Immediate Effect of Dry Swallowing Maneuver in Patients with Neurogenic Dysphagia.

BACKGROUND: Compensatory deglutition strategies such as change of posture, swallowing maneuvers, and sensory stimulation have been used by speech-language pathologists (SLPs) to alter oral and pharyngeal biodynamics. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the immediate effect of the dry swallowing maneuver in patients with neurogenic dysphagia. METHODOLOGY: The participants were 11 individuals with neurogenic dysphagia who underwent videofluoroscopic swallowing study while performing dry swallow maneuvers for different consistencies. The amount of pre- and post-maneuver residue was measured for the tongue base, vallecula, posterior pharyngeal wall, and pyriform sinus. Two experienced SLPs analyzed the videos blindly as to the timing, pre- or post-maneuver, and information about the videos. In cases of disagreement between the judges, a third judge broke the tie for each structure whose analysis was in disagreement. RESULTS: There was a significant reduction of residue after dry swallowing maneuvers on the tongue and vallecula. There was no significant difference in the amount of pre- and post-maneuver residue for the posterior pharyngeal wall and pyriform sinus. The amount of pre- and post-maneuver residue showed no significant interference from the different consistencies tested. CONCLUSION: The dry swallowing maneuver showed an immediate improvement effect for the clearance of residues on the base of tongue and vallecula.

Deglutition disorders as a consequence of head and neck cancer therapies: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: In this study, we aimed to estimate the frequency of deglutition disorders in patients pre- and post-treatment for head and neck cancer (HNC). METHODS: Search strategies were developed for the following databases: LILACS, PubMed, SpeechBITE, LIVIVO, Web of Science, and Scopus. Additionally, the gray literature was searched using Google Scholar, OpenGrey, and ProQuest. Only studies that conducted an evaluation of deglutition before and after cancer treatment and had sufficient quantitative data were included. We conducted a proportion of random effects meta-analysis using R statistical software. RESULTS: Seventeen studies were included. Aspiration showed a high frequency in the period less than 3 months post-treatment, with 28.6% (total sample = 229). Penetration of fluids above the vocal folds and reduced laryngeal elevation were more frequent in the period less than 6 months post-treatment. CONCLUSION: The frequency of deglutition disorders and its complications, such as aspiration, appears to be higher in the immediate to 6-month post-treatment period in patients with HNC. The parameter pharyngeal residue continued to increase through the period analyzed.

The Role of the Corpus Callosum in Pediatric Dysphagia: Preliminary Findings from a Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study in Children with Unilateral Spastic Cerebral Palsy.

The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between the structural integrity of the corpus callosum (CC) and clinical feeding/swallowing performance in children with unilateral spastic cerebral palsy (USCP). Twenty children with USCP, (11 males, 5.11-17.6 yoa) were assessed via the Dysphagia Disorder Survey (DDS) and diffusion tensor imaging. Children were grouped into left hemisphere lesion (LHL; n = 13) and right hemisphere lesion (RHL; n = 7) groups. DTI variables analyzed for three CC regions (anterior, middle, posterior) were: fractional anisotropy (FA), radial diffusivity (RD), mean diffusivity (MD), and fibers count. Children with RHL presented with higher clinical dysphagia severity (p = 0.03). Six of seven children with RHL had lesions affecting periventricular/subcortical areas, and 8/13 children with LHL had lesions affecting the sensorimotor cortex. In the LHL group, as FA and fiber count of the anterior CC decreased and RD increased (all indicating reduced CC structural integrity), signs of dysphagia increased (r = -0.667, p = 0.013; r = -0.829, p ≤ 0.001; r = 0.594, p = 0.032, respectively). Reduced fiber count in the middle and posterior CC was also significantly associated with increased DDS scores (r = -0.762, p = 0.002; r = -0.739, p = 0.004, respectively). For the RHL group no significant correlations were observed. We provide preliminary evidence that corpus callosum integrity correlates with feeding/swallowing performance in children with USCP, especially when cortical sensorimotor areas of the left hemisphere are impacted. In this sample, CC integrity appeared to enable interhemispheric cortical plasticity for swallowing, but was not as critical when intrahemispheric connections were disrupted, as seen in the RHL group.

Methodological aspects and characteristics of participants in the study on the prevalence of obesity in children and adolescents in Florianópolis, Southern Brazil, 2018-2019: EPOCA study.

PURPOSE: To describe the methodological aspects and characteristics of the participants of the EPOCA survey. METHODS: The study was conducted with schoolchildren aged between seven to 14 years old from 30 schools in Florianópolis, Southern Brazil. Body mass, height, girths, and skinfold thicknesses were measured. Food consumption and physical activity from the previous day were self-reported using the validated Web-CAAFE questionnaire. Adolescents completed a specific questionnaire about physical activity, meal consumption, and weight control behaviors. Parents/guardians responded to a sociodemographic and habits questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 1671 schoolchildren participated in the study (response rate: 27.2%). About 63% of schoolchildren were enrolled in public schools. Most studied in the morning shift (54.2%), were female (53.1%) and aged between seven and 10 years (58.1%). The prevalence of overweight was 33.7% and obesity was 11.3%. CONCLUSIONS: The data obtained will allow us to assess the trend in the prevalence of overweight and obesity and associated factors when compared to other surveys performed. Descriptions of the logistics and protocols can help in the development and improvement of similar studies. It is hoped that the results of EPOCA 2018/2019 may help in the design of obesity prevention policies and programs for this population.

Tube feeding predictors after ischemic hemispheric stroke during hospitalization.

PURPOSE: To verify the factors associated with the need of tube feeding (TF) during patients post-ischemic stroke hospitalization. METHOD: This is a retrospective study with 70 adult post-ischemic hemispheric stroke adult patients hospitalized in the Neurology department at a tertiary public hospital in Santa Catarina, Brazil. We investigated associations between the need of a feeding tube during hospitalization and the variables age, gender, admission and discharge NIHSS and FOIS, length of hospital stay in days, presence of thrombolytic therapy, extensive stroke, hemisphere affected, prior stroke, pneumonia during hospitalization, presence of signs of laryngeal penetration and laryngotracheal aspiration and dysphagia in the first and last swallowing clinical evaluation. RESULTS: A total of 33 participants used tube feeding. There was a significant relationship among tube feeding and the following parameters: NIHSS (p value .001), FOIS (p value .001), extensive stroke (p value .034), left hemisphere involvement (p value .035), pneumonia during hospitalization (p value .001), length of hospital stay in days (p value .001), signs of laryngotracheal penetration/aspiration (p value .001) and dysphagia in speech-language assessment (p value .001). CONCLUSION: Tube feeding during patients hospitalization after ischemic hemispheric stroke was predicted by the severity of stroke and signs of airway permeation.Key pointsSwallowing difficulty is one of the most common post-stroke consequences.There are few studies on the characterization of post-stroke patients with tube feeding.Tube feeding after ischemic stroke predictors were severity of stroke and signs of airway permeation.

Translation and transcultural adaptation of the Modified Swallowing Assessment (MSA) to Brazilian Portuguese. / Tradução e adaptação transcultural do Modified Swallowing Assessment (MSA) para o português brasileiro.

PURPOSE: To translate and adapt the Modified Swallowing Assessment (MSA) protocol for post-stroke patients into Brazilian Portuguese. METHODS: This is an initial stage of the Brazilian Portuguese Modified Swallowing Assessment validation process. Translation was performed by two bilingual speech therapists and the translations synthesis evaluations by two external dysphagia experts. The synthesis version in the target language (Portuguese) was back-translated into the source language (English). After the synthesis of the translated versions, the instrument was applied to 22 post-stroke individuals. RESULTS: Health professionals discussed all the results of the study stages considering the instrument concept and the target population. The semantic, linguistic and conceptual equivalences found in the translation and adaptation process were adequate, not requiring modifications since the items were consistent with the Brazilian culture. CONCLUSION: MSA was translated and adapted to Brazilian Portuguese (MSA-BR). The translation and cross-cultural adaptation process included all the items of the original protocol and maintained the standards and characteristics of the instrument.

OBJETIVO: Traduzir e adaptar para o português brasileiro o protocolo Modified Swallowing Assessment (MSA) para pacientes pós-acidente vascular cerebral. MÉTODO: Trata-se de uma etapa inicial do processo de validação do Modified Swallowing Assessment para o português brasileiro. Foi realizada a tradução por dois fonoaudiólogos bilíngues e a síntese das traduções por dois avaliadores externos, especialistas em disfagia. A versão síntese no idioma alvo (português) foi retrotraduzida para o idioma fonte (inglês). Após a síntese das versões traduzidas, o instrumento foi aplicado em 22 indivíduos com acidente vascular cerebral. RESULTADOS: Os avaliadores debateram sobre todos os resultados das etapas do estudo considerando o conceito do teste e o público alvo. As discrepâncias semânticas, linguísticas e conceituais encontradas no processo de tradução e adaptação foram adequadas, para que os itens fossem compatíveis com a cultura brasileira. CONCLUSÃO: O MSA foi traduzido e adaptado para o português brasileiro (MSA-BR). O processo de tradução e adaptação transcultural manteve todos os itens do protocolo original, preservando-se os padrões e as características do instrumento original.

Palliative care, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and swallowing: a case study. / Cuidados paliativos, esclerose lateral amiotrófica e deglutição: estudo de caso.

This study aims to discuss Speech-language pathology (SLP) therapy intervention in dysphagia with a focus on palliative care and quality of life. It is a case study conducted with four participants with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis undergoing SLP therapy outpatient follow-up. The Swallowing Quality of Life Questionnaire (SWAL-QOL) and a structured interview were applied to the participants, who also underwent Videofluoroscopic Swallowing Study (VFSS). Participants were classified according to the Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS), the Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Severity Scale, translated and culturally adapted to Brazilian Portuguese (ALSSS), and the Dysphagia Outcome Severity Scale (DOSS). Four patients showed interest in maintaining oral food intake, even if minimal, in the event of tube feeding. Regarding severity of dysphagia, observed in the SVF, the participants presented DOSS classification ranging from functional deglutition to mild-to-moderate dysphagia. The impact on swallowing quality of life was between discrete and severe. Not all participants presented correlation between severity of dysphagia and SWAL-QOL level of impairment, with impact on the quality of life observed even in cases of mild dysphagia severity. Participants reported that they would feel uncomfortable in the event of exclusive tube feeding, and that the oral intake of food, even if minimal only for the pleasure of eating, would have a direct or indirect impact on their quality of life.

Tem-se por objetivo discutir aspectos da atuação fonoaudiológica em disfagia, voltada para os cuidados paliativos e a qualidade de vida em deglutição. Trata-se de um estudo de quatro casos com esclerose lateral amiotrófica (ELA) em acompanhamento fonoaudiológico. Foi aplicado o questionário de qualidade de vida em disfagia (SWAL-QOL), realizada entrevista estruturada, classificação da funcionalidade da deglutição pela Funcional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS), aplicação da escala de gravidade da ELA (EGELA), realizada videofluoroscopia da deglutição e classificação da severidade da disfagia pela Dysphagia Outcome Severity Scale (DOSS). Observou-se que os casos apresentavam tempo de doença entre 12 e 35 meses e possuíam o desejo de manter uma via oral de alimentação, mesmo que mínima, em caso de aceitação da via alternativa de alimentação. Quanto à severidade da disfagia, observada por meio do exame de videofluoroscopia e classificada pela DOSS, apresentavam desde deglutição funcional até disfagia leve a moderada. O impacto na qualidade de vida em deglutição foi mensurado entre discreto e severo. Nem todos apresentavam correspondência entre a severidade da disfagia e a qualidade de vida em deglutição, sendo observado impacto na qualidade de vida, mesmo nos casos com menor grau de disfagia. Os participantes relataram que se sentiriam desconfortáveis em caso de alimentação exclusiva por via alternativa e que a ingestão de alimentos por via oral, mesmo que mínima, apenas pelo prazer da alimentação, refletiria em sua qualidade de vida.

Identification of swallowing disorders: the perception of patients with neurodegenerative diseases. / Identificação das alterações de deglutição: percepção de pacientes com doenças neurodegenerativas.

PURPOSE: To verify the perception of patients with neurodegenerative diseases regarding swallowing changes and to know the perceptions of swallowing sensations that can promote the early identification of dysphagia. METHODS: It is a cross-sectional study with 44 patients with neurodegenerative diseases. All of them answered a questionnaire to know the sensation perceived during swallowing and its intensity. The Fatigue Severity Scale was applied to measure fatigue and the Swallowing Disturbance Questionnaire was applied to detect swallowing complaints. The Functional Oral Intake Scale was used to classify the swallowing functionality. Videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) was performed to verify the correspondence between the patient's perceptions and swallowing physiopathology. A descriptive and exploratory statistical analysis was performed. RESULTS: There was correspondence between VFSS findings and the patient's perception in 76.5% of the cases. Sensations such as discomfort and fatigue were perceived during swallowing, especially with solids. Such feelings have predominantly been reported in the throat, from the half to the end of the meal. There was association between fatigue and odynophagia. Fatigue during swallowing was associated with worse functionality of oral intake. CONCLUSION: Most participants perceived the disorders in their swallowing. Sensations such as burning, discomfort, tiredness, pain, cramp, or irritation were perceived by participants and were associated with symptoms that may suggest risk of aspiration due to fatigue resulting from weakness, incoordination, and/or stiffness of muscles.

OBJETIVO: Verificar a percepção de indivíduos com doenças neurodegenerativas quanto às alterações de deglutição, e conhecer as sensações ao deglutir que podem favorecer a identificação precoce de disfagia. MÉTODO: Trata-se de um estudo transversal com 44 sujeitos com doenças neurodegenerativas. Todos responderam a um questionário para investigação da sensação percebida ao deglutir e mensuração da intensidade da sensação. Foram questionados quanto à presença de fadiga por meio da Fatigue Severity Scale. Para detecção de queixas de deglutição, foi utilizada a versão traduzida e adaptada para o português brasileiro do Swallowing Disturbance Questionaire. A Funcional Oral Intake Scale foi utilizada para classificar o nível de ingestão oral. Realizou-se videofluoroscopia da deglutição para verificar a correspondência entre a percepção dos participantes e a fisiopatologia da deglutição. Foi realizada análise estatística descritiva e exploratória. RESULTADOS: Houve correspondência entre os achados da videofluoroscopia e a percepção dos sujeitos em 76,5% casos. Sensações como desconforto, cansaço e incômodo foram percebidas ao engolir, especialmente, na consistência sólida. Tais sensações foram referidas, predominantemente, na região da garganta, da metade para o final das refeições. Houve associação entre fadiga durante a alimentação e odinofagia. A fadiga durante a deglutição foi associada à pior funcionalidade oral. CONCLUSÃO: A maioria dos participantes percebeu as alterações presentes em sua deglutição. Sensações como ardor, desconforto, incômodo, cansaço, dor, câimbra ou irritação foram referidas pelos participantes e se mostraram associadas com sinais e sintomas que sugerem risco de aspiração laringotraqueal, especialmente, devido à fadiga muscular decorrente de fraqueza, incoordenação e/ou rigidez da musculatura.

Onset locations of the pharyngeal phase of swallowing: meta-analysis. / Locais de início da fase faríngea da deglutição: meta-análise.

PURPOSE: Literature review on the onset locations of the pharyngeal phase of swallowing in asymptomatic and symptomatic adults and elderly people. RESEARCH STRATEGIES: Research was conducted in the PubMed, BIREME and SciELO databases through the descriptors fluoroscopy (fluoroscopia), deglutition (deglutição) and pharynx (faringe). SELECTION CRITERIA: Studies published between 2005 and 2015, carried out with adults and elderly people who underwent swallowing videofluoroscopy (SVF), and citing the onset location of the pharyngeal phase of swallowing. DATA ANALYSIS: Descriptive analysis and meta-analysis were performed, evaluating the heterogeneity and the measures grouped with random effects through I2 statistics. For ratio calculation in the meta-analysis, the locations described in the articles were classified according to the Modified Barium Swallowing protocol - Measurement Tool for Swallowing Impairment (MBSImp). RESULTS: Twelve articles were selected for descriptive analysis and seven for meta-analysis. Heterogeneity was found between studies, especially due to clinical and methodological differences. The random effect indicated predominance (58%) of the onset of the pharyngeal phase of swallowing at levels 0 and 1 of the MBSImP. In asymptomatic individuals, the onset of the pharyngeal phase was observed in the oral cavity, base of the tongue, dorsum of the tongue and vallecula. In symptomatic individuals, onset was mainly observed in the oropharynx, vallecula, hypopharynx and pyriform sinus. CONCLUSION: We noted a greater frequency of the onset of the pharyngeal phase of swallowing in the vallecula. The onset of the pharyngeal phase in the hypopharynx and pyriform sinus was more often observed among elderly individuals or with comorbidities that could alter swallowing.

Oral dietary intake level in thrombolysed and non-thrombolysed patients after ischemic stroke.

BACKGROUND: Dysphagia can be a stroke sequelae and may impact patient prognosis. Thrombolytic therapy has been used as a treatment of choice which aims to reduce sequelae. OBJECTIVE: Assess the ability of dietary intake orally in subjects undergoing thrombolytic therapy and compare it with non-thrombolytic subjects post-ischemic stroke. METHODS: Documentary cross-sectional study with 87 post-ischemic stroke patients. Subjects were divided as to the type of neurological intervention: group 1 consisted of subjects undergoing brain reperfusion therapy or thrombolysis and group 2 for those undergoing no such therapy or non-thrombolysed. Data was obtained from the subjects relative to age, sex, level of oral dietary intake at the beginning of hospitalization and at discharge, length of hospital stay, comorbidities and site of neurological lesion. RESULTS: Group 1 was composed of 39 patients while 48 patients were in group 2. Both groups consisted of subjects with similar mean age and balanced gender distribution. Both groups presented hypertension as the most frequent comorbidity. The individuals in group 1 demonstrated improvement of oral dietary intake (p = 0.002) and shorter hospital stay (p = 0.007) when compared with group 2. CONCLUSION: There was greater improvement of oral dietary intake and shorter hospital stay for patients undergoing thrombolytic therapy.

Tradução e adaptação transcultural do Modified Swallowing Assessment (MSA) para o português brasileiro / Translation and transcultural adaptation of the Modified Swallowing Assessment (MSA) to Brazilian Portuguese

RESUMO Objetivo Traduzir e adaptar para o português brasileiro o protocolo Modified Swallowing Assessment (MSA) para pacientes pós-acidente vascular cerebral. Método Trata-se de uma etapa inicial do processo de validação do Modified Swallowing Assessment para o português brasileiro. Foi realizada a tradução por dois fonoaudiólogos bilíngues e a síntese das traduções por dois avaliadores externos, especialistas em disfagia. A versão síntese no idioma alvo (português) foi retrotraduzida para o idioma fonte (inglês). Após a síntese das versões traduzidas, o instrumento foi aplicado em 22 indivíduos com acidente vascular cerebral. Resultados Os avaliadores debateram sobre todos os resultados das etapas do estudo considerando o conceito do teste e o público alvo. As discrepâncias semânticas, linguísticas e conceituais encontradas no processo de tradução e adaptação foram adequadas, para que os itens fossem compatíveis com a cultura brasileira. Conclusão O MSA foi traduzido e adaptado para o português brasileiro (MSA-BR). O processo de tradução e adaptação transcultural manteve todos os itens do protocolo original, preservando-se os padrões e as características do instrumento original.

ABSTRACT Purpose To translate and adapt the Modified Swallowing Assessment (MSA) protocol for post-stroke patients into Brazilian Portuguese. Methods This is an initial stage of the Brazilian Portuguese Modified Swallowing Assessment validation process. Translation was performed by two bilingual speech therapists and the translations synthesis evaluations by two external dysphagia experts. The synthesis version in the target language (Portuguese) was back-translated into the source language (English). After the synthesis of the translated versions, the instrument was applied to 22 post-stroke individuals. Results Health professionals discussed all the results of the study stages considering the instrument concept and the target population. The semantic, linguistic and conceptual equivalences found in the translation and adaptation process were adequate, not requiring modifications since the items were consistent with the Brazilian culture. Conclusion MSA was translated and adapted to Brazilian Portuguese (MSA-BR). The translation and cross-cultural adaptation process included all the items of the original protocol and maintained the standards and characteristics of the instrument.

Dysphagia progression and swallowing management in Parkinson's disease: an observational study.

INTRODUCTION: Dysphagia is relatively common in individuals with neurological disorders. OBJECTIVE: To describe the swallowing management and investigate associated factors with swallowing in a case series of patients with Parkinson's disease. METHODS: It is a long-term study with 24 patients. The patients were observed in a five-year period (2006-2011). They underwent Fiberoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing, Functional Oral Intake Scale and therapeutic intervention every three months. In the therapeutic intervention they received orientation about exercises to improve swallowing. The Chi-square, Kruskal-Wallis and Fisher's tests were used. The period of time for improvement or worsening of swallowing was described by Kaplan-Meier analysis. RESULTS: During the follow-up, ten patients improved, five stayed the same and nine worsened their swallowing functionality. The median time for improvement was ten months. Prior to the worsening there was a median time of 33 months of follow-up. There was no associated factor with improvement or worsening of swallowing. The maneuvers frequently indicated in therapeutic intervention were: chin-tuck, bolus consistency, bolus effect, strengthening-tongue, multiple swallows and vocal exercises. CONCLUSION: The swallowing management was characterized by swallowing assessment every three months with indication of compensatory and rehabilitation maneuvers, aiming to maintain the oral feeding without risks. There was no associated factor with swallowing functionality in this case series.

Atendimento fonoaudiológico para pacientes em cuidados paliativos com disfagia orofaríngea / Speech therapy for patients with oropharyngeal dysphagia in palliative care

RESUMO Objetivo Caracterizar as alterações relacionadas à deglutição e as principais intervenções e condutas fonoaudiológicas em pacientes em cuidados paliativos, com disfagia orofaríngea. Métodos Estudo observacional, prospectivo, descritivo, realizado com 20 pacientes em cuidados paliativos, em internação hospitalar no Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Foram coletados dados do histórico de saúde, dieta prescrita, tempo de internação, avaliação e intervenção fonoaudiológica. Também foi realizada avaliação funcional da deglutição no leito hospitalar, classificação na Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS) e aplicado um questionário sobre a satisfação do paciente quanto à alimentação. Resultados A maioria dos participantes era homem, com média de idade de 75 anos, que se encontrava sob cuidados paliativos por diversos tipos de doenças e agravos à saúde. O tempo médio de internação foi de 15 dias e a maioria evoluiu a óbito durante a internação. As consistências mais utilizadas para avaliação foram líquida e mel. O sinal de penetração e/ou aspiração laringotraqueal mais frequente foi voz "molhada" após a deglutição. Quanto à FOIS, metade da amostra encontrava-se no nível 5 e pequena parte no nível 1. As intervenções mais utilizadas foram modificação de consistência, manobras de múltiplas deglutições e deglutição com esforço. A partir do questionário, verificou-se que a maioria estava satisfeita com a dieta servida pelo hospital. Conclusão As alterações mais encontradas, relacionadas à deglutição, foram sinais clínicos de penetração e/ou aspiração laringotraqueal. As principais intervenções foram ajuste nas consistências das dietas e manobras compensatórias. A maioria seguiu durante a internação com alimentação por via oral, respeitando o desejo dos pacientes e seus familiares.

ABSTRACT Purpose To characterize the changes related to swallowing and the main interventions and management of speech therapy in patients with oropharyngeal dysphagia in palliative care. Methods Observational prospective descriptive study conducted with 20 patients in palliative care at the University Hospital of the Federal University of Santa Catarina. Data were collected regarding the patients health history, prescribed diet, time of hospitalization and speech therapy evaluation and intervention. Clinical evaluation of swallowing was also performed on bedside, using the Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS). A semi-structured questionnaire was applied with questions about patient's satisfaction related to feeding. Results Most of the sample was composed of men with 75 years of age on average, all under palliative care due to different diseases and health problems. The average time of hospital stay was 15 days and most patients died during hospitalization. The most common food consistencies used for evaluation were liquid and honey. The most common sign of penetration and/or laringo-tracheal aspiration was the "wet" voice after swallowing. As to FOIS, half the sample was at level 5 and part at level 1. The most common interventions used were consistency modification, multiple swallowing maneuvers and swallowing with effort. From the survey, it was found that most patients were satisfied with the diet served by the hospital. Conclusion The most frequently encountered changes related to swallowing were clinical signs of penetration and/or laringo-tracheal aspiration. The main interventions were adjustments of the prescribed diets consistency and compensatory maneuvers. Most patients continued during hospitalization with oral feeding, respecting the desire of the patients and their family members.

As dificuldades no atendimento aos indivíduos com doenças neurodegenerativas: o fonoaudiólogo e a equipe multiprofissional / The difficulties in the care of the patient with neurodegenerative diseases: the speech-language therapist and the multi-professional team

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar as dificuldades de fonoaudiólogos quanto à intervenção fonoaudiológica em indivíduos com doenças neurodegenerativas. Métodos Trata-se de um estudo transversal com 74 fonoaudiólogos brasileiros. Os profissionais foram convidados, por meio de redes sociais, a responder um questionário online com perguntas sobre sua atuação profissional com indivíduos com doenças neurodegenerativas. Foram incluídos apenas fonoaudiólogos que atuavam no território brasileiro e que atendiam, ou já haviam atendido, indivíduos com doenças neurodegenerativas. Para verificar a existência de associação entre aspectos da experiência dos fonoaudiólogos e as dificuldades referidas, utilizaram-se os testes estatísticos Mann-Whitney U, Qui-quadrado e Exato de Fisher. Resultados As maiores dificuldades encontradas quanto ao atendimento de indivíduos com doenças neurodegenerativas foram: dificuldade de adesão do cuidador às orientações fonoaudiológicas (52,7%), insuficiência na comunicação entre os profissionais da equipe para um cuidado interdisciplinar (52,7%) e chegada tardia para avaliação (50%). A dificuldade de adesão do paciente às orientações fonoaudiológicas (p=0,015) e a dificuldade relacionada à insuficiência na comunicação entre os profissionais para um cuidado interdisciplinar (p=0,036) foram associadas ao menor tempo de formação profissional. Já a dificuldade de adesão do cuidador às orientações fonoaudiológicas, foi associada a equipes não interdisciplinares (p=0,014). Conclusão A falta de comunicação eficiente na equipe multiprofissional, a não adesão dos cuidadores e a chegada tardia do indivíduo para avaliação fonoaudiológica, junto ao desconhecimento das possibilidades de atuação da fonoaudiologia, foram os principais obstáculos enfrentados pelos profissionais. O tempo de formação profissional foi um dos aspectos mais associados às dificuldades no trabalho de fonoaudiólogos que atendem indivíduos com doenças neurodegenerativas.

ABSTRACT Purpose To analyze the difficulties of speech-language therapists regarding speech-language intervention in patients with neurodegenerative diseases. Methods This is a cross-sectional study with 74 Brazilian speech-language therapists. The professionals were invited through the social networks to respond an online questionnaire with open and closed questions about their professional performance with patients with neurodegenerative diseases. We included only speech-language therapists who work within the Brazilian territory and who attend, or have attended, individuals with neurodegenerative diseases. Descriptive and inferential analysis of the data was performed. Mann-Whitney U, Chi-square and Fisher Exact tests were used. Results The greatest difficulties encountered in the care of patients with neurodegenerative diseases were: difficulty in caregiver adhering to orientations (52.7%), lack of communication among professionals of the team for interdisciplinary care (52.7%), and late arrival for evaluation (50%). The difficulty of patient adherence to speech-language therapist's orientations (p=0.015) and difficulty related to communication failure among professionals for interdisciplinary care (p=0.036) were associated with shorter time of profession. However, the difficulty of adherence of the caregiver to orientations was associated with non-interdisciplinary teams (p=0.014). Conclusion The lack of efficient communication in multiprofessional team, the non-adherence of the caregivers and the late arrival of the individual for speech-language assessment, together with the lack of knowledge about the possibilities of speech-language therapy, were the main obstacles faced by professionals. The time of profession was the main variable associated with difficulties in the work of the speech-language therapists that attend patients with neurodegenerative diseases.

Higher risk of complications in odynophagia-associated dysphagia in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

OBJECTIVE: This investigation aimed to identify associated factors with dysphagia severity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). METHOD: We performed a cross-sectional study of 49 patients with ALS. All patients underwent fiberoptic endoscopy evaluation of swallowing and answered a verbal questionnaire about swallowing complaints. The patients were divided into groups according to dysphagia severity. RESULTS: Among the factors analyzed, only odynophagia was associated with moderate or severe dysphagia. CONCLUSION: Odynophagia was associated with moderate and severe dysphagia in ALS and suggests a high risk of pulmonary and nutritional complications.

Cuidados paliativos, esclerose lateral amiotrófica e deglutição: estudo de caso / Palliative care, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and swallowing: a case study

RESUMO Tem-se por objetivo discutir aspectos da atuação fonoaudiológica em disfagia, voltada para os cuidados paliativos e a qualidade de vida em deglutição. Trata-se de um estudo de quatro casos com esclerose lateral amiotrófica (ELA) em acompanhamento fonoaudiológico. Foi aplicado o questionário de qualidade de vida em disfagia (SWAL-QOL), realizada entrevista estruturada, classificação da funcionalidade da deglutição pela Funcional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS), aplicação da escala de gravidade da ELA (EGELA), realizada videofluoroscopia da deglutição e classificação da severidade da disfagia pela Dysphagia Outcome Severity Scale (DOSS). Observou-se que os casos apresentavam tempo de doença entre 12 e 35 meses e possuíam o desejo de manter uma via oral de alimentação, mesmo que mínima, em caso de aceitação da via alternativa de alimentação. Quanto à severidade da disfagia, observada por meio do exame de videofluoroscopia e classificada pela DOSS, apresentavam desde deglutição funcional até disfagia leve a moderada. O impacto na qualidade de vida em deglutição foi mensurado entre discreto e severo. Nem todos apresentavam correspondência entre a severidade da disfagia e a qualidade de vida em deglutição, sendo observado impacto na qualidade de vida, mesmo nos casos com menor grau de disfagia. Os participantes relataram que se sentiriam desconfortáveis em caso de alimentação exclusiva por via alternativa e que a ingestão de alimentos por via oral, mesmo que mínima, apenas pelo prazer da alimentação, refletiria em sua qualidade de vida.

ABSTRACT This study aims to discuss Speech-language pathology (SLP) therapy intervention in dysphagia with a focus on palliative care and quality of life. It is a case study conducted with four participants with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis undergoing SLP therapy outpatient follow-up. The Swallowing Quality of Life Questionnaire (SWAL-QOL) and a structured interview were applied to the participants, who also underwent Videofluoroscopic Swallowing Study (VFSS). Participants were classified according to the Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS), the Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Severity Scale, translated and culturally adapted to Brazilian Portuguese (ALSSS), and the Dysphagia Outcome Severity Scale (DOSS). Four patients showed interest in maintaining oral food intake, even if minimal, in the event of tube feeding. Regarding severity of dysphagia, observed in the SVF, the participants presented DOSS classification ranging from functional deglutition to mild-to-moderate dysphagia. The impact on swallowing quality of life was between discrete and severe. Not all participants presented correlation between severity of dysphagia and SWAL-QOL level of impairment, with impact on the quality of life observed even in cases of mild dysphagia severity. Participants reported that they would feel uncomfortable in the event of exclusive tube feeding, and that the oral intake of food, even if minimal only for the pleasure of eating, would have a direct or indirect impact on their quality of life.

Management of dysphagia in Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

PURPOSE: To describe swallowing management in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Parkinson' disease (PD), to investigate whether physiopathology determines the choice of therapeutic approaches, and to investigate whether the disease duration modifies the therapeutic approaches. METHODS: This is a long-term study comprising 24 patients with idiopathic PD and 27 patients with ALS. The patients were followed-up in a dysphagia outpatient clinic between 2006 and 2011. The patients underwent clinic evaluation and Fiberoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing, Functional Oral Intake Scale, and therapeutic intervention every 3 months. The swallowing management was based on orientation about the adequate food consistency and volume, besides the necessary maneuvers or exercises to improve swallowing functionality. An exploratory analysis of data was used to investigate associations between the groups of disease (PD or ALS) and clinic aspects and to know about the association between the groups of diseases and the application of maneuver or exercises over the follow-up. RESULTS: The most frequent recommended maneuvers in PD were bolus effect (83.3%), bolus consistency (79.2%), and swallowing frequency (79%). To patients with ALS, the bolus consistency (92%) and the bolus effect (74.1%) were more recommended. Strengthening-tongue (p=0.01), tongue control (p=0.05), and vocal exercises (p<0.001) were significantly more recommended in PD than in ALS. CONCLUSION: Compensatory and sensorial maneuvers are more recommended to rehabilitee program in both diseases. The physiopathology of the diseases determined the choice of therapeutic approaches. The disease duration of the patients did not interfere directly in the therapeutic approaches.

Identificação das alterações de deglutição: percepção de pacientes com doenças neurodegenerativas / Identification of swallowing disorders: the perception of patients with neurodegenerative diseases

RESUMO Objetivo Verificar a percepção de indivíduos com doenças neurodegenerativas quanto às alterações de deglutição, e conhecer as sensações ao deglutir que podem favorecer a identificação precoce de disfagia. Método Trata-se de um estudo transversal com 44 sujeitos com doenças neurodegenerativas. Todos responderam a um questionário para investigação da sensação percebida ao deglutir e mensuração da intensidade da sensação. Foram questionados quanto à presença de fadiga por meio da Fatigue Severity Scale. Para detecção de queixas de deglutição, foi utilizada a versão traduzida e adaptada para o português brasileiro do Swallowing Disturbance Questionaire. A Funcional Oral Intake Scale foi utilizada para classificar o nível de ingestão oral. Realizou-se videofluoroscopia da deglutição para verificar a correspondência entre a percepção dos participantes e a fisiopatologia da deglutição. Foi realizada análise estatística descritiva e exploratória. Resultados Houve correspondência entre os achados da videofluoroscopia e a percepção dos sujeitos em 76,5% casos. Sensações como desconforto, cansaço e incômodo foram percebidas ao engolir, especialmente, na consistência sólida. Tais sensações foram referidas, predominantemente, na região da garganta, da metade para o final das refeições. Houve associação entre fadiga durante a alimentação e odinofagia. A fadiga durante a deglutição foi associada à pior funcionalidade oral. Conclusão A maioria dos participantes percebeu as alterações presentes em sua deglutição. Sensações como ardor, desconforto, incômodo, cansaço, dor, câimbra ou irritação foram referidas pelos participantes e se mostraram associadas com sinais e sintomas que sugerem risco de aspiração laringotraqueal, especialmente, devido à fadiga muscular decorrente de fraqueza, incoordenação e/ou rigidez da musculatura.

ABSTRACT Purpose To verify the perception of patients with neurodegenerative diseases regarding swallowing changes and to know the perceptions of swallowing sensations that can promote the early identification of dysphagia. Methods It is a cross-sectional study with 44 patients with neurodegenerative diseases. All of them answered a questionnaire to know the sensation perceived during swallowing and its intensity. The Fatigue Severity Scale was applied to measure fatigue and the Swallowing Disturbance Questionnaire was applied to detect swallowing complaints. The Functional Oral Intake Scale was used to classify the swallowing functionality. Videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) was performed to verify the correspondence between the patient's perceptions and swallowing physiopathology. A descriptive and exploratory statistical analysis was performed. Results There was correspondence between VFSS findings and the patient's perception in 76.5% of the cases. Sensations such as discomfort and fatigue were perceived during swallowing, especially with solids. Such feelings have predominantly been reported in the throat, from the half to the end of the meal. There was association between fatigue and odynophagia. Fatigue during swallowing was associated with worse functionality of oral intake. Conclusion Most participants perceived the disorders in their swallowing. Sensations such as burning, discomfort, tiredness, pain, cramp, or irritation were perceived by participants and were associated with symptoms that may suggest risk of aspiration due to fatigue resulting from weakness, incoordination, and/or stiffness of muscles.

Funções estomatognáticas e queimaduras em face e/ou pescoço: revisão sistemática da literatura / Stomatognathic functions and face and neck burns: systematic review / Funciones estomatognáticas y quemaduras en cara y/o cuello: revisión sistemática de la literatura

Objetivo: Descrever as alterações nas funções do sistema estomatognático de indivíduos que sofreram queimaduras em face e/ou pescoço. Método: Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática da literatura. A pesquisa foi realizada por meio da Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS) e busca manual, utilizandose os descritores: queimadura (burn), deglutição (deglutition), mastigação (mastigation), respiração (respiration), fala (speech), sucção (sucking, suction). Foram selecionados artigos publicados entre 2008 e 2018 que descreveram funções estomatognáticas após queimaduras em face e/ou pescoço. Para análise, foram extraídas informações quanto ao número de participantes, sexo, idade, etiologia e grau da queimadura, superfície corporal queimada e características de funções estomatognáticas pós-queimadura. Resultados: Dos 377 artigos identificados nas bases de dados, oito foram selecionados. Além destes, três foram selecionados por meio de busca manual, totalizando a inclusão de 11 artigos. A maioria dos participantes era do sexo masculino, com idade entre dois e 85 anos. Foram descritas queimaduras com superfície corporal queimada entre cinco e 80%, de primeiro a terceiro grau, sendo a maioria queimadura térmica. Seis artigos descreveram alteração na deglutição, cinco relataram alteração na respiração, três na articulação da fala, dois na mastigação e dois referiram comprometimento da mímica facial. Nenhum citou alteração na sucção. Conclusão: As alterações no sistema estomatognático decorrentes de queimaduras em face e/ou pescoço mais descritas na literatura analisada foram relacionadas à deglutição e à respiração, especialmente devido a edema pós-queimadura e restrição de mobilidade causada por hipercicatrização. Alterações na fala, mastigação e mímica facial também foram observadas.

Objective: To describe the changes in the functions of the stomatognathic system of patients that suffered burns on the face and/or neck. Method: This is a systematic review of the literature. The search was performed through the Virtual Health Library (VHL) and manual search, using the descriptors: burn, swallowing, chewing, breathing, talking, sucking, and suction. We included the articles published between 2008 and 2018 that described stomatognathic functions observed after burns of face and/or neck. The number of participants, gender, age, etiology and degree of burn, burned body race and altered stomatognathic functions after burn were extracted by the analyses. Results: Of the 377 articles identified in the databases, 8 were selected. In addition, 3 were selected by manual search, resulting in 11 articles included. The majority of subjects were male, aged between 2 and 85 years. The body burn was performed in 5 and 80%, first of a third degree, being the majority thermal burns. Six articles describe changes in deglutition, five relate breathing impairment, three cited alteration in the articulation of speech, two in chewing and of facial expression. None cited change in sucking. Conclusion: Changes in the stomatognathic system after burn on the face and/or neck, according to the analyzed articles, where most frequently related to swallowing and breathing, especially due to post-burn edema and restriction of mobility due to hypercycatrization. Changes in speech, mastication and facial expression were observed too.

Objetivo: Describir los cambios en las funciones del sistema estomatognático de individuos que sufrieron quemaduras en cara y/o cuello. Método: Se trata de una revisión sistemática de la literatura. La búsqueda fue realizada por medio de la Biblioteca Virtual en Salud (BVS) y búsqueda manual, utilizando los descriptores: quemadura(burn), deglución(deglutition), masticación(mastigation), respiración(respiration), habla(speech) y succión(sucking, suction). Se incluyeron los artículos publicados entre 2008 y 2018 que describieron funciones estomatognáticas después de quemaduras de cara y/o cuello. Para el análisis, fueron extraídos datos referentes al número de participantes, sexo, edad, etiología y grado de la quemadura, superficie corporal quemada ycaracterísticas de funciones estomatognáticas alteradas post-quemadura. Resultados: De los 377 artículos identificados en las bases de datos, 8 fueron seleccionados. Además, 3 fueron seleccionados por búsqueda manual, totalizando 11 artículos. La mayoría de los participantes eran del sexo masculino, con edad entre dos y 85 añoscon superficie corporal quemada entre cinco y 80%, entre primer a tercer grado, siendo la mayoría quemadura térmica. Seis artículos describieron alteraciones en la deglución, cinco problemas en la respiración, tres en la articulación del habla, dos en la masticación y dos refirieron comprometimiento de la mímica facial. Ninguna publicación citó alteración en la succión. Conclusión: Las alteraciones en el sistema estomatognático post-quemaduras de cara y/o cuello mas descritas en la literatura analizada, fueron relacionadas a la deglución y a la respiración, especialmente debido a edema post-quemadura y a restricción de movilidad por hipercicatrización. También se observaron alteraciones en el habla, masticación y mímica facial.

Evolução da disfagia em um caso de síndrome MELAS: o olhar dos cuidados paliativos / Dysphagia progression in a MELAS syndrome case: a palliative care perspective

RESUMO Este artigo teve por objetivo descrever a progressão da disfagia e a decisão pela via de alimentação em um caso de síndrome MELAS, sob o olhar dos cuidados paliativos. Trata-se de um caso do sexo feminino, que, por volta dos 26 anos de idade sofreu os primeiros sintomas da doença e teve sua função de deglutição progressivamente impactada. Foi realizado acompanhamento fonoaudiológico durante seis meses, com aplicação do protocolo de Avaliação da Segurança da Deglutição, da Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS) e gerenciamento da deglutição, com retornos ambulatoriais semanais e mensais. Em seis meses de seguimento, a paciente evoluiu de disfagia moderada a disfagia moderada a grave e variou entre os níveis 5 e 1 da FOIS. Manteve a alimentação por via oral, com restrição de consistências, manobra de deglutições múltiplas e controle de volume para ingestão de líquido, até que, ao final dos seis meses de seguimento, foi realizada gastrostomia. A alimentação por via oral em mais de uma consistência, porém com compensações, foi reduzida a uma alimentação exclusiva por via alternativa, ao longo do acompanhamento fonoaudiológico. Optou-se por manter a via oral de alimentação até a colocação da gastrostomia. A não sugestão de sonda nasoenteral se embasou no respeito à vontade da paciente e na possibilidade de alimentar-se, minimamente, de uma consistência por via oral.

ABSTRACT This article aims to describe a dysphagia progression and a choice of the feeding options in a case of MELAS syndrome, under the perspective of palliative care. It is a case in which a woman at the age of 26 years suffered the first symptoms of the disease and had the swallowing functionality progressively impacted. Speech-Language Therapy follow-up was performed at 6 months with the application of a swallowing safety assessment protocol, Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS) and swallowing management, with weekly and monthly outpatient returns. At six months of follow-up, the patient progressed from moderate dysphagia to moderate to severe dysphagia and ranged from levels 5 to 1 of FOIS. The patient maintained oral feeding with consistency restriction, dry swallowing maneuver, and control of volume for liquid intake until the end of the six months of follow-up, when gastrostomy was made. Oral feeding in more than one consistency but with compensations was reduced to exclusive non-oral feeding. We chose to maintain oral feeding until the gastrostomy was placed. Non-suggestion of nasoenteral tube was based on the patient's desire and the possibility of oral feeding in at least one food consistency.