Premenstrual Syndrome, Inflammatory Status, and Mood States in Soccer Players.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between the inflammatory profile and mood states in the different phases of the menstrual cycle in soccer players with and without premenstrual syndrome (PMS). METHODS: Data on the menstrual cycle and mood states were collected using the Daily Symptom Report and the Brunel Mood Scale. Cytokine and stress hormone concentrations were measured in urine by flow cytometry before and after a game in the luteal phase and in the follicular phase of one menstrual cycle. RESULTS: In all, 59.6% of the athletes had PMS. The PMS group showed higher concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6, and IL-8 than the athletes without PMS. After the game, IL-6 decreased in the follicular phase and the luteal phase. The tumor necrosis factor-α levels were higher in the group without PMS during the post-game follicular phase than before the game. In the PMS group, tension was higher in the follicular phase before the game and depression was higher in the pre-game luteal phase than in the group without PMS. The PMS group also presented a negative correlation between depression and IL-10 levels in the pre-game follicular phase. Finally, in the pre-game luteal phase were found positive correlations between growth hormone and IL-10. CONCLUSION: PMS influences the inflammatory condition related to mood states and stress hormones in female soccer players.

The Relationship of IL-8 and IL-10 Myokines and Performance in Male Marathon Runners Presenting Exercise-Induced Bronchoconstriction.

At present, it is unclear which exercise-induced factors, such as myokines, could diminish the negative impact of the reduction in pulmonary function imposed by the exercise in question. In this study, we aim to evaluate the prevalence of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) and also to investigate the effect of myokines in the performance of marathon runners presenting EIB or not. Thirty-eight male recreational marathon runners (age 38.8 [33-44], height 175.7 [172.0-180.3]; weight 74.7 [69.3-81.6]) participated in this study, and through spirometry tests, a prevalence of 23.6% of EIB was found, which is in agreement with the literature. The volunteers who tested positive to EIB (EIB+) presented lower maximum aerobic capacity compared to those who tested negative (EIB-) (EIB+ 44.02 [39.56-47.02] and EIB- 47.62 [44.11-51.18] p = 0.03). The comparison of plasma levels of IL-1ß (EIB+ p = 0.296, EIB- p = 0.176, EIB+ vs. EIB- baseline p = 0.190 immediately after p = 0.106), IL-4 (undetectable), IL-6 (EIB+ p = 0.003, EIB- p ≤ 0.001, EIB+ vs. EIB- baseline p = 0.301 immediately after p = 0.614), IL-8 (EIB+ p = 0.003, EIB- p ≤ 0.001, EIB+ vs. EIB- baseline p = 0.110 immediately after p = 0.453), IL-10 (EIB+ p = 0.003, EIB- p ≤ 0.001, EIB+ vs. EIB- baseline p = 0.424 immediately after p = 0.876) and TNF-α (EIB+ p = 0.003, EIB- p ≤ 0.001, EIB+ vs. EIB- baseline p = 0.141 immediately after p = 0.898) were similar in both groups 24 h before and immediately after the marathon. However, negative correlations were found between the marathon finishing time and the levels of IL-8 (r = -0.81, p = 0.022), and IL-10 (r = -0.97, p ≤ 0.001) immediately after completing the marathon. In conclusion, for the first time, it is shown that the myokines IL-8 and IL-10 are related to improvement of the performance of marathon runners presenting EIB.

Outdoor Endurance Training with Air Pollutant Exposure Versus Sedentary Lifestyle: A Comparison of Airway Immune Responses.

Although regular exercise-training improves immune/inflammatory status, the influence of air pollutants exposure during outdoor endurance training compared to a sedentary lifestyle has not yet been clarified. This study aimed to compare the immune/inflammatory responses in the airways of street runners and sedentary people after acute and chronic particulate matter (PM) exposure. Forty volunteers (street runners (RUN, n = 20); sedentary people (SED, n = 20)) were evaluated 1 (acute) and 10 (chronic) weeks after PM exposure. Cytokines [interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, IL-13, and IL-17A] in nasal lavage fluid, salivary antibacterial peptides (lactoferrin (LTF), cathelicidin (LL-37), defensin-α 1-3), and secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA), plasma club cell protein (CC16), and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) were analyzed. After acute exposure, the RUN group showed lower levels of IL-13, IL-10, and FeNO, but higher defensin-α than the SED group. After chronic exposure, the RUN group showed elevation of IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-17A, and a decrease of FeNO levels, whereas the SED group showed elevation of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, and a decrease of IL-13 levels. Comparing these groups, the RUN group showed higher levels of SIgA and LTF, and lower FeNO levels than the SED group. In relation to the Th immune response analysis after acute and chronic PM exposure, the RUN group showed a pattern associated with Th1, while in the SED group, a Th2 pattern was found. Both groups showed also a Th17 immune response pattern. Our results allow us to suggest that the immune/inflammatory status of the respiratory tract after acute and chronic PM exposure was improved by the long-standing regular practice of outdoor endurance exercise compared to a sedentary lifestyle.

Utilização do Biofeedback como ferramenta motivacional em um exercício de consciência respiratória ­ relato de caso / Using biofeedback as a motivational tool in an awareness exercise Respiratory-case report

Introdução: o biofeedback é descrito como um instrumento que favorece a conscientização e a regulação dos processos fisiológicos do indivíduo; podendo ser utilizado em treinamentos de relaxamento bem como de gestão do estresse. Objetivo: verificar uma possível regulação do processo respiratório através da utilização do biofeedback como ferramenta motivacional. Método: paciente AC; sexo feminino; 73 anos; passou em consulta no Ambulatório de Promoção de Saúde da Medicina do Esporte ­ UNIFESP. Relatou queixa de dores no corpo; pressão alta; sedentarismo; tendo diagnóstico de fibromialgia e artrose nos ombros. Recebeu orientação dos profissionais de gerenciamento de estresse para a aplicação de técnicas complementares de saúde ­ exercício de consciência respiratória - além da utilização do biofeedback para monitorar os sinais fisiológicos. Retornou mais 2 vezes ao ambulatório. O aparelho de biofeedback utilizado é da empresa HealthMatch ­ EMWAVE. O módulo gráfico escolhido foi para iniciantes, utilizando sensor no dedo indicador da mão esquerda. O protocolo utilizado foi: A) dois minutos como linha de base; sem falar; respirando normalmente; olhos abertos. B) orientação de postura e de consciência respiratória; C) cinco minutos de treinamento; sem falar; respirando normalmente, porém com consciência; olhos abertos.Foi proposto treinamento diário por pelo menos cinco minutos, seguindo as orientações. Resultados: a análise dos sinais emitidos pelo biofeedback mostrou uma melhora no controle do processo respiratório; com aumento da média, por minuto, dos valores associados à modulação simpática-parassimpática nas três consultas realizadas (32%, 39% e 56% respectivamente), quando comparados aos valores associados à atividade simpática; demonstrando comportamento de consciência durante a prática da respiração através da modulação dos batimentos cardíacos. Conclusão: observou-se uma melhora no controle do processo respiratório na paciente estudada após a utilização do biofeedback e da prática do exercício de consciência respiratória; o que sugere eficácia do método como ferramenta terapêutica motivacional.