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Cricotopus is a large and diverse genus of non-biting midges composed of several subgenera. Complete mitogenome sequences are available for very few Cricotopus species. The subgenus Pseudocricotopus unites species with unusual morphological structures in adult male and pupal stages, however, molecular methods are needed to verify the placement of this subgenus within Cricotopus. We obtained mitogenomes of C. (Pseudocricotopus) cf. montanus and nine other Cricotopus species for phylogenetic analysis, coupled with two Rheocricotopus species and one Synorthocladius species as outgroups. The structure of the mitogenome was similar among these Cricotopus species, exhibiting A+T bias and retaining ancestral gene order. Mutation rate, estimated as Ka/Ks, varied among genes, and was highest for ATP8 and lowest for COI. The phylogenetic relationships among species of Cricotopus, Rheocricotopus and Synorthocladius was reconstructed using Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood estimation. The phylogenetic trees confirmed placement of subgenus Pseudocricotopus, represented by Cricotopus cf. montanus, within Cricotopus. Our study increases the library of chironomid mitogenomes and provides insight into the properties of their constituent genes.
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Chironomidae , Genoma Mitocondrial , Animales , Chironomidae/genética , Chironomidae/anatomía & histología , Filogenia , Teorema de Bayes , PupaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Retrograde approach technique has been challenging in percutaneous coronary interventional treatment of chronic total occlusion (CTO) coronary disease. The present study endeavors to determine a novel Chinese scoring system for predicting successful collateral channels traverse via retrograde approach. METHODS: The demographic characteristics and angiographic characteristics of 309 CTO patient were analyzed by univariable and multivariable analysis for selecting potential predictors. And the nomogram was used to establish the scoring system. Then it was evaluated by the internal and external validation. RESULTS: The predictors of Age, Connections between collateral channels and recipient vessels, and Channel Tortuosity (ACT) were identified with univariable and multivariable analysis and employed to the ACT score system. With acceptable calibrations, the area under curve of the scoring system and the external validation were 0.826 and 0.816 respectively. Based on score, the predictors were divided into three risk categories and it showed a consistent prediction power in the validation cohort. CONCLUSIONS: The novel Chinese ACT score is a reliable tool for predicting successful retrograde collateral traverse.
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Enfermedad de la Arteria Coronaria , Oclusión Coronaria , Cardiopatías , Humanos , Angiografía , Oclusión Coronaria/diagnóstico por imagen , Oclusión Coronaria/terapia , ChinaRESUMEN
The Rheotanytarsus guineensis species group (Diptera: Chironomidae) is a species diverse and taxonomically difficult group. Using DNA barcodes, we found five new species within the R. guineensis species group and reviewed the species group based on adult males from China. Rheotanytarsus guoae Lin & Yao sp. n., Rheotanytarsus miaoae Lin & Yao sp. n., Rheotanytarsus qiangi Lin & Yao sp. n., Rheotanytarsus yueqingensis Lin & Yao sp. n., and Rheotanytarsus yui Lin & Yao sp. n. are all described and figured. A key to known adult males of the R. guineensis species group worldwide is provided for the first time.
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Chironomidae , Dípteros , Masculino , Animales , Chironomidae/genética , Código de Barras del ADN Taxonómico , ChinaRESUMEN
The mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) has been widely used as a powerful marker in phylogenetic and evolutionary studies of various Dipteran groups. However, only a few mitogenomes from the Thienemanniella genus have been reported till now. Furthermore, there is still indeterminacy in the phylogenetic relationships of the genus Thienemanniella. In this study, mitogenomes of five Thienemanniella species were sequenced and analyzed newly. Combined with the published mitogenome of Thienemanniella nipponica, the obtained results showed that mitogenomes of Thienemanniella were conserved in structure, and all genes were observed to be arranged in the same gene order as the ancestral mitogenome. Nucleotide composition varied significantly among different genes, and the control region displayed the highest A + T content. All protein coding genes are subjected to purification selection, and the fastest evolving gene is ATP8. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses showed the phylogeny of Thienemanniella which was supported in five topologies. Our present study provides valuable insight into the phylogenetic relationships of Thienemanniella species.
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Chironomidae , Genoma Mitocondrial , Animales , Chironomidae/genética , Teorema de Bayes , Filogenia , Evolución BiológicaRESUMEN
Although thiophenes having various functionalities are the basic structural units in numerous bioactive compounds and optoelectronic materials, synthetic routes to acylated thiophenes from aliphatic sulfur-containing starting materials are still rare. In particular, there have been no reports concerning the straightforward synthesis of 2,4-diacylthiophenes from alkynes. Herein, we describe a highly efficient and metal-free three-step one-pot synthetic approach to tetrasubstituted 2,4-diacylthiophenes from propargylic alcohols and α-oxo ketene dithioacetals. This research features a relay catalysis system that integrates Brønsted acid-catalyzed propargylation, molecular iodine-mediated electrophilic cyclization, and visible light-induced deiodinative oxygenation. The 2,4-diacylthiophenes serving as the key starting materials are readily synthesized, enabling facile construction of analogues of related biologically active compounds and the modular assembly of tetrasubstituted thienothiophenes.
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BACKGROUND The abnormal activity of Sirtuin 1 (Sirt1) is closely related to the aging of vascular endothelial cells. As a bioactive molecule, allicin has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and lipid-regulating mechanisms. However, few reports about the relationship of allicin and Sirt1 have been published. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the effect of allicin on Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) aging induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and the role of Sirt1 in this phenomenon. MATERIAL AND METHODS HUVEC were exposed to H2O2 to establish the aging model. The expression of protein and RNA were detected by Western blot and Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to assess cell viability. Sirt1 enzyme activity assay was used to analyze enzymatic activity. Reactive oxygen species was detected by dichloroï¬uorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA). Cell aging was detected by Senescence ß-Galactosidase (SA-ß-gal) staining. RESULTS Results of this study revealed that pretreating HUVECs with 5 ng/mL allicin before exposure to H2O2 resulted in increased cell viability and reduced reactive oxygen species generation. Western blot and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis showed that H2O2 attenuated the phosphorylation and activation of Sirt1 and increased the expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1(PAI-1) protein. Moreover, H2O2 also promoted HUVEC aging. These effects were significantly alleviated by 5 ng/mL allicin co-treatment. Furthermore, the anti-aging effects of allicin were abolished by the Sirt1 inhibitor nicotinamide (NAM). CONCLUSIONS Overall, the results demonstrated that allicin protects HUVECs from H2O2-induced oxidative stress and aging via the activation of Sirt1.
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Senescencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Células Endoteliales de la Vena Umbilical Humana/efectos de los fármacos , Sirtuina 1/farmacología , Ácidos Sulfínicos/farmacología , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Células Cultivadas , Disulfuros , Interacciones Farmacológicas , Células Endoteliales , Células Endoteliales de la Vena Umbilical Humana/citología , Humanos , Peróxido de Hidrógeno/farmacología , Niacinamida/farmacología , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Fosforilación , Sustancias Protectoras/farmacología , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , beta-Galactosidasa/metabolismoRESUMEN
Diabetes is known to be associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Resveratrol, a plant-derived polyphenolic compound found in red wine, possesses antioxidant properties. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of resveratrol on the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt)/FoxO3a pathway in mediating high glucose (HG)-induced injuries in neuronal PC12 cells. PC12 cells were exposed to HG to establish a model of HG neurotoxicity. Results showed that pre-treating PC12 cells with resveratrol before exposure to HG led to increased cell viability, decreased apoptotic cells, and reactive oxygen species generation. Western blot analysis showed that HG decreased the phosphorylation of Akt and FoxO3a and led to the nuclear localization of FoxO3a. These effects were significantly alleviated by resveratrol co-treatment. Furthermore, the protective effects of resveratrol were abolished by PI3K/Akt inhibitor LY294002. All these results demonstrate that resveratrol protected the PC12 cells from HG-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis via the activation of PI3K/Akt/FoxO3a signaling pathway.
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Factores de Transcripción Forkhead/metabolismo , Glucosa/toxicidad , Neuroprotección/efectos de los fármacos , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/farmacología , Neurotoxinas/toxicidad , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinasa/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt/metabolismo , Estilbenos/farmacología , Acetilcisteína/farmacología , Animales , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas Reguladoras de la Apoptosis/metabolismo , Proteína 11 Similar a Bcl2 , Núcleo Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Núcleo Celular/metabolismo , Cromonas/farmacología , Regulación hacia Abajo/efectos de los fármacos , Proteína Forkhead Box O3 , Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismo , Morfolinas/farmacología , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Células PC12 , Fosforilación/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas/metabolismo , Ratas , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Resveratrol , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Fermi resonance phenomenon exists in simple compounds and it also widely exists in vibration spectra of complex. The complex can be formed by adding up simple compounds. As a result, the characteristic parameters of some parts of molecule will make changes, and the molecular spectra have a significant change along with it. Benzoquinone and proline in the solution form charge-transfer complex under certain conditions, but the spectra intensity is weak, our research uses Teflon liquid-core optical fiber technology to gain high quality resonance Raman spectra. We acquire Raman spectra of Benzoquinone and its complex in experiments, and analyze the characteristic parameters of Fermi resonance according to J. F. Bertran quantum theory. The results shows that, because of the formation of complex, Fermi resonance peak of C==0 bond shifts to high wavelength, the spectra intensity decreases, the frequency space increases, the coupling coefficient increases. The explanation is that, in the solution of complex, proline is donor, while benzoquinone is acceptor, the non-bonding electron of N atom which is belong to proline transfers to the pi anti-bonding orbital of benzoquinone, then n-pi* charge transfer complex is produced. That causes the change of molecular energy level, changes the Raman spectra. All these researches provide new idea and clue for spectral line certification and attribution of complex molecules, complexes and polymer.
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In the present paper, an innovative experiment was done. The authors measured the Raman spectra of CS2 mixed with THF at different volume fractions. According to the J. F. Bertran theory, we analyzed the changing regularity of v1-2v2 Fermi resonance along with the different concentration. It was shown that the characteristic parameters of Fermi resonance in solution, such as spectra intensity, frequency space, coupling coefficient and anharmonic constant, will make changes along with solution concentration variation. Because of the existing of solvent effects, the spectra intensity decreases gradually, and the coupling coefficient increases gradually. The explanation of such changes is that the vibration spectra are affected not only by scattering coefficient, but also by more weak hydrogen bond's formation. In addition, the asymmetric frequency shift of the Raman spectra was also found in the paper. The fundamental frequency v1 basically has no shifts, but the overtone frequency 2v2 moves towards the high wave number gradually, which is inconsistent with the theory of symmetrical movement. According to the study of molecular microcosmic action, the formation and mechanism of the weak hydrogen bond can preferably explain the above phenomenon. The research has a major influence on the further study of solvent effects in Fermi resonance. And the paper will also provide certain reference value for the study of molecule vibration spectra in solution.
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The sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) activation and cytokine level were significantly increased in coronavirus disease-19. The NLRP3 inflammasome is an amplifier for cellular inflammation. This study aimed to elucidate the modulatory effect of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein (SARS-CoV-2 NP) on trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO)-induced lipogenesis and NLRP3 inflammasome activation and the underlying mechanisms in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Our data indicated that SARS-CoV-2 NP activates the dissociation of the SREBP cleavage activating protein (SCAP) from the endoplasmic reticulum, resulting in SREBP activation, increased lipogenic gene expression, and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. TMAO was applied to VSMC-induced NLRP3 inflammasome by promoting the SCAP-SREBP complex endoplasmic reticulum-to-Golgi translocation, which facilitates directly binding of SARS-CoV-2 NP to the NLRP3 protein for NLRP3 inï¬ammasome assembly. SARS-CoV-2 NP amplified the TMAO-induced lipogenic gene expression and NLRP3 inflammasome. Knockdown of SCAP-SREBP2 can effectively reduce lipogenic gene expression and alleviate NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated systemic inflammation in VSMCs stimulated with TMAO and SARS-CoV-2 NP. These results reveal that SARS-CoV-2 NP amplified TMAO-induced lipogenesis and NLRP3 inflammasome activation via priming the SCAP-SREBP signaling pathway.
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COVID-19 , Metilaminas , Proteínas de Unión a los Elementos Reguladores de Esteroles , Humanos , Proteínas de Unión a los Elementos Reguladores de Esteroles/metabolismo , Inflamasomas/metabolismo , Proteína con Dominio Pirina 3 de la Familia NLR/genética , Proteína con Dominio Pirina 3 de la Familia NLR/metabolismo , Proteína 1 de Unión a los Elementos Reguladores de Esteroles/metabolismo , SARS-CoV-2 , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intracelular/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal , Inflamación , Proteínas de la NucleocápsideRESUMEN
Hyperphosphatemia or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV2) infection can promote cardiovascular adverse events in patients with chronic kidney disease. Hyperphosphatemia is associated with elevated inflammation and sterol regulatory element binding protein 2 (SREBP2) activation, but the underlying mechanisms in SARSCoV2 that are related to cardiovascular disease remain unclear. The present study aimed to elucidate the role of excess inorganic phosphate (PI) in SARSCoV2 N proteininduced NLRP3 inflammasome activation and the underlying mechanisms in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). The expression levels of SARSCoV2 N protein, SREBP cleavageactivating protein (SCAP), mature Nterminal SREBP2, NLRP3, procaspase1, cleaved caspase1, IL1ß and IL18 were examined by western blotting. The expression levels of SREBP2, HMGCoA reductase, HMGCS1, low density lipoprotein receptor, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), SREBP1c, fatty acid synthase, stearyl coenzyme A desaturase 1, acetylCoA carboxylase α and ATPcitrate lyase were determined by reverse transcriptionquantitative PCR. The translocation of SCAP or NLRP3 from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi was detected by confocal microscopy. The results showed that excess PI promoted SCAPSREBP and NLRP3 complex translocation to the Golgi, potentially leading to NLRP3 inflammasome activation and lipogenic gene expression. Furthermore, PI amplified SARSCoV2 N proteininduced inflammation via the SCAPSREBP pathway, which facilitates NLRP3 inï¬ammasome assembly and activation. Inhibition of phosphate uptake with phosphonoformate sodium alleviated NLRP3 inflammasome activation and reduced SREBPmediated lipogenic gene expression in VSMCs stimulated with PI and with SARSCoV2 N protein overexpression. Inhibition of SREBP2 or small interfering RNAinduced silencing of SREBP2 effectively suppressed the effect of PI and SARSCoV2 N protein on NLRP3 inflammasome activation and lipogenic gene expression. In conclusion, the present study identified that PI amplified SARSCoV2 N proteininduced NLRP3 inflammasome activation and lipogenic gene expression via the SCAPSREBP signaling pathway.
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COVID-19 , Hiperfosfatemia , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intracelular , Proteínas de la Membrana , Humanos , Inflamasomas/metabolismo , Proteína con Dominio Pirina 3 de la Familia NLR/genética , Proteína con Dominio Pirina 3 de la Familia NLR/metabolismo , Proproteína Convertasa 9/metabolismo , Proteína 2 de Unión a Elementos Reguladores de Esteroles/genética , Proteína 2 de Unión a Elementos Reguladores de Esteroles/metabolismo , SARS-CoV-2/metabolismo , Fosfatos , Proteína 1 de Unión a los Elementos Reguladores de Esteroles/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal , InflamaciónRESUMEN
Chironomidae is a cosmopolitan and species-rich family of insects, with many species serving as useful indicators of aquatic ecosystem health. In this study, we newly sequenced six species of Kiefferulus Goetghebuer, 1922 (Chironomidae: Chironominae) by high-throughput sequencing technology. We analyzed characters of the mitochondrial genome, including the sequence length, nucleotide composition, and evolutionary rates of this genus. The size of the newly obtained sequences ranged from 15,588 to 15,767 bp, and all of them included 22 tRNAs, 13 PCGs, 2 rRNAs, and 1 CR. The CR showed the highest AT content relative to the PCGs, rRNAs, and tRNAs. Relative synonymous codon usage analysis showed that UUA, UUU, and AUU are the preferred codons. The ratio of nonsynonymous (Ka) to synonymous (Ks) substitution rates showed that all Ka/Ks of PCGs were lower than 1, with ATP8 having the highest evolution rate, while COX1 exhibited the lowest evolution rate. We reconstructed the phylogenetic relationship of the genus Kiefferulus based on eight species (six ingroups and two outgroups), using five matrices and employing Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference approaches. Phylogenetic analysis of the Kiefferulus showed that six species within this genus were classified into a monophyletic clade.
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Chronic inflammation is a key factor that accelerates the progression of inflammatory vascular disease. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has potent antiinflammatory effects; however, its underlying mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated. The present study aimed to investigate the potential effect of H2S on sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) sulfhydration in trimethylamine Noxide (TMAO)induced macrophage inï¬ammation, and its underlying mechanism. Proinflammatory M1 cytokines (MCP1, IL1ß, and IL6) and antiinflammatory M2 cytokines (IL4 and IL10) were detected by RTqPCR. CSE, p65 NFκB, pp65 NFκB, IL1ß, IL6 and TNFα levels were measured by Western blot. The results revealed that cystathionine γlyase protein expression was negatively associated with TMAOinduced inflammation. Sodium hydrosulfide (a donor of H2S) increased SIRT1 expression and inhibited the expression of inflammatory cytokines in TMAOstimulated macrophages. Furthermore, nicotinamide, a SIRT1 inhibitor, antagonized the protective effect of H2S, which contributed to P65 NFκB phosphorylation and upregulated the expression of inflammatory factors in macrophages. H2S ameliorated TMAOinduced activation of the NFκB signaling pathway via SIRT1 sulfhydration. Moreover, the antagonistic effect of H2S on inflammatory activation was largely eliminated by the desulfhydration reagent dithiothreitol. These results indicated that H2S may prevent TMAOinduced macrophage inï¬ammation by reducing P65 NFκB phosphorylation via the upregulation and sulfhydration of SIRT1, suggesting that H2S may be used to treat inï¬ammatory vascular diseases.
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Sulfuro de Hidrógeno , Humanos , Cistationina gamma-Liasa/metabolismo , Sulfuro de Hidrógeno/farmacología , Inflamación/metabolismo , Interleucina-6 , Macrófagos/metabolismo , FN-kappa B , Sirtuina 1/metabolismoRESUMEN
Chironomidae of symbiotic habits have been recorded in different parts of the world, among commensals and parasites. There are different genera reported at the moment, however questions such as the origin of commensal or parasitic life, which occurred first or what are their benefits remain debatable. In order to contribute with information to elucidate the above mentioned issues, the present study reports the finding of immature stages of Symbiocladius (Acletus) wygodzinskyi Roback, 1965 in the Churup stream located in the Andes Cordillera (Peru), living on nymphs of Leptophlebiidae (Ephemeroptera). We present a morphological description of immature stages of this species and for the first time the sequence of COX1 gene S. (A.) wygodzinskyi. The genetic result also supports differences between the morphospecies of Symbiocladius (Symbiocladius) rhithrogenae Zavrel, 1924 and S. (A.) wygodzinskyi in 23%.
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Chironomidae , Ephemeroptera , Animales , Chironomidae/genética , Código de Barras del ADN Taxonómico , SimbiosisRESUMEN
Triglyceride-glucose index (TyG index) is a reliable surrogate marker of insulin resistance, associated with morbidity and prognosis of cardiovascular disease. However, its predictive value for cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and chronic total occlusion (CTO) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has not been studied. Here, we retrospectively enrolled 681 patients with T2DM and CTO after PCI. Patients were divided into two groups based on a median TyG index of 9.02. The TyG index was calculated as ln [fasting triglyceride (mg/dL) × fasting glucose (mg/dL)/2]. The primary observational end point was the composite of overall death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and unplanned revascularization. The Multivariate Cox hazards regression analysis showed that the TyG index was significantly correlated with the primary end point (hazard ratio = 1.699, 95% confidence interval 1.254-2.303, p = 0.001). The addition of TyG to a baseline risk model had an incremental effect on the predictive value for the primary end point (area under the curve: TyG index vs baseline model, 0.693 vs 0.663, comparison p = 0.040; integrated discrimination improvement = 0.049, p = 0.020). The TyG index might be a predictor of adverse cardiovascular events. Moreover, adding the TyG index into a baseline risk model had a cumulative effect on the predictive potential for the primary end point.
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Enfermedades Cardiovasculares , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Intervención Coronaria Percutánea , Humanos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicaciones , Factores de Riesgo , Intervención Coronaria Percutánea/efectos adversos , Estudios Retrospectivos , Triglicéridos , Glucemia , Biomarcadores , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/etiología , Glucosa , Medición de RiesgoRESUMEN
Mitochondrial genomics, as a useful marker for phylogenetics and systematics of organisms, are important for molecular biology studies. The phylogenetic relationships of the Polypedilum generic complex remains controversial, due to lack taxonomy and molecular information. In this study, we newly sequenced mitogenomes of 14 species of the Polypedilum generic complex. Coupled with three recently published sequences, we analyzed the nucleotide composition, sequence length, and evolutionary rate of this generic complex. The control region showed the highest AT content. The evolution rate of protein coding genes was as follows: ATP8 > ND6 > ND5 > ND3 > ND2 > ND4L > ND4 > COX1 > ND1 > CYTB > APT6 > COX2 > COX3. We reconstructed the phylogenetic relationships among the genera within the Polypedilum generic complex based on 19 mitochondrial genomes (seventeen ingroups and two outgroups), using Bayesian Inference (BI) and Maximum Likelihood (ML) methods for all databases. Phylogenetic analysis of 19 mitochondrial genomes demonstrated that the Endochironomus + Synendotendipes was sister to Phaenopsectra + Sergentia.
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Bone cancer pain (BCP) is excruciating for cancer patients, with limited clinical treatment options and significant side effects, due to the complex and unclear pathogenesis of bone cancer pain. Peripheral sensitization in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons is a recognized cellular mechanism for bone cancer pain. The pathological mechanism of chronic pain is increasingly being affected by epigenetic mechanisms. In this study, we unbiasedly showed that the DNA hydroxymethylase ten-eleven translocation 1 (TET1) expression was significantly increased in the L4-6 DRG of BCP rats and ten-eleven translocation 2 (TET2) expression did not change significantly. Notably, TET1 inhibition by intrathecal injection of Bobcat339 (a TET1 inhibitor) effectively relieved mechanical hyperalgesia in BCP rats. Peripheral sensitization in chronic pain relies on the activation and overexpression of ion channels on neurons. Here, we demonstrated that TRPV4, one of the transient receptor potential ion channel family members, was significantly elevated in the L4-6 DRG of BCP rats. In addition, TRPV4 inhibition by intrathecal injection of HC067047 (a TRPV4 inhibitor) also significantly attenuated mechanical hyperalgesia in BCP rats. Interestingly, we found that TET1 inhibition downregulated TRPV4 expression in the L4-6 DRG of BCP rats. As a result, these findings suggested that TET1 may contribute to bone cancer pain by upregulating TRPV4 expression in the L4-6 DRG of BCP rats and that TET1 or TRPV4 may become therapeutic targets for bone cancer pain.
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The genus Parachironomus has a cosmopolitan distribution including 85 valid described species worldwide. Species records and studies of the genus in the Tibetan Plateau are scarce. In this study, the genus Parachironomus from China is revised and two new species, Parachironomuswangi Liu & Lin, sp. nov. and Parachironomusnankaiensis Liu & Lin, sp. nov., are described based on adult morphology and molecular data. Paracladopelmademissum Yan, Wang & Bu is placed in the genus Parachironomus as a new combination. A neighbor-joining tree was reconstructed based on all known ParachironomusCOI DNA barcodes. A key to adult males of the genus Parachironomus from China is also provided.
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Tanypus punctipennis Meigen, 1818 is an important bioindicator for freshwater ecosystems monitoring. Although COI barcode analyses have been performed on T. punctipennis, the mitogenome of this taxon has not been assembled and analyzed. Here, the complete mitogenome of T. punctipennis was sequenced and analyzed to confirm the systematic and phylogenetic history of this species. The mitogenome is 16,215 bp long with high A + T content, and consists of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, two rRNA genes, and a noncoding control region. The phylogenomic analysis supports monophyletic Tanypodinae and close relationship between T. punctipennis and Clinotanypus. Our results indicate that mitogenomes showed strong signals in phylogenetic reconstructions at the genus level of Tanypodinae.
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In the present study, three new species of Tanytarsus, collected in Brazilian Amazonia, are described and illustrated as adult males: T. pollicis sp. nov., T. marianae sp. nov. and T. rafaeli sp. nov. Tanytarsus pollicis is placed in kiche species group due to its bilobed superior volsella. Tanytarsus marianae and T. rafaeli are not placed in any known species group, and although these two new species share characters that suggest they may be closely related, we do not propose that they form a new species group for Tanytarsus without prior phylogenetic analysis.