EBV oncogene N-LMP1 induces CD4 T cell-mediated angiogenic blockade in the murine tumor model.

Antivascular immunity may provide long-term protection by preventing neovascularization that precedes tumor progression. Although the tumorigenesis promoted by EBV-encoded oncogene latent membrane protein 1 derived from Taiwanese nasopharyngeal carcinoma (N-LMP1) has been demonstrated, the potential of N-LMP1 for inducing immune surveillance remains elusive. In this article, we describe the immunogenicity of N-LMP1 (1510) and its induction of antivascular immunity in a transplantable tumor model in immunocompetent BALB/c mice. The immunogenicity of N-LMP1 was evaluated on the basis of tumor rejection following immunization. The impact of the immunization on the dynamics of tumor angiogenesis was assessed by temporal noninvasive dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging and was further confirmed by histologic study and vascular count. Through the experiments of in vivo depletion and adoptive transfer, CD4 T cells were identified as effectors that depend on IFN-γ for tumor prevention. The response was further verified by the identification of an MHC H-2 I-E(d)-restricted peptide derived from N-LMP1 and by the immunization of mice with N-LMP1 peptide-loaded dendritic cells. These studies provide insight into N-LMP1-specific immunity in vivo, which suggests that CD4 T cells may play an important role in angiogenic surveillance against LMP1-associated cancer via tumor stroma targeting.

Astragalus membranaceus modulates Th1/2 immune balance and activates PPARγ in a murine asthma model.

Astragalus membranaceus, a traditional Chinese herb, has been used to improve airway inflammation and asthma. The present study investigated whether A. membranaceus has immunotherapeutic effects on asthma, a chronic inflammatory mucosal disease that is associated with excess production of IgE, eosinophilia, T helper 2 (Th2) cytokines, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. An ovalbumin (OVA)-induced, chronic inflammatory airway murine asthma model was used to examine the status of pulmonary inflammation after the administration of A. membranaceus. The IgE levels in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid showed a tendency to decrease after the administration of A. membranaceus. The number of eosinophils decreased and infiltration of inflammatory cells and collagen deposition declined in lung sections after A. membranaceus administration. The RNA and protein levels of Th2 cytokines and the ratio of the GATA3/T-bet mRNA levels decreased after A. membranaceus treatment. Furthermore, the mRNA level of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), a nuclear hormone receptor, increased in the lung tissues of A. membranaceus-treated mice. Finally, an A. membranaceus water extract activated PPARγ activity in either human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) or A549 cells in a PPARγ-responsive element-containing luciferase reporter assay. These results indicate that A. membranaceus has an inhibitory effect on airway inflammation in a murine model of asthma through modulating the imbalanced relationship between Th1 and Th2 cytokines.

Syngeneic adipose-derived stem cells with short-term immunosuppression induce vascularized composite allotransplantation tolerance in rats.

BACKGROUND AIMS: A clinically applicable tolerance induction regimen that removes the requirement for lifelong immunosuppression would benefit recipients of vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA). We characterized the immunomodulatory properties of syngeneic (derived from the recipient strain) adipocyte-derived stem cells (ADSCs) and investigated their potential to induce VCA tolerance in rats. METHODS: ADSCs were isolated from Lewis (LEW, RT1A(l)) rats; their immunomodulatory properties were evaluated by means of mixed lymphocyte reactions in vitro and VCAs in vivo across a full major histocompatibility complex mismatch with the use of Brown-Norway (BN, RT1A(n)) donor rats. Two control and four experimental groups were designed to evaluate treatment effects of ADSCs and transient immunosuppressants (anti-lymphocyte globulin, cyclosporine) with or without low-dose (200 cGy) total body irradiation. Flow cytometry was performed to quantify levels of circulating CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs). RESULTS: Cultured syngeneic ADSCs exhibited CD90.1(+)CD29(+)CD73(+)CD45(-)CD79a(-)CD11b/c(-) phenotype and the plasticity to differentiate to adipocytes and osteocytes. ADSCs dramatically suppressed proliferation of LEW splenocytes against BN antigen and mitogen, respectively, in a dose-dependent fashion, culminating in abrogation of allo- and mitogen-stimulated proliferation at the highest concentration tested. Accordingly, one infusion of syngeneic ADSCs markedly prolonged VCA survival in LEW recipients treated with transient immunosuppression; of these, 66% developed tolerance. Total body irradiation provided no additional VCA survival benefit. An important role for Tregs in tolerance induction/maintenance was suggested in vivo and in vitro. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment comprising syngeneic ADSCs and transient immunosuppression (i) increased levels of circulating Tregs and (ii) induced tolerance in 66% of recipients of major histocompatibility complex-mismatched VCAs.

Enhanced IL-10 production by CD4+ T cells primed in IL-15Rα-deficient mice.

In this study, we investigated the functional outcomes of CD4(+) T cells primed in the absence of IL-15 transpresentation. Compared with their WT counterparts primed in WT mice, IL-15Rα KO CD4(+) T cells primed in KO mice were found to exclusively overproduce IL-10 upon in vitro restimulation(.) The comparable expression of IL-4 and Foxp3 in CD4(+) T cells primed in the WT and IL-15Rα KO mice indicated that this was neither due to T(H) 2- nor Treg cell-differentiation. IL-10 overproduction was also observed when OVA-specific TCR transgenic CD4(+) T (OT-II) cells were primed in KO mice, excluding an intrinsic deficiency of KO CD4(+) T cells. To investigate the WT and KO microenvironment, DCs from both WT and IL-15Rα KO mice were compared. DCs from both backgrounds were indistinguishable in their steady-state survival and in their expression of MHC class II and costimulatory molecules CD80, CD86, and CD40. However, IL-15Rα KO DCs primed OT-II cells in vitro to produce higher levels of IL-10 upon their restimulation. Additionally, IL-15Rα KO DCs produced significantly more IL-10 upon activation, and IL-10 neutralization during DC-mediated in vitro priming abolished IL-10 overproduction by CD4(+) T cells. Thus, IL-15Rα KO DCs provide an IL-10-enriched environment that preferentially primes CD4(+) T cells for more IL-10 production, highlighting a regulatory role for IL-15 transpresentation in CD4(+) T-cell priming.

Optimizing chimerism level through bone marrow transplantation and irradiation to induce long-term tolerance to composite tissue allotransplantation.

BACKGROUND: Mixed chimerism with long-term composite tissue allotransplant (CTA) acceptance can be achieved through allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). The present study investigated the optimal chimerism level by giving different irradiation dosages to recipients to induce tolerance to CTA. METHODS: Chimera were prepared using Brown-Norway and Lewis rats with strong major histocompatibility complex incompatibility. The Lewis rats received 5 mg antilymphocyte globulin (day -1 and 10) and 16 mg/kg cyclosporine (day 0-10) and were separated into groups 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 according to the day -1 irradiation dosage: 0, 200, 400, 600, and 950 cGy, respectively. The Lewis rats were then reconstituted with 100 × 10(6) T-cell-depleted Brown-Norway bone marrow cells (day 0) and received vascularized Brown-Norway-CTA on day 28. Chimerism was assessed monthly by flow cytometry starting on day 28 after BMT. Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) was assessed clinically and histologically. RESULTS: Chimerism, 4 weeks after BMT, averaged 0.2%, 9.2%, 30.7%, 58%, and 99.3% in groups 1 to 5, respectively. GVHD occurred as follows: groups 1 and 2, none; group 3, 1 case of GVHD; group 4, 7 cases of GVHD (of which 3 died); and group 5, 10 cases of GVHD (of which 6 died). The percentage of long-term CTA acceptance was 0%, 0%, 90%, 70%, and 40% in groups 1 to 5, respectively. The percentage of regulatory T cells was significantly lower in high-chimerism (≥ 20%, n = 15) than in low-chimerism (<20%, n = 5) rats that accepted CTA long-term . CONCLUSIONS: The chimerism level correlated positively with GVHD occurrence and long-term CTA acceptance but correlated negatively with regulatory T-cell levels. Optimal chimerism for CTA acceptance through pre-CTA BMT and irradiation occurs at 20-50% at day 28 after BMT in the rat model.

Combined treatment with regulatory T cells and vascularized bone marrow transplantation creates mixed chimerism and induces donor-specific tolerance to vascularized composite allografts without cytoreductive conditioning.

BACKGROUND: Cotreatment with regulatory T cells (T(reg)) and conventional allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) successfully induced durable chimerism and tolerance to nonvascularized skin allografts without cytoreductive conditioning in mice. We sought to determine whether T(reg) treatment combined with vascularized BMT (VBMT) could create mixed chimerism and induce tolerance to vascularized composite allografts (VCAs) without cytoreductive conditioning in rats. METHODS: Recipient Lewis rats treated (day 0) with or without naturally sorted T(reg) (3 × 10(6)) from Lewis rat spleen and lymph nodes received costimulation blockade (anti-CD154 monoclonal antibody, days 0 and 1 and CTLA-4 immunoglobin, days 2, 4, and 6), rapamycin (days -1, 0, and 2), and concurrent transplantation of fully mismatched allogeneic donor VCAs (day 0) from the Brown Norway rat hindlimb containing VBMT. The mixed chimerism level was assessed monthly using flow cytometry. Survival of VCAs and occurrence of graft-versus-host disease were assessed clinically and histologically. RESULTS: The combination of T(reg) and VBMT treatment led to long-term multilineage hematopoietic mixed chimerism (12-18%) and long-term donor-specific tolerance to VCAs (89% acceptance rate). Neither stable mixed chimerism nor VCA acceptance was observed in recipients without T(reg) treatment. Graft-versus-host disease did not occur in the VBMT recipients. CONCLUSIONS: Cotreatment with T(reg) and VBMT created stable mixed chimerism and induced long-term donor-specific tolerance to VCAs without requiring cytoreductive conditioning. This noncytoreductive T(reg)-VBMT protocol has potential for clinical application in VCAs.

Improving the safety of tolerance induction: chimerism and cellular co-treatment strategies applied to vascularized composite allografts.

Although vascularized composite allografts (VCAs) have been performed clinically for a variety of indications, potential complications from long-term immunosuppression and graft-versus-host disease remain important barriers to widespread applications. Recently it has been demonstrated that VCAs incorporating a vascularized long bone in a rat model provide concurrent vascularized bone marrow transplantation that, itself, functions to establish hematopoietic chimerism and donor-specific tolerance following non-myeloablative conditioning of recipients. Advances such as this, which aim to improve the safety profile of tolerance induction, will help usher in an era of wider clinical VCA application for nonlife-saving reconstructions.

Induction of metastatic cancer stem cells from the NK/LAK-resistant floating, but not adherent, subset of the UP-LN1 carcinoma cell line by IFN-γ.

As an advanced status of cancer stem cells (CSCs), metastatic CSCs (mCSCs) have been proposed to be the essential seeds that initiate tumor metastasis. However, the biology of mCSCs is poorly understood. In this study, we used a lymph node (LN) metastatic CEA-producing carcinoma cell line, UP-LN1, characterized by the persistent appearance of adherent (A) and floating (F) cells in culture, to determine the distribution of CSCs and mechanisms for the induction of mCSCs. F and A cells displayed distinct phenotypes, CD44(high)/CD24(low) and CD44(low)/CD24(high), respectively. The CSC-rich nature of F cells was typified by stronger expression of multiple drug resistance genes and a 7.8-fold higher frequency of tumor-initiating cells in NOD/SCID mice when compared with A cells. F cells showed a greater depression in HLA class I expression and an extreme resistance to NK/LAK-mediated cytolysis. Moreover, the NK/LAK-resistant F cells were highly susceptible to IFN-γ-mediated induction of surface CXCR4, with concomitant downregulation of cytoplasmic CXCL12 expression, whereas these two parameters remained essentially unchanged in NK/LAK-sensitive A cells. Following the induction of surface CXCR4, enhanced migratory/invasive potential of F cells was demonstrated by in vitro assays. Confocal immunofluorescence microscopy showed the two distinct phenotypes of F and A cells could be correspondingly identified in monodispersed and compact tumor cell areas within the patient's LN tumor lesion. In response to IFN-γ or activated NK/LAK cells, the CXCR4(+) mCSCs could be only induced from the CSCs, which were harbored in the highly tumorigenic CD44(high)/CD24(low) F subset. Our results revealed the complexity and heterogeneity of the CSC of this cell line/tumor and the differential immunomodulatory roles of F and A cells. A better understanding of the interactions among different classes of CSCs and their niches may assist us in eradicating the CSCs/mCSCs through targeted immunotherapy, chemotherapy, or both.

Autoimmunity-related demyelination in infection by Japanese encephalitis virus.

Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus is the most common cause of epidemic viral encephalitis in the world. The virus mainly infects neuronal cells and causes an inflammatory response after invasion of the parenchyma of the brain. The death of neurons is frequently observed, in which demyelinated axons are commonly seen. The mechanism that accounts for the occurrence of demyelination is ambiguous thus far. With a mouse model, the present study showed that myelin-specific antibodies appeared in sera, particularly in those mice with evident symptoms. Meanwhile, specific T cells proliferating in response to stimulation by myelin basic protein (MBP) was also shown in these mice. Taken together, our results suggest that autoimmunity may play an important role in the destruction of components, e.g., MBP, of axon-surrounding myelin, resulting in demyelination in the mouse brain after infection with the JE virus.

Epstein-Barr virus DNA load in tumour tissues correlates with poor differentiation status in non-muscle invasive urothelial carcinomas.

OBJECTIVE: To detect the correlation between the clinical staging, grading and genomic Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) viral numbers in tumour tissues of urothelial carcinoma patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From June 2004 to May 2008, 60 urothelial carcinoma patients (50 cases of bladder carcinoma and 10 of upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) were enrolled in the study. Eight patients who underwent transurethral resection of prostate for prostate hyperplasia and two patients receiving nephrectomy for non-function kidney were used as normal controls. The EBV viral copy numbers in genomic DNA were evaluated using a real-time PCR-based study. The BamHI W region of the Namalwa cell line was constructed to the plasmid clone and was used as standard curve for absolute quantitative PCR (Q-PCR). RESULTS: Epstein-Barr virus DNA was detected in 56% (28/50) and 60% (6/10) of the bladder and UTUC patients, respectively. The EBV DNA could not be detected in the normal control group. By pooling the UTUC and bladder patients in stage Ta,T1, the high copy number in fixed genomic DNA amount (100 ng/20 µL) was correlated with the high grading in stage Ta,T1 urothelial carcinoma (P = 0.014). The overall grading was not statistically associated with EBV copy number (P = 0.25). Although the copy numbers between paired tumour and normal tissues were not statistically different (P= 0.169), there were more copies of EBV in the normal tissues adjacent to the tumours than in those free from urothelial carcinoma. There was no significant difference between recurrence of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer and the presence of EBV (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Epstein-Barr virus DNA could be detected in the genome of the urothelial carcinoma specimens. The poor differentiation status was correlated with the high load of the EBV genome in non-muscle invasive urothelial carcinoma. However, recurrence-free survival was not greater in EBV-positive patients than in EBV-negative patients.

Identification of genetic alterations in upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma in end-stage renal disease patients.

Clinical presentations of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients on dialysis with upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UUT-UC) are different from those with normal renal function. The pathogenesis remains unknown. We investigated the pathogenetic influence of chromosomal aberrations in patient on dialysis with UUT-UC. The chromosomal aberrations of UUT-UC specimens from seven dialysis patients were assessed by conventional comparative genomic hybridization (cCGH). Subsequently, we further investigated 20 cases by whole genome and fine-tiling oligonucleotide array-based CGH to demonstrate gains and losses, and compared with the clinicopathologic background. The chromosomal aberrations in UUT-UC specimens from dialysis patients were more complex than in bladder urothelial carcinoma (B-UC). Our data showed that gains at 5p, 7, 19q, and losses at 4q, 9p, and 15q are common in UUT-UC of ESRD patients. Gains in regions associated with DNA repair genes were noted in this study. High-stage and high-grade tumors displayed more copy number variants. In addition, female ESRD patients with UUT-UC had more frequent chromosomal aberrations than their male counterparts. In conclusion, unique chromosomal aberrations were indentified in UUT-UC in ESRD patients.

Streptococcal collagen-like surface protein 1 promotes adhesion to the respiratory epithelial cell.

BACKGROUND: Collagen-like surface proteins Scl1 and Scl2 on Streptococcus pyogenes contain contiguous Gly-X-X triplet amino acid motifs, the characteristic structure of human collagen. Although the potential role of Scl1 in adhesion has been studied, the conclusions may be affected by the use of different S. pyogenes strains and their carriages of various adhesins. To explore the bona fide nature of Scl1 in adherence to human epithelial cells without the potential interference of other streptococcal surface factors, we constructed a scl1 isogenic mutant from the Scl2-defective S. pyogenes strain and a Scl1-expressed Escherichia coli. RESULTS: Loss of Scl1 in a Scl2-defective S. pyogenes strain dramatically decreased the adhesion of bacteria to HEp-2 human epithelial cells. Expression of Scl1 on the surface of the heterologous bacteria E. coli significantly increased adhesion to HEp-2. The increase in adhesion was nullified when Scl1-expressed E. coli was pre-incubated with proteases or antibodies against recombinant Scl1 (rScl1) protein. Treatment of HEp-2 cells with rScl protein or pronase drastically reduced the binding capability of Scl1-expressed E. coli. These findings suggest that the adhesion is mediated through Scl1 on bacterial surface and protein receptor(s) on epithelial cells. Further blocking of potential integrins revealed significant contributions of α2 and ß1 integrins in Scl1-mediated binding to epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS: Together, these results underscore the importance of Scl1 in the virulence of S. pyogenes and implicate Scl1 as an adhesin during pathogenesis of streptococcal infection.

Urinary fluorescence in situ hybridization assay for detecting urothelial carcinoma in Taiwanese patients.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the cytogenetic marker detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH; UroVysion, Vysis, Inc., Abbott Laboratories, Des Plaines, IL, USA) in the diagnosis of bladder cancer and upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UC) in Taiwanese patients, as FISH has been used in Western countries for detecting UC, but there are limited results in Asian populations. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We analysed polyploidy of chromosome 3, 7, 17 and aneuploidy of chromosome 21, using uroepithelial cells collected at the first void or by instrumental extraction of urine, for bladder cancer, and shedding cells from the upper tract flushed by normal saline via ureteric catheterization or ureterorenoscopy. The criteria for positive tumour cells included three or more positive staining in two or more chromosomes showing polyploidy or <50% staining of the chromosome 9p21. RESULTS: In all, 32 patients with bladder UC and 12 with upper tract UC were assessed. The overall sensitivity for bladder cancer by UroVysion was 96.8%. The sensitivity of the cytology test was 36% for UC of the bladder. The sensitivity for UroVysion in upper tract UC was 12/12 but the specificity was three of nine. CONCLUSIONS: This preliminary report shows that UroVysion was a sensitive screening method for UC of the bladder and upper urinary tract.

Analysis of the effect of serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) and soluble IL-6 receptor levels on survival of patients with colorectal cancer.

OBJECTIVE: The correlations of serum interleukin-6 and soluble interleukin-6 receptor concentrations with clinicopathological features and survival of patients with colorectal cancer were studied. METHODS: We measured the serum levels of interleukin-6 and soluble interleukin-6 receptor in 99 colorectal cancer patients at the Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan. The interleukin-6 and soluble interleukin-6 receptor levels were tested for their association with each other, and with the clinical parameters and outcomes. RESULTS: Both interleukin-6 and soluble interleukin-6 receptor concentrations were significantly higher in colorectal cancer patients than in normal individuals. Unlike patients with serum interleukin-6 levels >10 pg/ml, who have increased carcinoembryonic antigen levels and shorter survival, serum soluble interleukin-6 receptor levels >800 pg/ml were found in patients with stages I-II and no regional lymph nodal invasion and appeared to be a positive prognostic factor for improved survival. Especially, patients with serum interleukin-6 <10 pg/ml and soluble interleukin-6 receptor >800 pg/ml lived significantly longer. Nonetheless, the multivariate analysis showed that only tumor-node metastasis stage, metastatic status and serum interleukin-6 level were independent prognostic factors, whereas the serum soluble interleukin-6 receptor level became marginally important for survival. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest the clinical relevance of interleukin-6 and soluble interleukin-6 receptor for the survival of colorectal cancer patients. From a practical point of view, detection of the serum interleukin-6 level alone, rather than combined measurement of interleukin-6 and soluble interleukin-6 receptor, may be sufficient to independently predict survival in colorectal cancer patients.

Mixed germ cell tumor metastatic to the skin: case report and literature review.

BACKGROUND: Testicular cancer is the most common cancer for males aged 15 to approximately 35 years old. The initial presentation is typically an asymptomatic enlarged testicle. The retroperitoneum is the most common metastatic area. Other metastatic sites include the lung, liver, brain, adrenal glands, gastrointestinal tract and spleen. Skin metastasis is a rare event and frequently associated with poor prognosis. CASE PRESENTATION: A 19-year old male was diagnosed testicular mixed germ cell tumor with initial presentation of cutaneous metastasis at scalp and upper abdomen. After radical orchiectomy and four courses of cisplatin-based chemotherapy, the scalp and upper abdominal lesions regressed completely. The size of lung metastases remained unchanged. CONCLUSIONS: For advanced stage testicular cancer, cisplatin-based chemotherapy is still effective to achieve partial response.

Total HLA class I loss in a sarcomatoid renal carcinoma cell line caused by the coexistence of distinct mutations in the two encoding beta2-microglobulin genes.

In renal cell carcinoma (RCC), HLA class I downregulation has been found in about 40% of the lesions examined. Since only scanty information is available about the molecular basis of these defects, we have investigated the mechanism(s) underlying HLA class I antigen downregulation or loss in six RCC cell lines. Five of them express HLA class I antigens although at various levels; on the other hand, HLA class I antigens are not detectable on the remaining cell line, the RCC52 cell line, belonging to a sarcomatoid subtype, even following incubation with IFN-gamma. beta(2)-microglobulin (beta(2) m) was not detected in RCC52 cells. Surprisingly, RCC52 cells harbor two mutations in the beta ( 2 ) m genes in exon 1: a single G deletion (delG) in codon 6, which introduces a premature stop at codon 7, and a CT dinucleotide deletion (delCT), which leads to a premature stop at codon 55. Analysis of eight clonal sublines isolated from the RCC52 cell line showed that the two beta ( 2 ) m gene mutations are carried separately by RCC52 cell subpopulations. The delG/delCT double mutations were detected in two sublines with a fibroblast-like morphology, while the delCT mutation was detected in the remaining six sublines with an epithelial cell morphology. Furthermore, loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of the beta ( 2 ) m gene at STR D15S-209 was found only in the epithelioid subpopulation, indicating loss of one copy of chromosome 15. Immunostaining results of the tumor lesion from which the cell line RCC52 was originated were consistent with the phenotyping/molecular findings of the cultured cells. This is the first example of the coexistence of distinct beta ( 2 ) m defects in two different tumor subpopulations of a RCC, where loss of one copy of chromosome 15 occurs in one of the subpopulations with total HLA class I antigen loss.

Androgen deprivation modulates the inflammatory response induced by irradiation.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to determine whether radiation (RT)-induced inflammatory responses and organ damage might be modulated by androgen deprivation therapies. METHODS: The mRNA and tissue sections obtained from the lungs, intestines and livers of irradiated mice with or without androgen deprivation were analyzed by real-time PCR and histological analysis. Activation of NF-kappa B was examined by measuring nuclear protein levels in the intestine and lung 24 h after irradiation. We also examined the levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), TGF-beta1 and p-AKT to elucidate the related pathway responsible to irradiation (RT) -induced fibrosis. RESULTS: We found androgen deprivation by castration significantly augmented RT-induced inflammation, associated with the increase NF-kappaB activation and COX-2 expression. However, administration of flutamide had no obvious effect on the radiation-induced inflammation response in the lung and intestine. These different responses were probably due to the increase of RT-induced NF-kappaB activation and COX-2 expression by castration or lupron treatment. In addition, our data suggest that TGF-beta1 and the induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) via the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway may contribute to RT-induced fibrosis. CONCLUSION: When irradiation was given to patients with total androgen deprivation, the augmenting effects on the RT-induced inflammation and fibrosis should take into consideration for complications associated with radiotherapy.

Differential baseline and response profile to IFN-gamma gene transduction of IL-6/IL-6 receptor-alpha secretion discriminate primary tumors versus bone marrow metastases of nasopharyngeal carcinomas in culture.

BACKGROUND: Understanding of immunobiology of bone marrow metastases (designated BM-NPC) versus primary tumors (P-NPC) of the nasopharynx is far from complete. The aim of this study was to determine if there would be differences between cultured P-NPCs and BM-NPCs with respect to (i) constitutive IL-6 and the IL-6 receptor gp80 subunit (IL-6Ralpha) levels in the spent media of nontransduced cells, and (ii) IL-6 and IL-6Ralpha levels in the spent media of cells transduced with a retroviral vector containing the IFN-gamma gene. METHODS: A panel of NPC cell lines were transduced with the IFN-gamma gene through a retroviral vector. Four clonal sublines were isolated via limiting dilution methods. Cytofluorometric analysis was performed for the detection of cell surface antigens of HLA class I, HLA class II and ICAM-1. ELISA was used to assay for IFN-gamma, IL-6 and IL-6Ralpha in the spent media of cultured cell lines. RESULTS: Our results showed that in day 3 culture supernatants, low levels of soluble IL-6 were detected in 5/5 cultured tumors derived from P-NPCs, while much higher constitutive levels of IL-6 were detected in 3/3 metastasis-derived NPC cell lines including one originated from ascites; the difference was significant (p = 0.025). An inverse relationship was found between IL-6Ralpha and IL-6 in their release levels in cultured P-NPCs and metastasis-derived NPCs. In IFN-gamma-transduced-P-NPCs, IL-6 production increased and yet IL-6Ralpha decreased substantially, as compared to nontransduced counterparts. At variance with P-NPC cells, the respective ongoing IL-6 and IL-6Ralpha release patterns of BM-NPC cells were not impeded as much following IFN-gamma transduction. These observations were confirmed by extended kinetic studies with representative NPC cell lines and clonal sublines. The latter observation with the clonal sublines also indicates that selection for high IL-6 or low IL-6Ralpha producing subpopulations did not occur as a result of IFN-gamma-transduction process. P-NPCs, which secreted constitutively only marginal levels of IFN-gamma (8.4 ~ 10.5 pg/ml), could be enhanced to produce higher levels of IFN-gamma (6.8- to 10.3-fold increase) after IFN-gamma transduction. Unlike P-NPCs, BM-NPCs spontaneously released IFN-gamma at moderate levels (83.8 ~ 100.7 pg/ml), which were enhanced by 1.3- to 2.2-fold in the spent media of their IFN-gamma-transduced counterparts. CONCLUSION: Our results showed that cultured P-NPCs and BM-NPCs could be distinguished from one another on the basis of their differential baseline secretion pattern of IFN-gamma, IL-6 and IL-6Ralpha, and their differential response profiles to IFN-gamma gene transfer of the production of these three soluble molecules. These results suggest that the IL-6 and IFN-gamma pathways in a background of genetic instability be involved in the acquisition of metastatic behaviour in BM-NPCs.

Molecular events associated with epithelial to mesenchymal transition of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells in the absence of Epstein-Barr virus genome.

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an important process in tumor metastasis. The EMT-related events associated with metastasis of NPC in the absence of EBV have not been elucidated. We established an EBV-negative NPC cell line from a bone marrow biopsy of an NPC patient. Using a Matrigel system we isolated an invasive and non-invasive sublines, designated NPC-BM29 and NPC-BM00. NPC-BM29 acquired an invasive-like phenotype characterized by EMT, marked by down-regulation of E-cadherin and beta-catenin with concomitant increased expression of Ets1. NPC-BM29 cells expressed >or= 10-fold higher of MMP-9 than NPC-BM00 cells. NPC-BM29 cells grew better in 2% serum than NPC-BM00 cells, with a population doubling-time of 26.8 h and 30.7 h, respectively. A marked reduction in colony-formation ability of NPC-BM00 cells compared to NPC-BM29 was observed. Wound-healing assay revealed that NPC-BM29 cells displayed higher motility than NPC-BM00 and the motility was further enhanced by cell treatment with TPA, a PKC activator. Cell surface markers and tumor-associated molecules, AE3, MAK6 and sialyl-Tn, were up-regulated in NPC-BM29 cells, whereas the expression of HLA-DR and CD54 was significantly increased in NPC-BM00 cells. NPC-BM29 consistently released higher levels of IL-8 and IL-10 than NPC-BM00, with low levels of IL-1alpha expression in both cell lines. Higher level of VEGF production was detected in NPC-BM00 than NPC-BM29 cells. These data show that EBV is not required for exhibiting multiple metastatic phenotypes associated with EMT. More studies that target right molecules/signalings associated with the EMT may offer new therapeutic intervention options for NPC invasion and metastasis.

Unfractionated heparin and enoxaparin reduce high-stretch ventilation augmented lung injury: a prospective, controlled animal experiment.

INTRODUCTION: Dysregulation of coagulation and local fibrinolysis found in patients with acute lung injury often results in the need for the support of mechanical ventilation. High-tidal-volume mechanical ventilation can increase lung damage and suppression of fibrinolytic activity, but the mechanisms are unclear. We hypothesized that subcutaneous injections of unfractionated heparin and enoxaparin would decrease neutrophil infiltration, lung edema, and plasminogen-activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) production in mice exposed to high-tidal-volume ventilation. METHODS: Male C57BL/6 mice, weighing 20 to 25 g, were exposed to either high-tidal-volume (30 ml/kg) or low-tidal-volume (6 ml/kg) mechanical ventilation with room air for 1 to 5 hours after 200 IU/kg or 400 IU/kg unfractionated heparin and 4 mg/kg or 8 mg/kg enoxaparin administration. Nonventilated mice served as a control group. Evan blue dye, lung wet- to dry-weight ratio, histopathologic grading of epithelium, myeloperoxidase, and gene expression of PAI-1 were measured. The expression of PAI-1 was studied by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: High-tidal-volume ventilation induced increased microvascular permeability, neutrophil influx, PAI-1 mRNA expression, production of PAI-1 protein, and positive staining of PAI-1 in epithelium in a dose-dependent manner. Lung injury induced by high-tidal-volume ventilation was attenuated with PAI-1-deficient mice and pharmacologic inhibition of PAI-1 activity by low-dose unfractionated heparin and enoxaparin. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that high-tidal-volume mechanical ventilation increased microvascular permeability, neutrophil influx, lung PAI-1 mRNA expression, production of active PAI-1. The deleterious effects were attenuated by low-dose unfractionated heparin or enoxaparin treatment. Understanding the protective mechanism of unfractionated heparin and enoxaparin related to the reduction of PAI-1 may afford further knowledge of the effects of mechanical forces in the lung and development of possible therapeutic strategies involved in acute lung injury.