Efficiency of uterine fluid cytology in the diagnosis of subclinical endometritis in the water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).

This study compared endometrial cytology vis-a-vis uterine fluid cytology for assessment of uterine health in clinically normal and subclinical endometritis (SE)-affected buffaloes. Uterine fluid samples and endometrial samples were collected from the buffaloes (n = 38) at oestrus using blue sheath and cytobrush, respectively. The smears were stained with Field stain for 3 minutes, and a minimum of 400 cells were counted in each smear for determination of the percentage of polymorphonuclear (PMN) leucocyte. The incidence of subclinical endometritis, based on the cytobrush cytology, was 23.08%. The correlation between cytobrush cytology with uterine fluid cytology was positive and significant (r = .37; p = .02). The ratio of PMN leucocyte in cytobrush cytology to uterine fluid cytology was 1:2.4. ROC analysis revealed that the threshold value of 6.16% PMN leucocyte in uterine fluid cytology showed a diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of 100% in differentiating normal from SE-affected buffaloes. In conclusion, collection of uterine fluid was easier compared to collection of endometrial samples using cytobrush and the percentage of PMN leucocyte in uterine fluid cytology can be used as a tool for diagnosis of subclinical endometritis in buffaloes.

LSPR based on-chip detection of dengue NS1 antigen in whole blood.

The development of a biosensor for rapid and quantitative detection of the dengue virus continues to remain a challenge. We report a lab-on-chip device that combines membrane-based blood plasma separation and a localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) based biosensor for on-chip detection of dengue NS1 antigen from a few drops of blood. The LSPR effect is realized by irradiating UV-NIR light having a spectral peak at 655 nm onto nanostructures fabricated via thermal annealing of a thin metal film. We study the effect of the resulting metal nanostructures on the LSPR performance in terms of sensitivity and limit of detection, by annealing silver films at temperatures ranging from 100 to 500 °C. The effect of annealing temperature on the nanostructure size and uniformity and the resulting optical characteristics are investigated. Further, the binding between non-targeted blood plasma proteins and NS1-antibody-functionalized nanostructures on the LSPR performance is studied by considering different blocking mechanisms. Using a nanostructure annealed at 200 °C and 2X-phosphate buffer saline with 0.05% Tween-20 as the blocking buffer, from 10 µL of whole blood, the device can detect NS1 antigen at a concentration as low as 0.047 µg mL-1 within 30 min. Finally, we demonstrate the detection of NS1 in the blood samples of dengue-infected patients and validate our results with those obtained from the gold-standard ELISA test.