Optic Neuritis and Cranial Neuropathies Diagnosis Rates before Coronavirus Disease 2019, in the Initial Pandemic Phase, and Post-Vaccine Introduction.

PURPOSE: To compare rates of diagnosis of neuro-ophthalmic conditions across the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic with pre-pandemic levels. DESIGN: Multicenter, retrospective, observational study. PARTICIPANTS: Patients seen for eye care between March 11, 2019, and December 31, 2021. METHODS: A multicenter electronic health record database, Sight Outcomes Research Collaborative (SOURCE), was queried for new diagnoses of neuro-ophthalmic conditions (cranial nerve [CN] III, IV, VI, and VII palsy; diplopia; and optic neuritis) and new diagnoses of other ophthalmic conditions from January 1, 2016, to December 31, 2021. Data were divided into 3 periods (pre-COVID, pre-COVID vaccine, and after introduction of COVID vaccine), with a 3-year look-back period. Logistic regressions were used to compare diagnosis rates across periods. Two-sample z-test was used to compare the log odds ratio (OR) of the diagnosis in each period with emergent ocular conditions: retinal detachment (RD) and acute angle-closure glaucoma (AACG). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Diagnosis rate of neuro-ophthalmic conditions in each study period. RESULTS: A total of 323 261 unique patients (median age 59 years [interquartile range, 43-70], 58% female, 68% White) across 5 academic centers were included, with 180 009 patients seen in the pre-COVID period, 149 835 patients seen in the pre-COVID vaccine period, and 164 778 patients seen in the COVID vaccine period. Diagnosis rates of CN VII palsy, diplopia, glaucoma, and cataract decreased from the pre-COVID period to the pre-vaccine period. However, the optic neuritis diagnoses increased, in contrast to a decrease in RD diagnoses (P = 0.021). By comparing the diagnosis rates before and after widespread vaccination, all eye conditions evaluated were diagnosed at higher rates in the COVID vaccination period compared with pre-COVID and pre-vaccine periods. The log OR of neuro-ophthalmic diagnosis rates across every period comparison were largely similar to emergency conditions (RD and AACG, P > 0.05). However, the log OR of cataract and glaucoma diagnoses were different to RD or AACG (P < 0.05) in each period comparison. CONCLUSIONS: Neuro-ophthalmic diagnoses had a similar reduction in diagnosis rates as emergent eye conditions in the first part of the pandemic, except optic neuritis. After widespread COVID-19 vaccination, all ophthalmic diagnosis rates increased compared with pre-pandemic rates, and the increase in neuro-ophthalmic diagnosis rates did not exceed the increase in RD and AACG diagnosis rates. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S): Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.

Baseline Characteristics and Clinical Presentation of Biopsy-Proven Giant Cell Arteritis in White Compared with Black Patients.

BACKGROUND: Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is the most prevalent systemic vasculitis in the elderly and can lead to permanent vision loss if left untreated. Most earlier studies have evaluated GCA in primarily white populations, and GCA was traditionally thought to occur at nearly negligible frequency in black populations. Our previous study showed that GCA may occur at similar rates in white and black patients, but little is known about the presentation of GCA in black patients. The purpose of this study is to examine baseline presentation of biopsy-proven GCA (BP-GCA) in a tertiary care center-based population with a sizeable proportion of black patients. METHODS: Retrospective study from a single academic institution of a previously described cohort of BP-GCA. Presenting symptoms, laboratory findings, and GCA Calculator Risk score were compared in black and white patients with BP-GCA. RESULTS: Among 85 patients with biopsy-proven GCA, 71 (84%) were white and 12 (14%) were black. White patients had higher rates of elevated platelet count (34% vs 0%, P = 0.04), whereas black patients had higher rates of diabetes mellitus (67% vs 12%, P < 0.001). There were no statistically significant differences in age, gender, biopsy classification (active vs healed arteritis), cranial symptoms, visual symptoms/ophthalmic findings, rates of abnormal erythrocyte sedimentation rate or C-reactive protein, unintentional weight loss, polymyalgia rheumatica, or GCA risk calculator score. CONCLUSIONS: Presenting features of GCA were similar between white and black patients in our cohort, except for rates of abnormal platelet level and diabetes. Physicians should feel comfortable relying on the usual clinical features for the diagnosis of GCA independent of race.

Ophthalmology Resident Oculofacial Surgery Case Exposure: An ACGME Case Log Analysis.

PURPOSE: The authors quantified trends in resident oculofacial surgery exposure between 2009 and 2018, reviewed specific procedure volume, and correlated procedure volume with program characteristics. METHODS: The authors requested de-identified case logs of residents graduating US ophthalmology residency programs in 2018 from all 118 programs. Current Procedural Terminology codes of all oculofacial procedures were analyzed. Current Procedural Terminology codes were grouped into 25 unique categories that the authors created in addition to the 11 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education categories. RESULTS: One hundred and sixty-six of 488 (34%) US ophthalmology residents graduating in 2018 provided case logs (32.2% of programs). According to Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education case logs, residents graduating in 2018 completed significantly fewer eye removal/implant procedures, lacrimal surgeries, "other orbital" procedures, entropion/ectropion repairs, and temporal artery biopsies as primary surgeon than residents graduating in 2009, yet significantly more eyelid laceration repairs, chalazion excisions, tarsorrhaphies, ptosis repairs, and blepharoplasty/reconstruction procedures ( p < 0.05). No difference was found between the total number of oculofacial cases between 2009 and 2018 ( p = 0.051). The most frequently logged procedure per resident in the sample was blepharoplasty/reconstruction (17.2 ± 15) followed by "other oculoplastic" (12.7 ± 10.6). The least commonly performed procedures included temporal artery biopsy (1.5 ± 2.2) and "other orbital" (1.9 ± 3.1). Program size, location, and presence of oculofacial fellowship program all impacted case volume. CONCLUSIONS: Oculofacial surgery has the second highest case number requirement for residents per Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education guidelines. However, resident exposure to oculofacial surgery cases greatly varies in each ophthalmology residency program.

SAR Image Simulations of Ocean Scenes Based on the Improved Facet TSM.

The facet-based two scale model (FTSM) is widely applied in SAR image simulations of the anisotropic ocean surface. However, this model is sensitive to the cutoff parameter and facet size, and the choice of these two parameters is arbitrary. We propose to make an approximation of the cutoff invariant two scale model (CITSM) to improve the simulation efficiency while remaining the robustness to cutoff wavenumbers. Meanwhile, the robustness to facet sizes is obtained by correcting the geometrical optics (GO) solution, taking into account the slope probability density function (PDF) correction induced by the spectrum within an individual facet. The new FTSM, with less dependence on cutoff parameters and facet sizes, is proved to be reasonable in the comparisons with advanced analytical models and experimental data. Finally, SAR images of the ocean surface and ship wakes with various facet sizes are provided to prove the operability and applicability of our model.

Presenting Features of Giant Cell Arteritis with Active Versus Healed Arteritis on Biopsy.

Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is often categorised as "active" or "healed" on temporal artery biopsy (TAB). The purpose of this study was to compare the initial clinical presentation of patients with GCA according to active versus healed arteritis on TAB. A retrospective chart review was performed for patients with biopsy-proven GCA (BP-GCA) at a single academic medical institution from a previously reported cohort. The arteritis on TAB was categorised as "active" or "healed" based on the pathological reports. Demographic information, clinical presentation, past medical history, and test results were collected from the date of TAB. These baseline characteristics were entered into the GCA Risk Calculator. Of 85 patients with BP-GCA, 80% had active and 20% had healed disease according to histopathology. A higher percentage of those with active arteritis had ischaemic optic neuropathy (ION) (36% versus 6%, p = .03), elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rates (92% versus 63%, p = .01), elevated C-reactive protein levels (79% versus 46%, p = .049), GCA risk score > 7.5% (99% sensitivity, 100% versus 71%, p < .001), higher mean GCA risk calculator scores (neural network p = .001; logistic regression p = .002). Patients with healed arteritis were less likely to have visual manifestations than the active arteritis group (38% versus 71%, p = .04). Patients with active vasculitis on biopsy had higher rates of ION and elevated inflammatory markers, as well as higher predictive scores from the GCA risk calculator. Further research is needed regarding correlation of biopsy findings and risk of complications or relapses.

Choriocapillaris flow loss in center-involving retinitis pigmentosa: a quantitative optical coherence tomography angiography study using a novel classification system.

PURPOSE: Choriocapillaris insufficiency may play a role in centripetal retinitis pigmentosa (RP) progression involving the fovea. However, the relationship between choriocapillaris integrity and foveal damage in RP is unclear. We examined the relationship between choriocapillaris flow and the presence of foveal photoreceptor involvement in RP. METHODS: We categorized the severity of central involvement in RP by the occurrence of foveal ellipsoid zone (EZ) disruption: present (severe RP) or absent (mild RP). Using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA, AngioVue, Optovue) in cases and unaffected age-matched controls, we compared vessel density (VD) between the groups using the generalized linear mixed model, controlling for age, gender, and scan quality. RESULTS: Fifty-seven eyes (20 severe RP, 18 mild RP, and 19 controls) were included. Foveal and parafoveal mean outer retinal thickness (µm) were lower in severe RP (fovea: 101.3 ± 14.5; parafovea: 68.4 ± 11.7) than controls (fovea: 161.2 ± 8.9; parafovea: 142.1 ± 11.8; p ≤ 0.001) and mild RP (fovea: 162.0 ± 14.7; parafovea: 116.8 ± 29.4; p ≤ 0.0001). Foveal choriocapillaris VD (%) was lower in severe RP (56.7 ± 6.8) than controls (69.9 ± 4.6; p = 0.008) and mild RP (65.3 ± 5.3; p = 0.01). The parafoveal choriocapillaris VD was lower in severe RP than controls (64.4 ± 5.9 vs. 68.3 ± 4.1; p = 0.04) but no different than in mild RP (p = 0.4). CONCLUSION: Choriocapillaris flow loss was associated with fovea-involving photoreceptor damage in RP. Further research is warranted to validate this putative association and clarify causation. Choriocapillaris imaging using OCTA may provide information to supplement structural OCT findings when evaluating subjects with RP in neuroprotective or regenerative clinical trials.

Rural melanoma patients in Maryland do not present with more advanced disease than urban patients.

PURPOSE: Rural populations have higher poverty rates, lower educational attainment, higher smoking rates, lower rates of health insurance, higher proportions of elderly individuals, decreased access to health services including dermatology, higher all-cause mortality, and higher mortality from melanoma. Despite these disparities, rural patients have not been adequately studied within the dermatologic literature, particularly at geographic units smaller than the county level. METHODS: We used zip codes and Rural Urban Commuting Area (RUCA) codes to conduct a cross-sectional study on the prevalence and severity of melanoma among 31,750 rural versus urban patients treated by the Johns Hopkins Department of Dermatology from January, 2016 to June, 2017. RESULTS: Compared to urban patients, rural patients had a 2.6 times higher melanoma prevalence (P<0.0001), travelled much greater distances for treatment (101.8 miles versus 17.7 miles, P<0.0001), and lived in zip codes with median household incomes $18,188 lower ($58,718 versus $76,906; P=0.0040). However, there were no significant differences in Breslow depth or clinical stage between rural and urban patients. CONCLUSIONS: Despite having a higher prevalence of melanoma and travelling much greater distances to receive care, rural patients did not present with more advanced disease than their urban counterparts.

Correction to: Screening for posttraumatic stress disorder in ARDS survivors: validation of the impact of event Scale-6 (IES-6).

In the publication of this article [1], there is an error in the Abstract. This has now been included in this correction article.

Prediction error in iris suture fixated intraocular lenses and long-term stability.

IMPORTANCE: Little evidence exists for prediction error in iris-sutured intraocular lenses. BACKGROUND: To determine the magnitude of prediction error in iris-sutured intraocular lenses, associated factors and their long-term stability. DESIGN: Retrospective, nonrandomized, noncomparative case series conducted at the Wilmer Eye Institute (Baltimore, Maryland, United States). PARTICIPANTS: Adult patients with subluxated intraocular lenses that underwent iris-suture fixation between January 2000 and December 2014 by a single surgeon. Pregnant women, children (below the age of 18) and cases with follow-up under 1 month were excluded. METHODS: Prediction error was calculated in 60 eyes and survival analysis was performed on 99 eyes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Prediction error (the difference between the postoperative manifest refraction in spherical equivalent and the spherical equivalent predicted by the Barrett Universal II, Holladay 2 and SRK/T formulas), preoperative and postoperative distance-corrected visual acuity, manifest refraction, frequency of postoperative complications and time until re-subluxation. RESULTS: Mean prediction error using the Barrett formula was -0.35 ± 1.0 D. Higher axial length (≥25.5 mm) was associated with greater prediction error (-0.72 ± 1.11 D vs -0.18 ± 0.91 D, P = .048). Twelve re-subluxations occurred over a mean follow-up period of 30.28 ± 41.86 months. The predicted 50% survival of iris-sutured lenses was 114.25 months. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Iris-suture fixation may require moderate lens power adjustment to compensate for prediction error, especially in eyes with higher axial length. Longer follow-up demonstrates that iris-suture fixation remains a viable technique, yet re-subluxations require routine monitoring of such eyes.

Alcohol Use Patterns and Subsequent Sexual Behaviors Among Women, Men who have Sex with Men and Men who have Sex with Women Engaged in Routine HIV Care in the United States.

Among people with HIV, alcohol use is associated with increased prevalence of sexual transmission behaviors. We examined associations between alcohol use in the prior year and sexual behaviors approximately six months later among 1857 women, 6752 men who have sex with men (MSM) and 2685 men who have sex with women (MSW). Any alcohol use was associated with increased risk of unsafe vaginal sex among women; anal sex and =>2 anal sex partners among MSM; and anal sex, =>2 anal or vaginal sex partners, and unsafe vaginal sex among MSW. In particular, among women >7 alcoholic drinks/week and among MSW =>5 alcoholic drinks/drinking day increased the likelihood of certain subsequent sexual behaviors. For all groups, especially women, the risk of sex under the influence of drugs/alcohol markedly increased with increases in quantity and frequency of alcohol consumption. These different patterns of drinking and sexual behaviors indicate the importance of tailored counseling messages to women, MSM and MSW.

Screening for posttraumatic stress disorder in ARDS survivors: validation of the Impact of Event Scale-6 (IES-6).

BACKGROUND: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms are common in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) survivors. Brief screening instruments are needed for clinical and research purposes. We evaluated internal consistency, external construct, and criterion validity of the Impact of Event Scale-6 (IES-6; 6 items) compared to the original Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R; 22 items) and to the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) reference standard evaluation in ARDS survivors. METHODS: This study is a secondary analysis from two independent multi-site, prospective studies of ARDS survivors. Measures of internal consistency, and external construct and criterion validity were evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 1001 ARDS survivors (51% female, 76% white, mean (SD) age 49 (14) years) were evaluated. The IES-6 demonstrated internal consistency over multiple time points up to 5 years after ARDS (Cronbach's alpha = 0.86 to 0.91) and high correlation with the IES-R (0.96; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.94 to 0.97). The IES-6 demonstrated stronger correlations with related constructs (e.g., anxiety and depression; |r| = 0.32 to 0.52) and weaker correlations with unrelated constructs (e.g., physical function and healthcare utilization measures (|r| = 0.02 to 0.27). Criterion validity evaluation with the CAPS diagnosis of PTSD in a subsample of 60 participants yielded an area under receiver operating characteristic curve (95% CI) of 0.93 (0.86, 1.00), with an IES-6 cutoff score of 1.75 yielding 0.88 sensitivity and 0.85 specificity. CONCLUSIONS: The IES-6 is reliable and valid for screening for PTSD in ARDS survivors and may be useful in clinical and research settings.

Hypertension, overweight/obesity, and diabetes among immigrants in the United States: an analysis of the 2010-2016 National Health Interview Survey.

BACKGROUND: Ethnic minority populations in the United States (US) are disproportionately affected by cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, including hypertension, overweight/obesity, and diabetes. The size and diversity of ethnic minority immigrant populations in the US have increased substantially over the past three decades. However, most studies on immigrants in the US are limited to Asians and Hispanics; only a few have examined the prevalence of CVD risk factors across diverse immigrant populations. The prevalence of diagnosed hypertension, overweight/obesity, and diagnosed diabetes was examined and contrasted among a socioeconomically diverse sample of immigrants. It was hypothesized that considerable variability would exist in the prevalence of hypertension, overweight and diabetes. METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis of the 2010-2016 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) was conducted among 41,717 immigrants born in Europe, South America, Mexico/Central America/Caribbean, Russia, Africa, Middle East, Indian subcontinent, Asia and Southeast Asia. The outcomes were the prevalence of diagnosed hypertension, overweight/obesity, and diagnosed diabetes. RESULTS: The highest multivariable adjusted prevalence of diagnosed hypertension was observed in Russian (24.2%) and Southeast Asian immigrants (23.5%). Immigrants from Mexico/Central America/Caribbean and the Indian subcontinent had the highest prevalence of overweight/obesity (71.5 and 73.4%, respectively) and diagnosed diabetes (9.6 and 10.1%, respectively). Compared to European immigrants, immigrants from Mexico/Central America/Caribbean and the Indian subcontinent respectively had higher prevalence of overweight/obesity (Prevalence Ratio (PR): 1.19[95% CI, 1.13-1.24]) and (PR: 1.22[95% CI, 1.14-1.29]), and diabetes (PR: 1.70[95% CI, 1.42-2.03]) and (PR: 1.78[95% CI, 1.36-2.32]). African immigrants and Middle Eastern immigrants had a higher prevalence of diabetes (PR: 1.41[95% CI, 1.01-1.96]) and PR: 1.57(95% CI: 1.09-2.25), respectively, than European immigrants -without a corresponding higher prevalence of overweight/obesity. CONCLUSIONS: Immigrants from Mexico/Central America/Caribbean and the Indian subcontinent bore the highest burden of overweight/obesity and diabetes while those from Southeast Asia and Russia bore the highest burden of hypertension.

Identification of candidate synovial membrane biomarkers after Achyranthes aspera treatment for rheumatoid arthritis.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease whose main symptom is a heightened inflammatory response in synovial tissues. To verify the anti-arthritic activities of Achyranthes aspera and its possible therapy-related factors on the pathogenesis of RA, the saponins in A. aspera root were isolated and identified to treat the collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) rats. Phytochemical analysis isolated and identified methyl caffeate, 25-S-inokosterone, 25-S-inokosterone ß-D-glucopyranosyl 3-(O-ß-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-oleanolate, and ß-D-glucopyranosyl 3-(O-ß-D-galactopyranosyl (1→2)(O-ß-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-oleanolate as main compounds in the root of A. aspera. Proteomics was performed to determine the differentially expressed proteins in either inflamed or drug-treated synovium of CIA rats. Treatment resulted in dramatically decreased paw swelling, proliferation of inflammatory cells, and bone degradation. Fibrinogen, procollagen, protein disulfide-isomerase A3, and apolipoprotein A-I were all increased in inflamed synovial tissues and were found to decrease when administered drug therapy. Furthermore, Alpha-1-antiproteinase and manganese superoxide dismutase were both increased in drug-treated synovial tissues. The inhibition of RA progression shows that A. aspera is a promising candidate for future treatment of human arthritis. Importantly, the total saponins found within A. aspera are the active component. Finally, autoantigens such as fibrinogen and collagen could act as inducers of RA due to their aggravation of inflammation. Given this, it is possible that the vimentin and PDIA3 could be the candidate biomarkers specific to Achyranthes saponin therapy for rheumatoid arthritis in synovial membrane.

Response and Defense Mechanisms of Taxus chinensis Leaves Under UV-A Radiation are Revealed Using Comparative Proteomics and Metabolomics Analyses.

Taxus chinensis var. mairei is a species endemic to south-eastern China and one of the natural sources for the anticancer medicine paclitaxel. To investigate the molecular response and defense mechanisms of T. chinensis leaves to enhanced ultraviolet-A (UV-A) radiation, gel-free/label-free and gel-based proteomics and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses were performed. The transmission electron microscopy results indicated damage to the chloroplast under UV-A radiation. Proteomics analyses in leaves and chloroplasts showed that photosynthesis-, glycolysis-, secondary metabolism-, stress-, and protein synthesis-, degradation- and activation-related systems were mainly changed under UV-A radiation. Forty-seven PSII proteins and six PSI proteins were identified as being changed in leaves and chloroplasts under UV-A treatment. This indicated that PSII was more sensitive to UV-A than PSI as the target of UV-A light. Enhanced glycolysis, with four glycolysis-related key enzymes increased, provided precursors for secondary metabolism. The 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase and 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase were identified as being significantly increased during UV-A radiation, which resulted in paclitaxel enhancement. Additionally, mRNA expression levels of genes involved in the paclitaxel biosynthetic pathway indicated a down-regulation under UV-A irradiation and up-regulation in dark incubation. These results reveal that a short-term high dose of UV-A radiation could stimulate the plant stress defense system and paclitaxel production.

Ultrasonography Versus Landmark for Peripheral Intravenous Cannulation: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: Randomized controlled trials report inconsistent findings when comparing the initial success rate of peripheral intravenous cannulation using landmark versus ultrasonography for patients with difficult venous access. We sought to determine which method is superior for patients with varying levels of intravenous access difficulty. METHODS: We conducted a 2-group, parallel, randomized, controlled trial and randomly allocated 1,189 adult emergency department (ED) patients to landmark or ultrasonography, stratified by difficulty of access and operator. ED technicians performed the peripheral intravenous cannulations. Before randomization, technicians classified subjects as difficult, moderately difficult, or easy access according to visible or palpable veins and perception of difficulty with a landmark approach. If the first attempt failed, we randomized subjects a second time. We compared the initial and second-attempt success rates by procedural approach and difficulty of intravenous access, using a generalized linear mixed regression model, adjusted for operator. RESULTS: The 33 participating technicians enrolled a median of 26 subjects (interquartile range 9 to 55). The initial success rate was 81% but varied significantly by technique and difficulty of access. The initial success rate by ultrasonography was higher than landmark for patients with difficult access (48.0 more successes per 100 tries; 95% confidence interval [CI] 35.6 to 60.3) or moderately difficult access (10. 2 more successes per 100 tries; 95% CI 1.7 to 18.7). Among patients with easy access, landmark yielded a higher success rate (10.6 more successes per 100 tries; 95% CI 5.8 to 15.4). The pattern of second-attempt success rates was similar. CONCLUSION: Ultrasonographic peripheral intravenous cannulation is advantageous among patients with difficult or moderately difficult intravenous access but is disadvantageous among patients anticipated to have easy access.

Improved metabolites of pharmaceutical ingredient grade Ginkgo biloba and the correlated proteomics analysis.

Ginkgo biloba is an attractive and traditional medicinal plant, and has been widely used as a phytomedicine in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Flavonoids and terpene lactones are the major bioactive components of Ginkgo, whereas the ginkgolic acids (GAs) with strong allergenic properties are strictly controlled. In this study, we tested the content of flavonoids and GAs under ultraviolet-B (UV-B) treatment and performed comparative proteomic analyses to determine the differential proteins that occur upon UV-B radiation. That might play a crucial role in producing flavonoids and GAs. Our phytochemical analyses demonstrated that UV-B irradiation significantly increased the content of active flavonoids, and decreased the content of toxic GAs. We conducted comparative proteomic analysis of both whole leaf and chloroplasts proteins. In total, 27 differential proteins in the whole leaf and 43 differential proteins in the chloroplast were positively identified and functionally annotated. The proteomic data suggested that enhanced UV-B radiation exposure activated antioxidants and stress-responsive proteins as well as reduced the rate of photosynthesis. We demonstrate that UV-B irradiation pharmaceutically improved the metabolic ingredients of Ginkgo, particularly in terms of reducing GAs. With high UV absorption properties, and antioxidant activities, the flavonoids were likely highly induced as protective molecules following UV-B irradiation.

Diffusion tensor imaging of the cervical spinal cord in children.

PURPOSE: Obtaining fast, reliable, high-resolution diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) of the pediatric cervical spinal cord (CSC) is challenging, given the multitude of technical limitations involved. Overcoming these limitations may further potentiate DTI as a valuable quantitative tool in evaluating the pediatric CSC. METHODS: Sixteen patients (9 girls and 7 boys) with hypoxic brain injury, craniocervical junction malformations, and head trauma were included in this retrospective study. Region of interests were placed from C1-C2 through C7-T1 consecutively at the cervical intervertebral disc levels. DTI metrics were compared with a pediatric DTI database of healthy controls. Clinical background and outcomes were tabulated. RESULTS: Patients with hypoxic brain injury, Chiari I and II malformations, and head trauma demonstrated lower fractional anisotropy values than that of healthy controls at certain cervical intervertebral disc levels. CONCLUSIONS: DTI may be a promising modality for providing additional information beyond that of conventional magnetic resonance imaging in pediatric central nervous system disorders.

Etiology and Characteristics of Patients Presenting with Eyelid Lacerations at a Level 1 Trauma Center.

Purpose: To investigate the etiology and demographic associations of patients presenting with eyelid lacerations to a US level 1 trauma center emergency department (ED). Patient and Methods: A retrospective chart review of all patients with eyelid lacerations presenting to the ED at a single level 1 trauma center was performed. Eyelid lacerations were categorized as simple eyelid lacerations, eyelid lacerations with eyelid margin involvement, and eyelid lacerations with nasolacrimal system involvement. Data on demographics and clinical characteristics were analyzed. Results: A total of 303 eyelid laceration cases were identified, 56% were simple eyelid lacerations, followed by 24% with nasolacrimal involvement and 20% involving the eyelid margin. Sixty percent of animal bites/scratches resulted in a nasolacrimal system involving laceration, most commonly affecting children. Falls were the most common etiology in children and patients over the age of 60. Black patients, patients presenting with concomitant ophthalmic injuries, and those with Medicaid insurance were more likely to have an assault etiology (p < 0.05 for all). Conclusion: Falls were the most common etiology for eyelid lacerations in children and the elderly, while assault was the most common in adults. Identifying the most common etiology by demographic factors can help raise awareness regarding targeted prevention strategies for high-risk populations.

Anti-inflammatory medication use after cataract surgery: online survey of practice patterns.

PURPOSE: To determine current prescribing patterns for topical or intraocular/periocular anti-inflammatory medications (AIMs) after routine cataract surgery. SETTING: kera-net online members. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. METHODS: An online survey was distributed to subscribers of kera-net, a global online platform sponsored by the Cornea Society. Questions were asked regarding the use of topical or intraocular/periocular AIM after cataract surgery and types of medications prescribed. RESULTS: Of 217 surgeon respondents (23% response rate), 171 (79%) practiced in the United States and 171 (79%) were cornea subspecialists. Most of the respondents (n = 196, 97%) prescribed topical corticosteroids after routine cataract surgery. The most frequently prescribed were prednisolone acetate (n = 162, 83%), followed by dexamethasone (n = 26, 13%), difluprednate (n = 24, 12%), and loteprednol etabonate (n = 13, 7%). Corticosteroids comprised (n = 40, 32%) of total intraocular/periocular injections, with triamcinolone acetonide 10 or 40 mg (n = 19, 47.5%) most commonly used. 23 surgeons (58%) who utilized intraocular/periocular corticosteroids also prescribed topical corticosteroids. Topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were prescribed postoperatively by 148 surgeons (73%). CONCLUSIONS: Most surgeons prescribed topical AIM after routine cataract surgery. Many surgeons injected intraocular or periocular AIM while prescribing topical AIM. The diversity of practice patterns may reflect the lack of clear evidence-based guidelines.

Proteomics analysis of UV-irradiated Lonicera japonica Thunb. with bioactive metabolites enhancement.

A previous study showed that the contents of caffeoylquinic acids and iridoids, the major bioactive components in the postharvest Lonicera japonica Thunb., were induced by enhanced ultraviolet (UV)-A or UV-B irradiation. To clarify the UV-responsive key enzymes in the bioactive metabolites biosynthetic pathway and the related plant defense mechanism in L. japonica, 2DE in combination with MALDI-TOF/TOF MS was employed. Seventy-five out of 196 differential proteins were positively identified. Based on the functions, these proteins were grouped into nine categories, covering a wide range of molecular processes including the secondary metabolites (caffeoylquinic acids and iridoids) biosynthetic-related proteins, photosynthesis, carbohydrate and energy metabolism, stress, DNA, transport-related proteins, lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, cell wall. Of note is the increasing expression of 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase and 5-enol-pyruvylshikimate-phosphate synthase, which was crucial to supply more precursor for the secondary metabolites including caffeoylquinic acids and iridoids. Thus, this study provides both the clues at the protein level for the increase of the two bioactive components upon UV irradiation and the profile of UV-responsive proteins in L. japonica.