 and 2015 were included in this analysis. Medication lists were collected at the patient's initial visit, and it was noted whether patients were taking anticholinergic or potentially sedating drugs. Statistical analysis (Spearman's correlation) was conducted to examine trends in medication use over time. RESULTS: Patients were on a mean of 5.18 medications (standard deviation, 3.46). Ninety-one patients (20.5%) were taking at least one anticholinergic medication. There was a decline (25.0% in 2004 to 12.5% in 2014) in percentage of patients presenting with anticholinergic medications over the 11 years of this study (Spearman's correlation coefficient =-0.64, p=0.035). The prevalence of drugs acting on the central nervous system trended toward an increase, but this was not statistically significant. Sixty-three patients (14.2%) presented to the RRMC already taking a cholinesterase inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS: The most encouraging statistic to come from this study is a decline in anticholinergic medication use in this rural population. Prescribers must be properly informed to ensure that the number of medications per patient does not continue to rise, that medications are used only as necessary, and that potentially deleterious medications are avoided.

The Prevalence and Incidence of Frontotemporal Dementia: a Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Population-based prevalence and incidence studies are essential for understanding the burden of frontotemporal dementia (FTD). METHODS: The MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were searched to identify population-based publications from 1985 to 2012, addressing the incidence and/or prevalence of FTD. References of included articles and prior systematic reviews were searched for additional studies. Two reviewers screened all abstracts and full-text reviews, abstracted data and performed quality assessments. RESULTS: Twenty-six studies were included. Methodological limitations led to wide ranges in the estimates for prevalence (point prevalence 0.01-4.6 per 1000 persons; period prevalence 0.16-31.04 per 1000 persons) and incidence (0.0-0.3 per 1000 person-years). FTD accounted for an average of 2.7% (range 0-9.1%) of all dementia cases among prevalence studies that included subjects 65 and older compared to 10.2% (range 2.8-15.7%) in studies restricted to those aged less than 65. The cumulative numbers of male (373 [52.5%]) and female (338 [47.5%]) cases from studies reporting this information were nearly equal (p=0.18). The behavioural variant FTD (bvFTD) was almost four times as common as the primary progressive aphasias. CONCLUSIONS: Population-based estimates for the epidemiology of FTD varied widely in the included studies. Refinements in the diagnostic process, possibly by the use of validated biomarkers or limiting case ascertainment to specialty services, are needed to obtain more precise estimates of the prevalence and incidence of FTD.

The Prevalence and Incidence of Dementia: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

UNLABELLED: Introduction Dementia is a common neurological condition affecting many older individuals that leads to a loss of independence, diminished quality of life, premature mortality, caregiver burden and high levels of healthcare utilization and cost. This is an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of the worldwide prevalence and incidence of dementia. METHODS: The MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were searched for relevant studies published between 2000 (1985 for Canadian papers) and July of 2012. Papers selected for full-text review were included in the systematic review if they provided an original population-based estimate for the incidence and/or prevalence of dementia. The reference lists of included articles were also searched for additional studies. Two individuals independently performed abstract and full-text review, data extraction, and quality assessment of the papers. Random-effects models and/or meta-regression were used to generate pooled estimates by age, sex, setting (i.e., community, institution, both), diagnostic criteria utilized, location (i.e., continent) and year of data collection. RESULTS: Of 16,066 abstracts screened, 707 articles were selected for full-text review. A total of 160 studies met the inclusion criteria. Among individuals 60 and over residing in the community, the pooled point and annual period prevalence estimates of dementia were 48.62 (CI95%: 41.98-56.32) and 69.07 (CI95%: 52.36-91.11) per 1000 persons, respectively. The respective pooled incidence rate (same age and setting) was 17.18 (CI95%: 13.90-21.23) per 1000 person-years, while the annual incidence proportion was 52.85 (CI95%: 33.08-84.42) per 1,000 persons. Increasing participant age was associated with a higher dementia prevalence and incidence. Annual period prevalence was higher in North America than in South America, Europe and Asia (in order of decreasing period prevalence) and higher in institutional compared to community and combined settings. Sex, diagnostic criteria (except for incidence proportion) and year of data collection were not associated with statistically significant different estimates of prevalence or incidence, though estimates were consistently higher for females than males. CONCLUSIONS: Dementia is a common neurological condition in older individuals. Significant gaps in knowledge about its epidemiology were identified, particularly with regard to the incidence of dementia in low- and middle-income countries. Accurate estimates of prevalence and incidence of dementia are needed to plan for the health and social services that will be required to deal with an aging population.

The Prevalence and Incidence of Dementia Due to Alzheimer's Disease: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Updated information on the epidemiology of dementia due to Alzheimer's disease (AD) is needed to ensure that adequate resources are available to meet current and future healthcare needs. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the incidence and prevalence of AD. METHODS: The MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were searched from 1985 to 2012, as well as the reference lists of selected articles. Included articles had to provide an original population-based estimate for the incidence and/or prevalence of AD. Two individuals independently performed abstract and full-text reviews, data extraction and quality assessments. Random-effects models were employed to generate pooled estimates stratified by age, sex, diagnostic criteria, location (i.e., continent) and time (i.e., when the study was done). RESULTS: Of 16,066 abstracts screened, 707 articles were selected for full-text review. A total of 119 studies met the inclusion criteria. In community settings, the overall point prevalence of dementia due to AD among individuals 60+ was 40.2 per 1000 persons (CI95%: 29.1-55.6), and pooled annual period prevalence was 30.4 per 1000 persons (CI95%: 15.6-59.1). In community settings, the overall pooled annual incidence proportion of dementia due to AD among individuals 60+ was 34.1 per 1000 persons (CI95%: 16.4-70.9), and the incidence rate was 15.8 per 1000 person-years (CI95%: 12.9-19.4). Estimates varied significantly with age, diagnostic criteria used and location (i.e., continent). CONCLUSIONS: The burden of AD dementia is substantial. Significant gaps in our understanding of its epidemiology were identified, even in a high-income country such as Canada. Future studies should assess the impact of using such newer clinical diagnostic criteria for AD dementia such as those of the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association and/or incorporate validated biomarkers to confirm the presence of Alzheimer pathology to produce more precise estimates of the global burden of AD.

Simultaneous temporal trends in dementia incidence and prevalence, 2005-2013: a population-based retrospective cohort study in Saskatchewan, Canada.

BACKGROUND: Original studies published over the last decade regarding time trends in dementia report mixed results. The aims of the present study were to use linked administrative health data for the province of Saskatchewan for the period 2005/2006 to 2012/2013 to: (1) examine simultaneous temporal trends in annual age- and sex-specific dementia incidence and prevalence among individuals aged 45 and older, and (2) stratify the changes in incidence over time by database of identification. METHODS: Using a population-based retrospective cohort study design, data were extracted from seven provincial administrative health databases linked by a unique anonymized identification number. Individuals 45 years and older at first identification of dementia between April 1, 2005 and March 31, 2013 were included, based on case definition criteria met within any one of four administrative health databases (hospital, physician, prescription drug, and long-term care). RESULTS: Between 2005/2006 and 2012/2013, the 12-month age-standardized incidence rate of dementia declined significantly by 11.07% and the 12-month age-standardized prevalence increased significantly by 30.54%. The number of incident cases decreased from 3,389 to 3,270 and the number of prevalent cases increased from 8,795 to 13,012. Incidence rate reductions were observed in every database of identification. CONCLUSIONS: We observed a simultaneous trend of decreasing incidence and increasing prevalence of dementia over a relatively short 8-year time period from 2005/2006 to 2012/2013. These trends indicate that the average survival time of dementia is lengthening. Continued observation of these time trends is warranted given the short study period.