[Problems of ethyl glucuronide use in ethanol consumption diagnosis]. / Problemy ispol'zovaniya etilglyukuronida v diagnostike upotrebleniya etanola.

Quantitative determination of ethyl glucuronide (EtG) in different biological objects in recent years has been positioned as one of the most reliable biomarkers of unconditional alcohol consumption. The aim of the study is to summarize the analytical methods of alcohol consumption testing with the use of EtG currently available in domestic and foreign literature and to present a schematic overview of possible errors in reproducibility and interpretation of research on EtG results, which may limit their use in forensic medical practice. The main objective is to increase the reliability and validity of EtG as a marker of ethanol consumption.

[Determination of the corpse's stay in the water duration according to maceration degree of its skin]. / Opredelenie dlitel'nosti prebyvaniya trupa v vode po stepeni vyrazhennosti matseratsii ego kozhnogo pokrova.

A serious problem during the postmortem examination of a corpse extracted from the water can be a significant determination of its stay in the water duration. First of all, the signs indicating the presence of a corpse in the water include maceration, according to the severity of which forensic experts often determine how long the corpse stayed in the water. The aim of the study is to summarize the available literature data and propose ways to objectify the determination of a corpse's stay in water duration by the severity of skin maceration. In this article, based on the analysis of literature, the process of skin maceration is described, as well as the timing and speed of its development according to various authors. The presence of quite a large number of external and internal factors affecting the process of skin maceration and the subjectivity of its severity assessment is indicated. This article provides examples of the biophysical methods usage for the study of biological objects in forensic medical examination, allowing to objectively record changes in the researcher's parameter of interest. The use of skin impedancemetry to objectify the severity of skin maceration.

[Current view on stab/cut injuries]. / Sovremennoe sostoyanie voprosa koloto-rezanykh povrezhdenii.

Currently, mechanical trauma is the most significant cause of violent death. The injuries caused by sharp objects rank high in the structure of mechanical trauma. The study objective is to review domestic and foreign literature on the study of stab/cut injuries, identify the main issues and consider new promising diagnostic methods. The stab/cut wound morphology is widely described in the available literature, but little attention has been paid to their study of late postmortem changes. This issue requires consideration since putrefactive corpses (hidden by placing the corpse in water, burying it in the ground, etc.) are often the object of forensic medical examination. New methods for assessing stab/cut injuries are also considered: computed tomography, multilayer computed tomography, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. Each of the diagnostic methods has its undeniable advantages and prospects for widespread use in expert practice, but they cannot completely replace the main methods and are intended only to supplement them.

[Analytical and synthesizing part of the forensic expert panel conclusion: a case study of professional violation of healthcare professionals]. / Analitiko-sinteziruyushchaya chast' zaklyucheniya sudebno-meditsinskoi ekspertnoi komissii na primere del o professional'nykh pravonarusheniyakh meditsinskikh rabotnikov.

The objective of the study is to develop scientific criteria for the analytical and synthesizing part of the expert report on 'medical cases.' We studied 15 conclusions of expert panels. The following research methods were used: logical and analytical, logical and synthetic (generalization), comparative, systemic and analytical (analysis of relations between facts). For the first time, a new algorithm for the analytical and synthesizing part of the expert report was proposed; and also ways to improve the quality of forensic reports for all types of expert examinations, including those involving non-state forensic experts, were described. These improvements make the results of expert examinations and reviews more convenient and objective. They are intended for non-state forensic experts, attorneys who use them, and state forensic experts, including during the training and professional development.

[Estimation of time since death with the postmortem microbiome: a modern view and approaches to solving the problem]. / Opredelenie davnosti nastupleniya smerti s pomoshch'yu posmertnogo mikrobioma: sovremennyi vzglyad i podkhody k resheniyu problemy.

The aim of the review is to summarize and update the data of modern studies devoted to determining the post-mortem interval (PMI) with the use of microorganisms, as well as disclosing prospects for further study in the presented direction. Estimating the time elapsed since death based on the postmortem microbiome has great potential for accurate determination of PMI, but all methods currently used have their limitations. The dynamics of changes in microbial communities due to the influence of many external and internal factors significantly complicates the process of interpreting the results. The change of microbial communities in the human corpse has shown promising results for the assessment of PMI, but to date there is no evidence of the repeatability of such a continuity in various geographic and ecological conditions. The question of conducting new, large-scale studies, taking in all the factors that could affect the posthumous microbiome, is becoming urgent.

[Current views on methods of determining the age of injuries in the practice of the forensic expert]. / Sovremennyi vzglyad na metody opredeleniya davnosti povrezhdenii v praktike sudebno-meditsinskogo eksperta.

The review objective is to summarize the current data on new methods development for detection and determination of the age of injuries (AI) and to analyze the prospects of their use in the practice of forensic medical experts. The injury healing processes in various human body tissues are described in detail, and data on biomarkers of healing and their role are provided. Three main diagnostic methods for AI were analyzed: immunohistochemical, molecular biological study, and biophysical objectivization. Their advantages and disadvantages, as well as ways of further improvement of these methods, are considered.

[Diagnostics of the presence of once of death and peculiarities of performance of the forensic medical examination in post-mortal facial condition]. / Diagnostika davnosti nastupleniya smerti i osobennosti provedeniya sudebno-meditsinskoi ekspertizy pri posmertnom oledenenii trupa.

The purpose of the research is to summarize the current information about post-mortem interval (PMI) estimating and the peculiarities of the forensic medical examination in postmortem glaciation of the corpse. On the territory of most regions of the Russian Federation, the autumn-winter period passes with a significant decrease in ambient temperature, which makes this topic relevant. The article describes in detail the mechanisms of freezing of human cells and tissues, methods for diagnosing PMI, the peculiarities of the examination in postmortem glaciation, and also put forward directions for further research.

Measurement of the biphoton second-order correlation function with analog detectors.

An experimental scheme and data processing approaches are proposed for measuring by analog photo detectors the normalized second-order correlation function of the biphoton field generated under spontaneous parametric down-conversion. Obtained results are especially important for quantum SPDC-based technologies in the long-wave spectral ranges, where it is difficult to use the single-photon detector at least in one of the two biphoton channels. The methods of discrimination of analog detection samples are developed to eliminate the negative influence of the detection noises and get quantitatively true values of both the correlation function and the detector quantum efficiency. The methods are demonstrated depending on whether two single-photon avalanche photo detectors are used in both SPDC channels, or at least one single-photon detector is replaced by a photo-multiplier tube which cannot operate in the photon counting mode.

[Forensic aspects of sudden autopsy-negative cardiac death]. / Sudebno-meditsinskie aspekty vnezapnoi autopsiya-otritsatel'noi serdechnoi smerti.

The review of the world literature on the most common causes, mechanism of development and diagnostic signs of sudden autopsy-negative cardiac death is presented. Two groups of reasons for the development of this pathology were identified - traumatic and non-traumatic. The traumatic group includes the cardio-inhibitory reflex and the trigemino-cardiac reflex. The non-traumatic group included prolonged Q-T interval syndrome, Brugada syndrome, catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. The importance of postmortem molecular genetic research in cases of sudden cardiac death in order to prevent the deaths in the victim's relatives is noted. The criteria for the diagnosis of reflex cardiac arrest are indicated.

[Personality factors' influence (gender, age, death category) on indicators of biophysical objectification of intra-vital injuries of a putrefactive corpse]. / Vliyanie faktorov individual'nosti (pol, vozrast, kategoriya smerti) na pokazateli biofizicheskoi ob"ektivizatsii prizhiznennykh povrezhdenii gnilostno izmenennogo trupa.

OBJECTIVE: Determination of the personality factors influence (gender, age, death category) on the numerical indicators of electrical characteristics during biophysical objectification of soft tissue injuries in a putrefactive corpse. The study was carried out based on Bureau of Forensic Medicine of the Bashkortostan Republic. The instrumental method examined 177 putrefactive corpses; 78 are female and 99 are male. Measurement of electrical characteristics (electrical capacity, electrical resistance) was carried out by an invasive method using a submersible sensor. It was established a significant effect of a person's age, gender and death category on the results of instrumental measurements. These individual characteristics can be recognized as factors that determine the electrical resistance and electrical capacity of biological tissues.

Direct detection of the idler THz radiation generated by spontaneous parametric down-conversion.

We study parametric down-conversion (PDC) of optical laser radiation in the strongly frequency non-degenerate regime which is promising for the generation of quantum-correlated pairs of extremely different spectral ranges, the optical and the terahertz (THz) ones. The possibility to detect tenuous THz-frequency photon fluxes generated under low-gain spontaneous PDC is demonstrated using a hot electron bolometer. Then experimental dependences of the THz radiation power on the detection angle and on the pump intensity are analyzed.

[Vascular stents: Approaches used to increase their clinical efficacy]. / Stenty sosudov: podkhody, ispol'zuemye dlia povysheniia ikh klinicheskoi éffektivnosti.

Using stents for endovascular restoration of blood flow made a revolution in vascular surgery, however, despite numerous variants of stents presented on the pharmacological market, there are no stents which would completely solve the problem of restenosis in the area of stent placement. In order to decrease growth of the neointima of the stented portions of vessels, stents coated with cytostatic and cytotoxic agents were worked out. To optimize the rate of drug release it was suggested to apply them in a mixture with biodegradable or biostable polymers. Placement of drug-eluting stents in a combination with dual antiplatelet therapy made it possible to decrease frequency of restenosis and reocclusion of the restored vascular lumen in patients, however it did not solve the problem of the development of thromboses and neointimal hyperplasia in the remote postoperative period. The article provides an overview of various modifications of vascular stents, clinical studies of stents of various manufacturers, as well as modern developments in manufacturing polymer/drug coatings and methods of applying them onto the stent. This is followed by analyzing the contribution of coatings to clinical efficacy of stents and prospects of increasing efficacy of vascular stents.

Pharmacokinetic Properties of a New Glutamic Acid Derivative Glutaron.

Inhomogenous distribution of glutaron in organs and tissues was found after intravenous and peroral administration: the agent demonstrated high affinity to organs with high degree of vascularization (lungs and heart) and elimination (kidney). Glutaron easily penetrates through the blood-brain barrier, which is consistent with its concentration in the adipose tissue.

[ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE BIOAVAILABILITY OF GLUTARON--A NEW DERIVATIVE OF GLUTAMIC ACID].

The pharmacokinetics of studies of 3-phenylglutamic acid hydrochloride (glutaron) has been studied in rats. The main pharmacokinetic parameters show low values of the half-life (T1/2 = 3.75 h), mean retention time in the body (MRT = 5.77 h). The medium rate of drug concentration decrease in the blood plasma leads to a low value of the area under pharmacokinetic curve (AUC = 41.18 mg · h/mL). The general volume of distribution (Vd = 3.42 L/kg) is 3.5 times greater than the volume of extracellular fluid in the rat body. These data indicate a high ability of the glutaron to be distributed and accumulated in animal tissues. The value of absolute bioavailability is 84%, and the relative bioavailabity is 100%.

GABA derivatives citrocard and salifen reduce the intensity of experimental gestosis.

Substitution of drinking water with 1.8 % NaCl solution in pregnant female rats from day 1 of gestation until parturitions was followed by the development of experimental gestosis. Gestosis manifested in an increase in BP by 18.2 %, protein concentration in the urine by 6.2 times, and edema severity in muscles, brain, and omentum in comparison with the initial level. The concentration of homocysteine in blood plasma of rats with complicated pregnancy 4.4-fold surpassed that in pregnant rats without gestosis, which can probably in a cause for gestosis development. GABA derivatives citrocard (50 mg/kg) and salifen (15 mg/kg), and the reference substance sulodexide (30 U/kg) reduced the severity of gestosis manifestations, which was seen from the absence of BP rise, decrease in urinary protein concentration by 1.9, 2.0, and 1.3 times and blood level of homocysteine by 1.7, 1.5, and 2.6 times, respectively, and a decrease in edema degree in comparison with female rats with experimental gestosis receiving physiological saline.

[The absolute bioavailability of benzimidazole derivative RU-1205 in rats].

Pharmacokinetics of morpholinoethylimidazobenzimidazole derivative RU-1205 with kappa-agonist activity have been studied. The pharmacokinetic parameters were determined upon intravenous (10 mg/kg), peroral, and subcutaneous (50 mg/kg) administration. It is established that RU-1205 substance has high bioavailability (44.17 and 56.03% upon peroral and subcutaneous introduction, respectively).

[Absolute bioavailability of the adenine derivative VMA-99-82 possessing antiviral activity].

Investigation of the main pharmacokinetic parameters of adenine derivative VMA-99-82 in rats showed large values of the half-life (T1/2 = 11.03 h) and the mean retention time of drug molecules in the organism (MRT = 9.53 h). A high rate of the drug concentration decrease in the plasma determines a small value of the area under the pharmacokinetic curve (AUC = 74.96 mg h/ml). The total distribution volume (V(d) = 10.61 l/kg) is 15.8 times greater than the volume of extracellular fluid in the body of rat, which is indicative of a high ability of VMA-99-82 to be distributed and accumulated in the organs and tissues. The absolute bioavailability of VMA-99-82 is 66%.

[The role of antidiabetic drugs in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: systematic review].

Recent studies show that Alzheimer's disease (AD) has many common links with conditions associated with insulin resistance, including neuroinflammation, impaired insulin signaling, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolic syndrome. The authors conducted an electronic search for publications in the PubMed/MEDLINE and Google Scholar databases using the keywords "amyloid beta", "Alzheimer type-3-diabetes", "intranasal insulin", "metformin", "type 2 diabetes mellitus", "incretins" and "PPARy agonists¼. A systematic literature search was conducted among studies published between 2005 and 2022. The authors used the following inclusion criteria: 1) Subjects who received therapy for AD and/or DM2, if the expected result concerned the risk of cognitive decline or the development of dementia; 2) The age of the study participants is > 50 years; 3) The type of studies included in this review were randomized clinical trials, population-based observational studies or case-control studies, prospective cohort studies, as well as reviews and meta-analyses; 4) The included articles were written in English. In recent years, there has been considerable interest in identifying the mechanisms of action of antidiabetic drugs and their potential use in AD. Human studies involving patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease have shown that the administration of certain antidiabetic drugs, such as intranasal insulin, metformin, incretins and thiazolidinediones, can improve cognitive function and memory. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of antidiabetic drugs in the treatment of AD. According to the results of the study, metformin, intranasal insulin, thiazolidinediones and incretins showed a positive effect both in humans and in animal models. Recent studies show that thiazolidinediones can activate pathways in the brain that are regulated by IGF-1; however, rosiglitazone may pose a significant risk of side effects. The results of clinical studies on the use of metformin in AD are limited and contradictory.

[Isolation and purification of human blood plasma proteins able to form potassium channels in artificial bilayer lipid membrane].

Protein fraction able to induce K(+)-selective transport across bilayer lipid membrane was isolated from human blood plasma with the use of the detergent and proteolytic enzyme-free method developed at our laboratory. After addition of the studied sample to the artificial membrane in the presence of 100 mM KCl, a discrete current change was observed. No channel activity was recorded in the presence of calcium and sodium ions. Channel forming activity of fraction was observed only in the presence of K+. Using a threefold gradient of KCl in the presence of studied proteins the potassium-selective potential balanced by voltage of -29 mV was registered. This value is very close to the theoretical Nernst potential in this case. This means that the examined ion channel is cation-selective. According to data obtained with MS-MALDI-TOF/TOF and database NCBI three protein components were identified in isolated researched sample.

[Interrelation between parameters of thickness of cornea in its optical part and thickness of nerve fibre layer of amphiblestrodes in case of primary open angle glaucoma].

61 patient was checked-up (113 eyes) with the help of optical coherence tomography for the purpose of determination of the interrelation between thickness of cornea in its optical part and thickness of nerve fibre layer of amphiblestrodes in case of primary open angle glaucoma. The average age of patients was 63,9 +/- 10,4 years. Direct moderate interrelation between parameters of thickness of cornea in its central zone and thickness of nerve fibre layer of amphiblestrodes in its temporal part discus nervi optici (r=0,46 u r=0,26, p<0,05) was determined in patients with suspicion on glaucoma. Direct moderate interrelation between parameters of thickness of cornea in its central zone and thickness of nerve fibre layer of amphiblestrodes in its upper part of discus nervi optici (r=0,35 u r=0,43, p<0,05) is determined in patients with progressive glaucoma. Direct interrelation between parameters of thickness of cornea in its central zone and average thickness of nerve fibre layer of amphiblestrodes (r=0,25, p<0,05) is determined in patients with advanced glaucoma. Determined interrelation of figures proves the possibility of fast progression of glaucomic optic neuropathy in patients with progressive glaucoma.