Time course of loss of clinical benefit following withdrawal of levodopa/carbidopa and bromocriptine in early Parkinson' s disease.

Putative neuroprotective agents for Parkinson's disease can be assessed in untreated patients using progression of clinical disability as an index of disease progression. To avoid the confound associated with symptomatic therapy, progression of the underlying disease can be assessed by evaluating the progression of clinical disability from an untreated baseline to a final visit following wash-out of symptomatic medication. In this type of analysis it is critical to use a washout of sufficient duration to ensure elimination of symptomatic effects. To assess the time course of resolution of symptomatic effects, we evaluated 31 patients at days 1, 8, and 15 following discontinuation of levodopa/carbidopa and bromocriptine. Mean total Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale scores (+/- standard error) increased (worsened) by 7.4+/-1.5 from day 1 to day 15 (p <0.0001), 4.5+/-1.2 from day 1 to day 8 (p = 0.0009), and 2.9+/-1.0 from day 8 to day 15 (p = 0.01). We conclude that a wash-out of at least 2 weeks is required to eliminate the symptomatic effects of levodopa/carbidopa and bromocriptine in patients with early Parkinson's disease.

The effect of deprenyl and levodopa on the progression of Parkinson's disease.

We have performed a 14-month, prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the effect of deprenyl and levodopa/carbidopa (Sinemet) on the progression of signs and symptoms in patients with mild Parkinson's disease (PD). One hundred one untreated PD patients were randomly assigned to one of the following four treatment groups: Group I, deprenyl + Sinemet; Group II, placebo-deprenyl + Sinemet; Group III, deprenyl + bromocriptine; and Group IV, placebo-deprenyl + bromocriptine. The final visit was performed at 14 months, i.e., 2 months after withdrawal of deprenyl or its placebo and 7 days after withdrawal of Sinemet or bromocriptine. Deterioration in Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Score (UPDRS) between untreated baseline and final visits was used as an index of disease progression. Placebo-treated patients deteriorated by 5.8 +/- 1.4 points, while deprenyl-treated patients deteriorated by 0.4 +/- 1.3 points (p < 0.001). This effect was sufficiently powerful that a significant deprenyl effect could be detected in the subgroup of 41 patients randomized to Sinemet (p < 0.01) as well as in the 23 patients who completed a 14-day washout of Sinemet or bromocriptine (p < 0.05). No difference in the extent of deterioration was detected in patients randomized to Sinemet versus bromocriptine. This study demonstrates that deprenyl attenuates deterioration in UPDRS score in patients with early PD. These findings are not readily explained by the drug's symptomatic effects and are consistent with the hypothesis that deprenyl has a neuroprotective effect.

High-frequency unilateral thalamic stimulation in the treatment of essential and parkinsonian tremor.

Pharmacologic treatment for essential tremor and the tremor of Parkinson's disease is often inadequate. Stereotaxic surgery, such as thalamotomy, can effectively reduce tremors. We performed a multicenter trial of unilateral high-frequency stimulation of the ventral intermedius nucleus of the thalamus in 29 patients with essential tremor and 24 patients with Parkinson's disease, using a blinded assessment at 3 months after surgery to compare clinical rating of tremor with stimulation ON with stimulation OFF and baseline and a 1-year follow-up. Six patients were not implanted because of lack of intraoperative tremor suppression (2 patients), hemorrhage (2 patients), withdrawal of consent (1 patient), and persistent microthalamotomy effect (1 patient). A significant reduction in both essential and parkinsonian tremor occurred contralaterally with stimulation. Patients reported a significant reduction in disability. Measures of function were significantly improved in patients with essential tremor. Complications related to surgery in implanted patients were few. Stimulation was commonly associated with transient paresthesias. Other adverse effects were mild and well tolerated. Efficacy was not reduced at 1 year. Chronic high-frequency stimulation is safe and highly effective in ameliorating essential and parkinsonian tremor.

Living with a person who has Parkinson's disease: the spouse's perspective by stage of disease. Parkinson's Study Group.

The objective of this study was to examine the experience of spouses caregiving for their spouse with Parkinson's disease (PD) and to determine whether their experiences differed by stage of disease. By using a cross-sectional design and mail questionnaire data from 380 spouse caregivers across 23 sites of the Parkinson Study Group, key caregiver variables were examined by stage of PD. Three categories of variables--caregiver role strain (10 measures), caregiver situation (four measures), and caregiver characteristics (four measures)--were analyzed by using t tests with Bonferroni correction. Specific types and amounts of role strain accumulated as the disease progressed, and they differed significantly between stages (p < 0.05). In the caregiving situation, the mean number of caregiving tasks tripled by stage 4/5. Negative changes in lifestyle plus decreases in predictability in caregivers' lives increased significantly in late-stage disease (p < 0.05). Caregiver characteristics of physical health and preparedness did not significantly differ across stages of disease. Depression was significantly higher by stage 4/5. Mutuality, the positive quality of the relationship as perceived by the caregiving spouse, declined beginning at stage 2. Caregiver strain is experienced across all stages of PD and accumulates significantly as the disease progresses. This study defines types and amounts of strain by stage of disease, which will be helpful in designing formal intervention trials to provide more effective help for spouse caregivers.