Improving radiopharmaceutical supply chain safety by implementing bar code technology.

The aim of this study was to describe and evaluate an approach for improving radiopharmaceutical supply chain safety by implementing bar code technology. We first evaluated the current situation of our radiopharmaceutical supply chain and, by means of the ALARM protocol, analysed two dispensing errors that occurred in our department. Thereafter, we implemented a bar code system to secure selected key stages of the radiopharmaceutical supply chain. Finally, we evaluated the cost of this implementation, from overtime, to overheads, to additional radiation exposure to workers. An analysis of the events that occurred revealed a lack of identification of prepared or dispensed drugs. Moreover, the evaluation of the current radiopharmaceutical supply chain showed that the dispensation and injection steps needed to be further secured. The bar code system was used to reinforce product identification at three selected key stages: at usable stock entry; at preparation-dispensation; and during administration, allowing to check conformity between the labelling of the delivered product (identity and activity) and the prescription. The extra time needed for all these steps had no impact on the number and successful conduct of examinations. The investment cost was reduced (2600 euros for new material and 30 euros a year for additional supplies) because of pre-existing computing equipment. With regard to the radiation exposure to workers there was an insignificant overexposure for hands with this new organization because of the labelling and scanning processes of radiolabelled preparation vials. Implementation of bar code technology is now an essential part of a global securing approach towards optimum patient management.

The value of population pharmacokinetics and simulation for postmarketing safety evaluation of dosing guidelines for drugs with a narrow therapeutic index: buflomedil as a case study.

Population pharmacokinetics and simulation techniques currently play an important role in new drug development. This paper illustrates the potential value of those methods in postmarketing safety assessment, using buflomedil in elderly patients as an example. We retrospectively assessed the risk of buflomedil overdosing associated with the latest dosing recommendations of the French Drug Agency (AFSSAPS). First, buflomedil concentrations measured in 24 elderly patients were analysed with a nonparametric population approach. Then, the pharmacokinetic model was used to perform a 1000-patient Monte Carlo simulation for the two recommended buflomedil dosage regimens. The maximum concentrations calculated after 10 days of therapy were compared with levels observed in reported cases of toxicity to assess the probability of overdosing. A three-compartment model best fit concentration data. Population predictions showed little bias (-0.14 mg/L) and good precision (8.73 mg(2) /L(2)). Overall results of the simulation study showed that the application of the two recommended dosage regimens of buflomedil was associated with overdosing (C(max) > 10 mg/L) and potential toxicity in 2.9% of geriatric patients. In patients with mild renal impairment, who may receive the higher-dosage regimen by therapeutic error, the probability of overdosing was 6.2%. Despite specific dosing recommendations in case of renal impairment, this study shows that the use of buflomedil could be associated with significant risk of overdosing in geriatric patients. Such results might have enhanced decision-making when buflomedil safety was reassessed by AFSSAPS in 2006. The retrospective case of buflomedil illustrates how these methods may be valuable in postmarketing safety evaluation of potentially toxic drugs.