Utilization of the remote monitoring of cardiac implantable electronic devices in a diverse demographic cohort: Insights from a single-center observation.

BACKGROUND: Despite its clinical benefits, patient compliance to remote monitoring (RM) of cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) varies and remains under-studied in diverse populations. OBJECTIVE: We sought to evaluate RM compliance, clinical outcomes, and identify demographic and socioeconomic factors affecting RM in a diverse urban population in New York. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included patients enrolled in CIED RM at Montefiore Medical Center between December 2017 and May 2022. RM compliance was defined as the percentage of days compliant to RM transmission divided by the total prescribed days of RM. Patients were censored when they were lost to follow-up or at the time of death. The cohorts were categorized into low (≤30%), intermediate (31-69%), and high (≥70%) RM compliance groups. Statistical analyses were conducted accordingly. RESULTS: Among 853 patients, median RM compliance was 55%. Age inversely affected compliance (p < .001), and high compliance was associated with guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) usage and implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)/cardiac resynchronization defibrillator (CRTD) devices. The low-compliance group had a higher mortality rate and fewer regular clinic visits (p < .001) than high-compliance group. Socioeconomic factors did not significantly impact compliance, while Asians showed higher compliance compared with Whites (OR 3.67; 95% CI 1.08-12.43; p = .04). Technical issues were the main reason for non-compliance. CONCLUSION: We observed suboptimal compliance to RM, which occurred most frequently in older patients. Clinic visit compliance, optimal medical therapy, and lower mortality were associated with higher compliance, whereas insufficient understanding of RM usage was the chief barrier to compliance.

Putative protective effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors on atrial fibrillation through risk factor modulation and off-target actions: potential mechanisms and future directions.

Atrial fibrillation, the most common cardiac arrhythmia, results in substantial morbidity and mortality related to its increased risks of stroke, heart failure, and impaired cognitive function. The incidence and prevalence of atrial fibrillation in the general population is rising, making atrial fibrillation treatment and management of its risk factors highly relevant clinical targets. One well-studied risk factor for the development of atrial fibrillation is diabetes mellitus. Inhibitors of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), common medications used to treat diabetes mellitus, have been observed to decrease the incidence of atrial fibrillation. This review discusses the SGLT2 and its role in glucose homeostasis, molecules inhibiting the transporter, possible physiological mechanisms responsible for the decreased incident atrial fibrillation in patients treated with SGLT2 inhibitors and proposes mechanistic studies to further our understanding of the biological processes involved.

Inpatient cardiac monitoring using a patch-based mobile cardiac telemetry system during the COVID-19 pandemic.

INTRODUCTION: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a worldwide pandemic, and cardiovascular complications and arrhythmias in these patients are common. Cardiac monitoring is recommended for at risk patients; however, the availability of telemetry capable hospital beds is limited. We sought to evaluate a patch-based mobile telemetry system for inpatient cardiac monitoring during the pandemic. METHODS: A prospective cohort study was performed of inpatients hospitalized during the pandemic who had mobile telemetry devices placed; patients were studied up until the time of discharge or death. The primary outcome was a composite of management changes based on data obtained from the system and detection of new arrhythmias. Other clinical outcomes and performance characteristics of the mobile telemetry system were studied. RESULTS: Eighty-two patients underwent mobile telemetry device placement, of which 31 (37.8%) met the primary outcome, which consisted of 24 (29.3%) with new arrhythmias detected and 18 (22.2%) with management changes. Twenty-one patients (25.6%) died during the study, but none from primary arrhythmias. In analyses, age and heart failure were associated with the primary outcome. Monitoring occurred for an average of 5.3 ± 3.4 days, with 432 total patient-days of monitoring performed; of these, QT-interval measurements were feasible in 400 (92.6%). CONCLUSION: A mobile telemetry system was successfully implemented for inpatient use during the COVID-19 pandemic and was shown to be useful to inform patient management, detect occult arrhythmias, and monitor the QT-interval. Patients with advanced age and structural heart disease may be more likely to benefit from this system.

Early repolarization pattern in an ethnically diverse population: Increased risk in Hispanics.

BACKGROUND: Early repolarization (ER) pattern on ECG is associated with an increased mortality in Caucasians. This study analyzed the association between ER pattern and all-cause mortality in a population of multiple ethnicities. METHODS: A total of 20 000 individuals were randomly selected and their ECGs were analyzed for ER pattern using the 2015 consensus: end-QRS notching or slurring with a J-point (Jp) ≥0.1 mV in contiguous inferior or lateral leads. Exclusion criteria were age <18, QRS duration of ≥120 ms, and acute myocardial infarction. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were used to assess crude survival, and multivariable logistic regression models were used to determine predictors of all-cause mortality. RESULTS: A total of 17 901 patients with a mean age of 53 met inclusion criteria. Individuals were 62% female, 14% White, 37% Black, 40% Hispanic, and 9% other. Median follow-up time was 6.4 years. ER pattern was noted in 995 (5.6%) patients. Jp ≥2 mm was noted in 282 (1.6%) patients. In those with ER pattern and Jp ≥1 mm, there was no difference in mortality when compared to individuals without Jp elevation (odds ratio [OR]: 0.962, 95% confidence of interval [CI]: 0.819-1.131). Patients with Jp ≥2 mm had a significantly increased all-cause mortality (OR: 1.333, 95% CI: 1.009-1.742). This increased mortality was also significant in Hispanic patients with Jp ≥2 mm (OR: 1.584, 95% CI: 1.003-2.502). CONCLUSION: ER pattern with Jp ≥2 mm is associated with increased mortality in a multiethnic population, apparently driven by an increased risk in Hispanics.

Prevalence and association of the Wellens' sign with coronary artery disease in an ethnically diverse urban population.

BACKGROUND: Wellens' sign is considered to be an ominous sign indicative of underlying significant proximal left anterior descending artery stenosis. We sought to identify the prevalence of the Wellens' pattern in a large ethnically diverse urban population and assess its association with the presence and extent of coronary artery disease. METHODS: We utilized the MUSE ECG database of Montefiore Medical Center, an academic tertiary health care system, to identify ECGs from 2012 to 2019 exhibiting a Wellens' pattern. From a dataset of 1.76 million tracings, six screening diagnosis codes were selected to approximate the Wellens' pattern. These codes were used to generate a cohort of ECGs for manual review by a board certified cardiologist to determine if a Wellens' pattern was present. RESULTS: Of 1,756,742 ECGs performed on 433,218 patients from 2012 to 2019; after initial screening 2186 ECGs were identified for manual review. Of these, 448 (0.1%) patients were confirmed to have a Wellens' pattern. 229 patients underwent cardiac catheterization, while 219 patients were managed medically. No statistical difference was seen in the occurrence of Wellens' Type A and B pattern across the ethnic groups after multivariate analysis. Women were more likely to have Type B Wellens' compared to men (OR 2.40 (1.58, 3.62) P < 0.0001). 80 (35%) patients had single vessel LAD disease of which 22 (10%) had proximal, 40 (17%) had mid, 4 (1%) had distal stenosis, while diffuse LAD disease was seen in 14 (6%) patients. Two vessel disease was seen in 46 (20%) patients with a Wellens' pattern, and triple vessel disease was seen in 23 (10%) patients. Of note, 71 (31%) patients had either normal or nonobstructive coronary disease despite exhibiting a Wellens' pattern ECG. CONCLUSION: Wellens' sign is a rare electrocardiographic pattern which when seen in a patient with an appropriate clinical presentation, suggests but is not definitive for the presence of significant coronary disease, often but not exclusively in an LAD distribution. We found no statistical difference in the occurrence of Wellens' sign among different racial/ethnic groups. Patients with a Wellens' pattern may have critical lesions at a variety of LAD sites as well as in multiple vessels. As such, the interventionalist needs to be prepared for these uncertainties at the time of cardiac catheterization.

Use of antimicrobial agent pocket irrigation for cardiovascular implantable electronic device infection prophylaxis: Results from an international survey.

PURPOSE: Survey the usage and application protocol of antimicrobial agent pocket irrigation for cardiovascular implantable electronic device (CIED) infection prophylaxis. BACKGROUND: Local antibiotic usage for CIED infection prophylaxis, in particular pocket irrigation, is a well-known strategy but with little data on its clinical effectiveness. METHODS: An anonymous voluntary online survey was sent to a total of 2,092 arrhythmia-oriented cardiologists in 51 countries (1,490 from the United States). RESULTS: There were 487 responses (response rate 23.3%: U.S. 28.2%, outside of the U.S. 11.1%). Eighty-seven percent of respondents use intraoperative antimicrobial agent pocket irrigation and/or an antimicrobial eluting pouch to reduce CIED infection. Fifty-four percent of respondents believe that it is effective to use an antimicrobial agent pocket irrigation to reduce CIED infection; 33% of respondents are uncertain; a few consider this strategy ineffective (13%) or offered no opinion. Significant differences exist in the practice patterns and beliefs between the U.S. and non-U.S. countries (P < 0.05). Ninety-eight percent of respondents report using the same pocket irrigation protocol for permanent pacemaker versus implantable cardioverter defibrillator. Bacitracin (48%), vancomycin (39%), and a cephalosporin (29%) are the most commonly chosen antibiotics. A majority of the respondents are unaware of the cost of using antimicrobial agent pocket irrigation (69%) and neither are they concerned (67%). CONCLUSION: This international survey suggests that, while there are little clinical data to support or discourage such practice, the usage of antimicrobial agent pocket irrigation for CIED infection prophylaxis is widely used in current practice.

Clinical Impact of Heparin Kinetics During Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation: Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression.

INTRODUCTION: Appropriate activated clotting time (ACT) during catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation (CA-AF) is essential to minimize periprocedural complications. METHODS AND RESULTS: An electronic search was performed using major databases. Outcomes were thromboembolic (TE) and bleeding complications according to ACT levels (seconds). Heparin dose (U/kg) and time (minutes) to achieve the target ACT was compared among patients receiving vitamin K antagonist (VKA) versus non-VKA oral anticoagulants (NOAC). Nineteen studies involving 7,150 patients were identified. Patients with ACT > 300 had less TE (OR, 0.51; 95% CI 0.35-0.74) and bleeding (OR, 0.70; 95% CI 0.60-0.83) compared to ACT < 300, when using any type of oral anticoagulation. The use of VKA was associated with reduced heparin requirements (mean dose: 157 U/kg vs. 209 U/kg, P < 0.03; SDM -0.86 [95% CI -1.39 to -0.33]), and with lower time to achieve the target ACT (mean time: 24 minutes vs. 49 minutes, P < 0.03; SDM -11.02 [95% CI -13.29 to -8.75]) compared to NOACs. No significant publication bias was found. CONCLUSIONS: Performing CA-AF with a target ACT > 300 decreases the risk of TE without increasing the risk of bleeding. Patients receiving VKAs required less heparin and reached the target ACT faster compared to NOACs.

The Prognostic Value of Early Repolarization with ST-Segment Elevation by Age and Gender in the Hispanic Population.

BACKGROUND: Early repolarization (ER), once thought to be a benign finding on electrocardiograph (ECG), has recently been associated with an increased risk of sudden cardiac death. As there are limited data in the Hispanic population, we investigated possible associations between automated ECG ER readings and overall mortality, using the classic definition involving J-point elevation with ST segment elevation. METHODS: An ECG and electronic medical record (EMR) database from a regional medical center was interrogated. Inclusion criteria included Hispanic ethnicity and age over 18 from 2000 to 2011. A Cox model assessed the outcome of death. Varying morphological characteristics of ER were analyzed for high-risk features. RESULTS: There were n = 33,944 Hispanics of who n = 532 (1.6%) had ER with a mean follow-up period of 5.29 years. After adjustment for demographic, clinical, lifestyle, and laboratory variables, ER was not significantly related to all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.18, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.90-1.54, P = 0.23). However, mortality risk of ER varied by gender and age (P interaction = 0.007). The risk of ER for mortality was highest for females (HR: 2.01, CI: 1.39-3.10, P = 0.001), with the highest overall risk for women over the age of 75 (HR: 2.09, CI: 1.12-3.92, P = 0.021) compared to women under age 75 (HR: 1.72, CI: 0.95-3.11, P = 0.075). CONCLUSIONS: ER is not associated with an increased risk of death in the overall Hispanic population. However, our analysis suggests a higher risk of overall mortality in the elderly Hispanic female population with ER.

Validation of PR interval length as a criterion for development of atrial fibrillation in non-Hispanic whites, African Americans and Hispanics.

BACKGROUND: PR interval prolongation on electrocardiogram (ECG) increases the risk of atrial fibrillation (AF). Non-Hispanic Whites are at higher risk of AF compared to African Americans and Hispanics. However, it remains unknown if prolongation of the PR interval for the development of AF varies by race/ethnicity. Therefore, we determined whether race affects the PR interval length's ability to predict AF and if the commonly used criterion of 200 ms in AF prediction models can continue to be used for non-White cohorts. METHODS: This is a retrospective epidemiological study of consecutive inpatient and outpatients. An ECG database was initially interrogated. Patients were included if their initial ECG demonstrated sinus rhythm and had two or more electrocardiograms and declared a race and/or ethnicity as non-Hispanic White, African American or Hispanic. Development of AF was stratified by race/ethnicity along varying PR intervals. Cox models controlled for age, gender, race/ethnicity, systolic blood pressure, BMI, QRS, QTc, heart rate, murmur, treatment for hypertension, heart failure and use of AV nodal blocking agents to assess PR interval's predictive ability for development of AF. RESULTS: 50,870 patients met inclusion criteria of which 5,199 developed AF over 3.72 mean years of follow-up. When the PR interval was separated by quantile, prolongation of the PR interval to predict AF first became significant in Hispanic and African Americans at the 92.5th quantile of 196-201 ms (HR: 1.42, 95% CI: 1.09-1.86, p=0.01; HR: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.07-1.64, p=0.01, respectively) then in non-Hispanic Whites at the 95th quantile at 203-212 ms (HR: 1.24, 95% CI: 1.24-1.53, p=0.04). For those with a PR interval above 200 ms, African Americans had a lower risk than non-Hispanic Whites to develop AF (HR: 0.80, 95% CI: 0.64-0.95, p=0.012), however, no significant difference was demonstrated in Hispanics. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to validate a PR interval value of 200 ms as a criterion in African Americans and Hispanics for the development of AF. However, a value of 200 ms may be less sensitive as a predictive measure for the development of AF in African Americans compared to non-Hispanic Whites.

Atrial Tachycardia Masquerading as Atrial Fibrillation Following Bi-Atrial MAZE Procedure.

A 34-year-old woman presented with palpitations and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF). Workup revealed anterior mitral valve prolapse with severe mitral regurgitation. She was referred for surgical repair and underwent a mitral valve replacement, tricuspid valve repair, and bi-atrial cryoMAZE procedure with left atrial appendage ligation. Her postoperative course was complicated by inferior wall myocardial infarction. She subsequently presented with palpitations and underwent electrophysiology study and ablation. This case illustrates pitfalls associated with the surgical MAZE procedure and highlights the challenges in postoperative atrial arrhythmias diagnosis and management.

Accidental Conduction System Pacing in Patient with Displaced Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Leads.

A 69-year-old woman with a history of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction presented for device interrogation of her cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED), revealing lead and pulse generator displacement. Surprisingly, she exhibited a narrow QRS on the ECG despite an underlying right bundle branch block, suggesting unintentional conduction system pacing (CSP). Traditional cardiac resynchronization therapy has been widely used for patients with heart failure, but alternatives like CSP are emerging as viable options. Given the global rise in CIED utilization, regular follow-up, device troubleshooting, and embracing remote monitoring are essential to manage and optimize patient outcomes.

Premature ventricular complexes: Assessing burden density in a large national cohort to better define optimal ECG monitoring duration.

BACKGROUND: Premature ventricular contraction (PVC) burden is a risk factor for heart failure and cardiovascular death in patients with structural heart disease. Long-term electrocardiographic monitoring can have a significant impact on PVC burden evaluation by further defining PVC distribution patterns. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to ascertain the optimal duration of electrocardiographic monitoring to characterize PVC burden and to understand clinical characteristics associated with frequent PVCs and nonsustained ventricular tachycardia in a large US cohort. METHODS: Commercial data (iRhythm's Zio patch) from June 2011 to April 2022 were analyzed. Inclusion criteria were age >18 years, PVC burden ≥5%, and wear period ≥13 days. PVC burden cutoffs were determined on the basis of AHA/ACC/HRS guidelines for very frequent PVCs (10,000-20,000 during 24 hours). Patients were assigned to categories by PVC densities: low, <10%; moderate, 10% to <20%; and high, ≥20%. Mean measured error was assessed at baseline and daily until the wear period's end for overall PVC burden and different PVC densities. RESULTS: Analysis of 106,705 patch monitors revealed a study population with mean age of 70.6 ± 14.6 years (33.6% female). PVC burden was higher in male patients and those >65 years of age. PVC burden mean error decreased from 2.9% at 24 hours to 1.3% at 7 days and 0.7% at 10 days. Number of ventricular tachycardia episodes per patient increased with increasing PVC burden (P < .0001). CONCLUSION: Extending ambulatory monitoring beyond 24 hours to 7 days or more improves accuracy of assessing PVC burden. Ventricular tachycardia frequency and duration vary by initial PVC density, highlighting the need for prolonged cardiac monitoring.

Predictors of Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation in Patients With a Cryptogenic Stroke: Selecting Patients for Long-Term Rhythm Monitoring.

BACKGROUND: After a cryptogenic stroke, patients will often require prolonged cardiac monitoring; however, the subset of patients who would benefit from long-term rhythm monitoring is not clearly defined. OBJECTIVE: Using significant predictors of AF using age, sex, comorbidities, baseline 12-lead electrocardiogram, short term rhythm monitoring and echocardiogram data, we created a risk score and compared it to previously published risk scores. METHODS: Patients admitted to Montefiore Medical Center between May 2017 and June 2022 with a primary diagnosis of cryptogenic stroke or TIA who underwent long-term rhythm monitoring with an implantable cardiac monitor were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: Variables positively associated with a diagnosis of clinically significant atrial fibrillation include age (p < 0.001), race (p = 0.022), diabetes status (p = 0.026), and COPD status (p = 0.012), the presence of atrial runs (p = 0.003), the number of atrial runs per 24 hours (p < 0.001), the total number of atrial run beats per 24 hours (p < 0.001) and the number of beats in the longest atrial run (p < 0.001), LA enlargement (p = 0.007) and at least mild mitral regurgitation (p = 0.009). We created a risk stratification score for our population, termed the "ACL score." The ACL score demonstrated superiority to the CHA2DS2-VASc score and comparability to the C2HEST score for predicting device-detected AF. CONCLUSION: The ACL score enables clinicians to better predict which patients are more likely to be diagnosed with device-detected AF after a cryptogenic stroke.

Low Utility of Short-Term Rhythm Assessment Before Long-Term Rhythm Monitoring in Patients With Cryptogenic Stroke.

Implantable cardiac monitors are routinely placed for long-term monitoring (LTM) after a period of negative short-term monitoring (STM) to increase atrial fibrillation (AF) detection after a cryptogenic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA). Optimizing AF monitoring after a cryptogenic stroke is critical to improve outcomes and reduce costs. We sought to compare the diagnostic yield of STM versus LTM, assess the impact of routine STM on hospitalization length of stay, and perform a financial analysis comparing the current model to a theoretical model wherein patients can proceed directly to LTM. Our retrospective observational cohort study analyzed patients admitted to Montefiore Medical Center between May 2017 and June 2022 with a primary diagnosis of cryptogenic stroke or TIA who underwent Holter device monitoring. Of 396 subjects, STM detected AF in 10 (2.5%) compared with a diagnostic yield of 14.6% for LTM (median time to diagnosis of 76 days). Of the 386 patients with negative STM, 130 (33.7%) received an implantable cardiac monitor while an inpatient, and 256 (66.3%) did not. We calculated a point estimate of 1.67 days delay of discharge attributable to the requirement for STM to precede LTM. Our model showed that the expected cost per patient in the STM-first paradigm is $28,615.33 versus $27,111.24 in the LTM-or-STM paradigm. Considering the relatively lower diagnostic yield of STM and its association with a longer length of stay and higher costs, it may be reasonable to proceed directly to LTM to optimize AF detection after a cryptogenic stroke or TIA.

Characteristics of ventricular tachycardia arising from the inflow region of the right ventricle.

INTRODUCTION: Ventricular tachycardia (VT) arising from the right ventricular inflow (RVI) region is uncommon. There is minimal literature on the clinical and electrocardiographic characteristics of RVI VT. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of patients with RVI VT who underwent electrophysiology study between 2006 and 2011 was performed. Patients with structural heart disease (including arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia) were excluded. RESULTS: Seventy patients underwent an electrophysiology study for VT arising from the right ventricle during the study period. Nine patients (13%) met the inclusion criteria for RVI VT and were the subject of this analysis. The median age was 46 years (range, 14-71), and VT cycle length was 295 milliseconds (range, 279-400 milliseconds). All VTs had an left bundle-branch block morphology. An inferiorly directed QRS axis was noted in 7 (78%) of 9 patients and a left superior axis in 2 (22%) of 9 patients. A QS or rS pattern was noted in all patients in aVR and V(1). A transition from S to R wave occurred in V(3) to V(5) in all patients, with 78% of the patients transitioning in V(4) or V(5). Ablation was attempted in 8 (89%) of 9 patients and was successful in 6 (67%) of 9 patients. Ablation was limited in all unsuccessful patients due to the proximity to the His and risk of complete heart block. CONCLUSIONS: Electrocardiographic findings of a left bundle-branch block with a normal QRS axis, QS or rS patterns in aVR and V(1), and late S to R transition (V(4)/V(5)) are commonly found in RVI VT. Because of the proximity to the His, ablation of RVI VT may be more challenging than that of right ventricular outflow tract VT.

Arrhythmia patterns during and after hospitalization for COVID-19 infection detected via patch-based mobile cardiac telemetry.

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus infection is the cause of the current world-wide pandemic. Cardiovascular complications occur in 20-30% of patients with COVID-19 infection including myocardial injury and arrhythmias. Current understanding of specific arrhythmia type and frequency is limited. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to analyze arrhythmia type and frequency in patients with COVID infection, identifying arrhythmia patterns over time during hospitalization and post discharge utilizing a patch based mobile cardiac telemetry system. METHODS: A prospective cohort study during the COVID-19 pandemic was performed. We included in our study patients hospitalized with COVID-19 infection who had a patch-based mobile telemetry device placed for cardiac monitoring. RESULTS: Quantitative reports for 59 patients were available for analysis. Arrhythmias were detected in 72.9% of patients and at a consistent frequency throughout the monitoring period in 52.9%-89.5% of patients daily. The majority of arrhythmias were SVT (59.3% of patients) and AF (22.0%). New onset AF was noted in 15.0% of all patients and was significantly associated with older age (OR 1.4 for 5 yrs. difference; 95% CI 1.03-2.13). Of 9 patients who were discharged with continued patch monitoring, 7 (78%) had arrhythmic events during their outpatient monitoring period. CONCLUSION: In COVID-19 patients arrhythmias were observed throughout hospitalization with a consistent daily frequency. Patients continued to exhibit cardiac arrhythmias after hospital discharge of a type and frequency similar to that seen during hospitalization. These findings suggest that the risk of arrhythmia associated with COVID infection remains elevated throughout the hospital course as well as following hospital discharge.

A Head-to Head Comparison of Machine Learning Algorithms for Identification of Implanted Cardiac Devices.

Application of artificial intelligence techniques in medicine has rapidly expanded in recent years. Two algorithms for identification of cardiac implantable electronic devices using chest radiography were recently developed: The PacemakerID algorithm, available as a mobile phone application (PIDa) and a web platform (PIDw) and The Pacemaker Identification with Neural Networks (PPMnn), available via web platform. In this study, we assessed the relative accuracy of these algorithms. The machine learning algorithms (PIDa, PIDw, PPMnn) were used to predict device manufacturer using chest X-rays for patients with implanted devices. Each prediction was considered correct if predicted certainty was >75%. For comparative purposes, accuracy of each prediction was compared to the result using the CARDIA-X algorithm. 500 X-rays were included from a convenience sample. Raw accuracy was PIDa 89%, PIDw 73%, PPMnn 71% and CARDIA-X 85%. In conclusion, machine learning algorithms for identification of cardiac devices are accurate at determining device manufacturer, have capacity for improved accuracy with additional training sets and can utilize simple user interfaces. These algorithms have clinical utility in limiting potential infectious exposures and facilitate rapid identification of devices as needed for device reprogramming.

Tumescent local anesthesia versus general anesthesia for subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implantation.

BACKGROUND: Subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (S-ICD) is an effective alternative to transvenous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. General anesthesia (GA) is considered the standard sedation approach because of the pain caused by the manipulation of subcutaneous tissue with S-ICD implantation. However, GA carries several limitations, including additional risk of adverse events, prolonged in-room times, and increased costs. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to define the effectiveness and safety of tumescent local anesthesia (TLA) in comparison to GA in patients undergoing S-ICD implantation. METHODS: We performed a prospective, nonrandomized, controlled, multicenter study of patients referred for S-ICD implantation between 2019 and 2020. Patients were allocated to either TLA or GA on the basis of patient's preferences and/or anesthesia service availability. TLA was prepared using lidocaine, epinephrine, sodium bicarbonate, and sodium chloride. All patients provided written informed consent, and the institutional review board at each site provided approval for the study. RESULTS: Sixty patients underwent successful S-ICD implantation from July 2019 to November 2020. Thirty patients (50%) received TLA, and the rest GA. There were no differences between groups with regard to baseline characteristics. In-room and procedural times were significantly shorter with TLA (107.6 minutes vs 186 minutes; P < .0001 and 53.2 minutes vs 153.7 minutes; P < .0001, respectively). Pain was reported less frequently by patients who received TLA. The use of opioids was significantly reduced in patients who received TLA (23% vs 62%; P = .002). CONCLUSION: TLA is an effective and safe alternative to GA in S-ICD implantation. The use of TLA is associated with shorter in-room and procedural times, less postprocedural pain, and reduced usage of opioids and acetaminophen for analgesia.

Determining the optimal duration for premature ventricular contraction monitoring.

BACKGROUND: Premature ventricular contractions (VPC) have hour-to-hour and day-to-day variation. High VPC burden correlates with cardiomyopathy. OBJECTIVE: To determine the optimal duration for ambulatory electrocardiogram monitoring for accurate assessment of VPC burden. METHODS: Our group performed a retrospective analysis on patch monitors used for any indication with overall VPC burden ≥5.0% between February 1, 2016, and February 1, 2020. We generated cumulative daily VPC averages for each day of wear and performed linear regression analysis between each cumulative daily average and overall burden. Patients were divided into groups based on low or high VPC frequency, and the analysis was repeated. Split-sample validation was used to internally validate the overall prediction model. RESULTS: A total of 116 patches representing 107 patients (mean age: 64.5; female: 48%) were analyzed. Mean overall VPC burden was 13.4% ± 7.5% (range: 5.0%-42.0%). Day 1 R2 was 60%, P < .001, and continued to increase to R2 88%, P < .001 at day 14. Median percent and absolute error decreased from 22.70% (interquartile range [IQR]: 9.73-34.39) and 2.58% (IQR: 1.24-4.59) at day 1 to 5.62% (IQR: 2.82-8.39) and 0.55% (IQR: 0.28-1.05) at day 14. Patients with higher overall VPC frequencies achieved a more rapid rise in R2 relative to those with lower frequencies. Split-sample validation supported the internal validity of our linear regression prediction model. CONCLUSION: Mobile telemetry for a period of ∼7 days accurately reflects overall VPC burden. Measurement of VPC burden for only 24-48 hours may not accurately reflect total burden. Monitoring for 2 weeks or longer adds little additional VPC information.