The Management of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Acute Stress Disorder: Synopsis of the 2023 U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs and U.S. Department of Defense Clinical Practice Guideline.

DESCRIPTION: The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) and Department of Defense (DoD) worked together to revise the 2017 VA/DoD Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Acute Stress Disorder. This article summarizes the 2023 clinical practice guideline (CPG) and its development process, focusing on assessments and treatments for which evidence was sufficient to support a recommendation for or against. METHODS: Subject experts from both departments developed 12 key questions and reviewed the published literature after a systematic search using the PICOTS (population, intervention, comparator, outcomes, timing of outcomes measurement, and setting) method. The evidence was then evaluated using the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) method. Recommendations were made after consensus was reached; they were based on quality and strength of evidence and informed by other factors, including feasibility and patient perspectives. Once the draft was peer reviewed by an external group of experts and their inputs were incorporated, the final document was completed. RECOMMENDATIONS: The revised CPG includes 34 recommendations in the following 5 topic areas: assessment and diagnosis, prevention, treatment, treatment of nightmares, and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) with co-occurring conditions. Six recommendations on PTSD treatment were rated as strong. The CPG recommends use of specific manualized psychotherapies over pharmacotherapy; prolonged exposure, cognitive processing therapy, or eye movement desensitization and reprocessing psychotherapy; paroxetine, sertraline, or venlafaxine; and secure video teleconferencing to deliver recommended psychotherapy when that therapy has been validated for use with video teleconferencing or when other options are unavailable. The CPG also recommends against use of benzodiazepines, cannabis, or cannabis-derived products. Providers are encouraged to use this guideline to support evidence-based, patient-centered care and shared decision making to optimize individuals' health outcomes and quality of life.

A clinician's guide to the 2023 VA/DoD Clinical Practice Guideline for Management of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Acute Stress Disorder.

A clinical practice guideline (CPG) is a rigorously established set of recommendations based on currently available evidence about the efficacy, safety, acceptability, and feasibility of interventions to assist with clinical decision-making. The 2023 Department of Veterans Affairs /Department of Defense Clinical Practice Guideline for Management of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Acute Stress Disorder is described herein. The CPG recommendations are accompanied by a clinical algorithm, which incorporates principles of evidence-based practice, shared decision-making, and functional and contextual assessments of goals and outcomes. An overview of the CPG recommendations is combined with a discussion of questions that clinicians and patients may face in implementing the CPG and suggestions for how to effectively work with the CPG.

Compassion Meditation for Distressed Older Veterans: A Feasibility Study.

OBJECTIVES: Older Veterans are at elevated risk for psychological distress and may encounter barriers to accessing mental health services. Compassion Meditation (CM) promotes positive emotions and outcomes among distressed individuals; thus, we conducted a preliminary feasibility study of CM among distressed older Veterans. METHODS: Participants included 25 Veterans aged 55+ (M = 69.0, SD = 10.6) with anxiety and/or depressive symptoms, recruited from primary care, mostly male (76.0%), and White (60.0%). CM consisted of 10 groups, which were transitioned from in-person to telehealth due to COVID-19. Feasibility indices included rates of intervention initiation and completion, and attendance. Participants completed measures of symptom severity and well-being pre- and post-intervention. RESULTS: Of 25 enrolled participants, 88.0% (n = 22) attended at least one session, and 52% (n = 13) completed the intervention (attended six or more sessions). Among intervention completers, the average number of sessions attended was 9.46. Seven Veterans withdrew from intervention due to difficulties engaging via telehealth. CONCLUSIONS: These findings support the feasibility of CM training in older Veterans with psychological distress, though dropouts highlighted potential need for additional strategies to facilitate telehealth participation. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Older Veterans appear amenable to meditation-based practices, provided they are easy to access.

A clinical trial comparing trauma-informed guilt reduction therapy (TrIGR), a brief intervention for trauma-related guilt, to supportive care therapy.

INTRODUCTION: Trauma-related guilt is common, associated with posttraumatic mental health problems, and can persist after posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) treatment. We compared the efficacy of two six-session psychotherapies, Trauma-Informed Guilt Reduction (TrIGR) and Supportive Care Therapy (SCT), for reducing trauma-related guilt. TrIGR helps patients accurately appraise their role in the trauma and re-engage in values. In SCT, patients guide session content. METHODS: A total of 184 veterans seeking VA mental health services were enrolled across two sites; 145 veterans (mean age: 39.2 [8.1]; 92.4% male; 84.8% with PTSD) who endorsed guilt related to a traumatic event that occurred during a post 9/11 Iraq or Afghanistan deployment were randomized and assessed at baseline, posttreatment, 3- and 6-month follow-up. RESULTS: Linear mixed models using intent-to-treat analyses showed guilt decreased in both conditions with a greater decrease for TrIGR (treatment × time, -0.22; F 1, 455.2 = 18.49, p = .001; d = 0.92) than supportive therapy. PTSD and depressive symptoms showed the same pattern. TrIGR had significantly higher likelihood of PTSD treatment response (67% vs. 40%), loss of PTSD diagnosis (50% vs. 14%), and meaningful change in depression (54% vs. 27%) than supportive therapy. Psychological distress and trait shame improved in both conditions. Quality of life did not change. CONCLUSIONS: Targeting guilt appears to be an effective means for reducing posttraumatic symptoms and distress.

Predictors of Early Postpartum Maternal Functioning Among Women Veterans.

INTRODUCTION: The perinatal period constitutes an important window of opportunity for optimizing healthy development of offspring but is heavily influenced by maternal mental health. Maternal pregnancy-related anxiety (PrA), depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been implicated in adverse outcomes for both mother and child. The current study examined whether psychopathology during pregnancy and postpartum was associated with greater experienced parenting stress and bonding difficulties in women veterans, who may be predisposed to develop psychopathology due to heightened risk of exposure to traumatic events. METHODS: Pregnant veterans (N = 28) completed self-report questionnaires regarding their PrA, depression and PTSD symptoms during pregnancy and postpartum, as well as on their experience of parenting stress and bonding with their infant. RESULTS: PrA was a more robust predictor of postpartum depression (PPD) than depression during pregnancy. PPD, in turn, was significantly associated with bonding and parenting stress, such that more depressed mothers were more likely to experience greater general bonding difficulties, increased rejections and pathological anger towards their infants, greater anxiety towards their infants, and more parenting stress. CONCLUSIONS: PrA might be a high-yield modifiable risk factor in the prevention of PPD for women veterans and their subsequent experiences with high parenting stress and bonding difficulties.

Patient experiences and reported effectiveness of a multimodal short-term pilot therapy group for veteran men with military sexual trauma.

OBJECTIVE: Despite recognition of its prevalence and impact, little is known about treatment for veteran men with a history of military sexual trauma (MST). While research suggests that such veterans may suffer from gender-based distress that poses unique treatment challenges, MST-focused treatment draws upon contemporary PTSD best practices that may overlook gender. The current initial pilot study evaluated a multimodal, time-limited men's MST group therapy that integrated exposure- and mindfulness-based, psychoeducational, and psychodynamic group interventions. METHOD: This study examined pre- and posttreatment data from patients who completed group treatment (n = 24). Three-fourths of patients were 60 years or older, over 80% Black, Indigenous, People of Color. Assessment data were collected using the PTSD Checklist (PCL-5), an adaptation of the Recovery Assessment Scale, and open-ended written responses. Paired-samples t tests and effect sizes (Hedge's g) were calculated. Indictive thematic analysis was used for qualitative analysis. RESULTS: Qualitative and quantitative data showed improvements in shame, self-forgiveness, and belonginess. There were significant reductions from pre- to posttreatment in total PCL-5 score (g = -0.69) and all 4 symptom clusters (g = -0.51--0.71), and significant improvements in 8 out of 10 recovery items (g = 0.44-2.46). CONCLUSIONS: More research is needed to assess whether veteran men with a history of MST benefit from treatment that provides multimodal, multitheoretical interventions that address gender-based symptoms in addition to PTSD. The results of this study support future research in a randomized controlled study.

Pilot Study of Compassion Meditation Training to Improve Well-being Among Older Adults.

OBJECTIVES: Compassion meditation (CM) training has demonstrated potential in improving well-being and psychosocial functioning. However, most prior studies of CM training have focused on younger adults. The generalizability of the effectiveness of CM training with older adults requires further study. This pilot study was intended to inform future randomized controlled studies of CM training in older adults. METHODS: Participants included 24 older adults who attended a 10-week group CM training. Exploratory outcome measures were administered prior to, during, and after the intervention. Participants also completed logs of mood and meditation practice, and provided descriptive comments in response to open-ended questions administered at the end of treatment. RESULTS: High treatment completion rates (87.5%) and reported adherence (85.7% of assigned meditation) were observed. Descriptive feedback from participants indicated older adults are interested in and capable of learning and applying new concepts and skills in support of their well-being. Pre- to post-intervention changes were explored with a variety of self-report measures. Weekly journals suggested increased feelings of love, closeness, or trust, and decreased feelings of stress, nervousness, or being overwhelmed. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide preliminary support for the feasibility of CM training in community-dwelling older adults, and suggest the need for future efficacy and effectiveness clinical trials. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: CM training offers potential benefits for improving well-being among older adults, and, as an example of a strengths-based approach, can be tailored to the specific needs of older adults.

Contributions of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and mild TBI (mTBI) history to suicidality in the INTRuST consortium.

OBJECTIVE: Mild TBI (mTBI) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are independent risk factors for suicidal behaviour (SB). Further, co-occurring mTBI and PTSD increase one's risk for negative health and psychiatric outcomes. However, little research has examined the role of comorbid mTBI and PTSD on suicide risk. METHODS: The present study utilized data from the Injury and TRaUmatic STress (INTRuST) Consortium to examine the prevalence of suicidal ideation (SI) and behaviours among four groups: 1) comorbid mTBI+PTSD, 2) PTSD only, 3) mTBI only, and 4) healthy controls. RESULTS: Prevalence of lifetime SI, current SI, and lifetime SB for individuals with mTBI+PTSD was 40%, 25%, and 19%, respectively. Prevalence of lifetime SI, current SI, and lifetime SB for individuals with PTSD only was 29%, 11%, and 11%, respectively. Prevalence of lifetime SI, current SI, and lifetime SB for individuals with mTBI only was 14%, 1%, and 2%, respectively. Group comparisons showed that individuals with mTBI alone experienced elevated rates of lifetime SI compared to healthy controls. History of mTBI did not add significantly to risk for suicidal ideation and behaviour beyond what is accounted for by PTSD. CONCLUSION: Findings suggest that PTSD seems to be driving risk for suicidal behaviour.

SMART-CPT for veterans with comorbid post-traumatic stress disorder and history of traumatic brain injury: a randomised controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To better concurrently address emotional and neuropsychological symptoms common in veterans with comorbid post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and history of traumatic brain injury (TBI), we integrated components of compensatory cognitive training from the Cognitive Symptom Management and Rehabilitation Therapy (CogSMART) programme into cognitive processing therapy (CPT) for PTSD to create a hybrid treatment, SMART-CPT (CogSMART+CPT). This study compared the efficacy of standard CPT with SMART-CPT for treatment of veterans with comorbid PTSD and history of TBI reporting cognitive symptoms. METHODS: One hundred veterans with PTSD, a history of mild to moderate TBI and current cognitive complaints were randomised and received individually delivered CPT or SMART-CPT for 12 weeks. Participants underwent psychological, neurobehavioural and neuropsychological assessments at baseline, on completion of treatment and 3 months after treatment. RESULTS: Both CPT and SMART-CPT resulted in clinically significant reductions in PTSD and postconcussive symptomatology and improvements in quality of life. SMART-CPT resulted in additional improvements in the neuropsychological domains of attention/working memory, verbal learning/memory and novel problem solving. CONCLUSION: SMART-CPT, a mental health intervention for PTSD, combined with compensatory cognitive training strategies, reduces PTSD and neurobehavioural symptoms and also provides added value by improving cognitive functioning.

Compassion Meditation for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Veterans: A Randomized Proof of Concept Study.

There is considerable interest in developing complementary and integrative approaches for ameliorating posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Compassion meditation (CM) and loving-kindness meditation appear to offer benefits to individuals with PTSD, including symptom reduction. The present study was a pilot randomized controlled trial of CM for PTSD in veterans. The CM condition, an adaptation of Cognitively-Based Compassion Training (CBCT®), consists of exercises to stabilize attention, develop present-moment awareness, and foster compassion. We compared CM to Veteran.calm (VC), which consists of psychoeducation about PTSD, rationale for relaxation, relaxation training, and sleep hygiene. Both conditions consist of 10 weekly 90-min group sessions with between-session practice assignments. A total of 28 veterans attended at least one session of the group intervention and completed pre- and posttreatment measures of PTSD severity and secondary outcomes as well as weekly measures of PTSD, depressive symptoms, and positive and negative emotions. Measures of treatment credibility, attendance, practice compliance, and satisfaction were administered to assess feasibility. A repeated measures analysis of variance revealed a more substantive reduction in PTSD symptoms in the CM condition than in the VC condition, between-group d = -0.85. Credibility, attendance, and satisfaction were similar across CM and VC conditions thus demonstrating the feasibility of CM and the appropriateness of VC as a comparison condition. The findings of this initial randomized pilot study provide rationale for future studies examining the efficacy and effectiveness of CM for veterans with PTSD.

Spanish Abstracts by Asociación Chilena de Estrés Traumático (ACET) Meditación de compasión para el trastorno de estrés postraumático en veteranos: un estudio aleatorio de prueba de concepto MEDITACIÓN DE COMPASIÓN PARA EL TEPT Existe un interés considerable en desarrollar enfoques complementarios e integrativos para mejorar el trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT). La meditación de compasión (CM en su sigla en inglés) y la meditación de bondad amorosa (LKM, en su sigla en inglés) parecen ofrecer beneficios a las personas con trastorno de estrés postraumático, incluida la reducción de síntomas. El presente estudio fue un ensayo piloto controlado aleatorizado de CM para el TEPT en veteranos. La condición de CM, una adaptación del entrenamiento de compasión de base cognitiva (CBCT® en sus siglas en inglés), consiste en ejercicios para estabilizar la atención, desarrollar la conciencia del momento presente y fomentar la compasión. Comparamos CM con Veteran.calm (VC en sus siglas en inglés), que consiste en psicoeducación sobre el TEPT y las razones para la relajación, entrenamiento de relajación e higiene del sueño. Ambas condiciones consisten en 10 sesiones de grupo semanales de 90 minutos con tareas de práctica entre sesiones. Un total de 28 veteranos asistieron al menos a una sesión de la intervención grupal y completaron las medidas previas y posteriores al tratamiento de la gravedad del TEPT y resultados secundarios, así como las medidas semanales de TEPT, síntomas depresivos y emociones positivas y negativas. Las medidas de credibilidad del tratamiento, asistencia, cumplimiento de la práctica y satisfacción se administraron para evaluar la viabilidad. Un análisis de la varianza de medidas repetidas reveló una reducción más sustancial en síntomas de TEPT en la condición de CM que en la condición de VC, d de Cohen = -0.85 entre grupos. La credibilidad, la asistencia y la satisfacción fueron similares en todas las condiciones de CM y VC y demostraron la viabilidad de CM y la idoneidad de VC como condición de comparación. Los hallazgos de este estudio piloto aleatorizado inicial proporcionan una base para futuros estudios que examinan la eficacia y la efectividad de CM para los veteranos con TEPT.

Intergenerational transmission of traumatization: Theoretical framework and implications for prevention.

Intergenerational transmission of traumatization (ITT) occurs when traumatized parents have offspring with increased risk for emotional and behavioral problems. Although fetal exposure to the maternal biological milieu is known to be one factor in ITT, PTSD-driven parent-child interactions represent an additional important and potentially modifiable contributor. The Perinatal Interactional Model of ITT presented herein proposes that PTSD leads to social learning and suboptimal parent-child interactions, which undermine child regulatory capacity and increase distress, largely explaining poor social-emotional outcomes for offspring of parents with PTSD. Psychosocial intervention, particularly when delivered early in pregnancy, holds the possibility of disrupting ITT.

TBI and Treatment Response in a Randomized Trial of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy.

OBJECTIVE: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) occurs in a substantial minority of military personnel, and commonly is associated with mental health disorders and postconcussive symptoms (PCS). The implications of TBI for mental health treatment are not well understood. The present study sought to describe psychotherapy response in veterans with and without TBI. DESIGN: This is a secondary analysis from a 2-group randomized controlled trial. SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, AND MEASURES: One hundred and sixty male and female veterans participated in a multisite randomized controlled trial of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy versus Present Centered Therapy; a subset of 129 veterans were included in these analyses. Outcomes included the Brief Symptom Inventory-18 (BSI), Short Form 12 Health Survey (SF-12), Rivermead Postconcussion Symptoms Questionnaire (RPQ), and Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS). RESULTS: Regardless of the intervention, treatment response in those with and without TBI did not differ for the BSI, physical health-related SF-12, or SDS. Those with TBI showed less improvement on the mental health SF-12 subscale. The RPQ did not show significant improvement over time. CONCLUSION: Results did not suggest a need for differential psychotherapy treatment based on TBI history. In spite of evidence suggesting high correspondence between emotional symptoms and PCS, PCS did not respond to the current interventions.

Neuropsychiatric Predictors of Post-Injury Headache After Mild-Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury in Veterans.

OBJECTIVES: To determine differences in neuropsychiatric complaints between Veterans with mild to moderate traumatic brain injury (TBI), with and without headache, compared with Veteran controls, and to identify neuropsychiatric predictors of headache severity. BACKGROUND: Mild to moderate TBI is a common occurrence in Veterans, and is frequently associated with complaints of headache. Neuropsychiatric complaints are also common among individuals who have sustained head injury, although the relationship between these factors and headache after injury is unclear. Research is needed to comprehensively determine differences between individuals with mild to moderate traumatic brain injury who differ with respect to headache, and which injury, psychological, or sleep and fatigue factors predict headache severity. METHODS: A cross-sectional study compared 85 Veterans in three groups (positive for TBI and headache, positive for TBI without significant headache, and a control group) on a set of injury characteristics and neuropsychiatric variables. Correlates of headache severity were examined, and a regression model was used to identify significant independent predictors of headache severity. RESULTS: Individuals with mild to moderate TBI and headache endorsed significantly greater neuropsychiatric symptoms than participants in the other groups (η(p)2 = .23-.36) Neuropsychiatric complaints, as well as presence of posttraumatic amnesia, were correlated with headache in the subsample with TBI (rs = .44-.57). When entering all predictors into a regression model, only fatigue represented a significant independent predictor of headache severity (ß = .59, R2 = .35). CONCLUSIONS: Rather than being a global risk factor, mild to moderate TBI was associated with poorer mental health outcomes, particularly for those who endorse headache. Findings underscore the possibility that Veterans with history of TBI who present with complaints of headache may represent a particularly vulnerable subgroup. Additionally, our findings suggest that clinical outcomes may be improved in those with neurotrauma by incorporating a focus on fatigue in treatment.

Sleep Quality Improvement During Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety Disorders.

Despite the ubiquity of sleep complaints among individuals with anxiety disorders, few prior studies have examined whether sleep quality improves during anxiety treatment. The current study examined pre- to posttreatment sleep quality improvement during cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for panic disorder (PD; n = 26) or generalized anxiety disorder (GAD; n = 24). Among sleep quality indices, only global sleep quality and sleep latency improved significantly (but modestly) during CBT. Sleep quality improvement was greater for treatment responders, but did not vary by diagnosis. Additionally, poor baseline sleep quality was independently associated with worse anxiety treatment outcome, as measured by higher intolerance of uncertainty. Additional intervention targeting sleep prior to or during CBT for anxiety may be beneficial for poor sleepers.

Associations Among Environmental Exposures and Physical and Psychiatric Symptoms in a Care-Seeking Sample of U.S. Military Veterans.

INTRODUCTION: Recent research and policy (e.g., the Sergeant First Class (SFC) Heath Robinson Honoring our Promise to Address Comprehensive Toxics (PACT) Act) have highlighted the potential health consequences of toxic environmental exposures. The purpose of the current study was to assess the self-reported prevalence of such exposures among a sample of U.S. military veterans seeking care at a Veterans Affairs facility and to examine associations between exposures and physical and psychiatric symptoms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Participants were 4,647 newly enrolling post-9/11 veterans at the VA San Diego Healthcare System who completed standard clinical screening processes between January 2015 and April 2019. Electronic health screening data, including demographic information, military history, environmental exposures, and physical and psychiatric symptoms, were assessed. t-Tests for continuous variables and chi-square tests for categorical variables were used to compare exposed to unexposed veterans on demographic and military characteristics as well as physical and psychiatric symptoms. RESULTS: A total of 2,028 veterans (43.6%) reported exposure to environmental toxins during their military service. Analyses revealed a disproportionate burden of exposure on older, male, educated, combat veterans as well as Asian and Native American veterans. Exposure to any type of environmental toxin was associated with more physical symptoms, particularly pain, fatigue, and insomnia, as well as psychiatric symptoms, including moderate depressive symptomology, mild to moderate anxiety, and scores approaching the threshold for likely post-traumatic stress disorder and alcohol misuse. CONCLUSIONS: The high prevalence and detrimental health correlates of environmental exposures underscore the importance of implementing screening for exposures and providing healthcare services that address the multisystemic nature of exposure-related illness.

A controlled trial of adaptive disclosure-enhanced to improve functioning and treat posttraumatic stress disorder.

OBJECTIVE: This is a randomized controlled trial (NCT03056157) of an enhanced adaptive disclosure (AD) psychotherapy compared to present-centered therapy (PCT; each 12 sessions) in 174 veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) related to traumatic loss (TL) and moral injury (MI). AD employs different strategies for different trauma types. AD-Enhanced (AD-E) uses letter writing (e.g., to the deceased), loving-kindness meditation, and bolstered homework to facilitate improved functioning to repair TL and MI-related trauma. METHOD: The primary outcomes were the Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS), evaluated at baseline, throughout treatment, and at 3- and 6-month follow-ups (Brief Inventory of Psychosocial Functioning was also administered), the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS-5), the Dimensions of Anger Reactions, the Revised Conflict Tactics Scale, and the Quick Drinking Screen. RESULTS: There were statistically significant between-group differences on two outcomes: The intent-to-treat (ITT) mixed-model analysis of SDS scores indicated greater improvement from baseline to posttreatment in the AD-E group (d = 2.97) compared to the PCT group, d = 1.86; -2.36, 95% CI [-3.92, -0.77], t(1,510) = -2.92, p < .001, d = 0.15. Twenty-one percent more AD-E cases made clinically significant changes on the SDS than PCT cases. From baseline to posttreatment, AD-E was also more efficacious on the CAPS-5 (d = 0.39). These differential effects did not persist at follow-up intervals. CONCLUSION: This was the first psychotherapy of veterans with TL/MI-related PTSD to show superiority relative to PCT with respect to functioning and PTSD, although the differential effect sizes were small to medium and not maintained at follow-up. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Measures of empathy and compassion: A scoping review.

Evidence to date indicates that compassion and empathy are health-enhancing qualities. Research points to interventions and practices involving compassion and empathy being beneficial, as well as being salient outcomes of contemplative practices such as mindfulness. Advancing the science of compassion and empathy requires that we select measures best suited to evaluating effectiveness of training and answering research questions. The objective of this scoping review was to 1) determine what instruments are currently available for measuring empathy and compassion, 2) assess how and to what extent they have been validated, and 3) provide an online tool to assist researchers and program evaluators in selecting appropriate measures for their settings and populations. A scoping review and broad evidence map were employed to systematically search and present an overview of the large and diverse body of literature pertaining to measuring compassion and empathy. A search string yielded 19,446 articles, and screening resulted in 559 measure development or validation articles reporting on 503 measures focusing on or containing subscales designed to measure empathy and/or compassion. For each measure, we identified the type of measure, construct being measured, in what context or population it was validated, response set, sample items, and how many different types of psychometrics had been assessed for that measure. We provide tables summarizing these data, as well as an open-source online interactive data visualization allowing viewers to search for measures of empathy and compassion, review their basic qualities, and access original citations containing more detail. Finally, we provide a rubric to help readers determine which measure(s) might best fit their context.

Effects of medical comorbidity on anxiety treatment outcomes in primary care.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of medical comorbidity on anxiety treatment outcomes. METHODS: Data were analyzed from 1004 primary care patients enrolled in a trial of a collaborative care intervention for anxiety. Linear-mixed models accounting for baseline characteristics were used to evaluate the effects of overall medical comorbidity (two or more chronic medical conditions [CMCs] versus fewer than two CMCs) and specific CMCs (migraine, asthma, and gastrointestinal disease) on anxiety treatment outcomes at 6, 12, and 18 months. RESULTS: At baseline, patients with two or more CMCs (n = 582; 58.0%) reported more severe anxiety symptoms (10.5 [95% confidence interval {CI} = 10.1-10.9] versus 9.5 [95% CI = 9.0-10.0], p = .003) and anxiety-related disability (17.6 [95% CI = 17.0-18.2] versus 16.0 [95% CI = 15.3-16.7], p = .001). However, their clinical improvement was comparable to that of patients with one or zero CMCs (predicted change in anxiety symptoms = -3.9 versus -4.1 at 6 months, -4.6 versus -4.4 at 12 months, -4.9 versus -5.0 at 18 months; predicted change in anxiety-related disability = -6.4 versus -6.9 at 6 months, -6.9 versus -7.3 at 12 months, -7.3 versus -7.5 at 18 months). The only specific CMC with a detrimental effect was migraine, which was associated with less improvement in anxiety symptoms at 18 months (predicted change = -4.1 versus -5.3). CONCLUSIONS: Effectiveness of the anxiety intervention was not significantly affected by the presence of multiple CMCs; however, patients with migraine displayed less improvement at long-term follow-up. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.com Identifier: NCT00347269.

Development and Validation of the Disclosure Expectancy Scale.

Although the disclosure of traumatic experiences is believed to influence trajectories of post-trauma recovery, less is known about individual differences that affect survivors' motivation to share. The current project describes the development and evaluation of the Disclosure Expectancy Scale (DExS), a novel instrument intended to assess survivors' expectations about the potential risks and benefits of disclosure. Items targeting both positive and negative expectancies were generated based on existing research and the authors' clinical experience with various survivor populations. Preliminary analyses in trauma-exposed undergraduates (N = 359) offer support for hypothesized positive and negative expectancy dimensions with evidence for the convergent and discriminant validity of scores. Subsequent evaluation in active-duty, help-seeking military personnel (N = 35) provides further evidence of validity based on correlations with relevant clinical measures. A final regression demonstrating unique effects of initial disclosure expectancies on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) severity following trauma-focused treatment highlights the predictive validity of DExS scores.