"Glycogen deposition in the detrusor muscle of patients with bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) due to benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH); correlation with the urodynamic parameters.''.

PURPOSE: A prospective case-control study was conducted to evaluate glycogen deposition within the detrusor and its correlation with the urodynamic findings in patients with bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) due to benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data from 50 patients with BPH (Study Group) and 20 controls (Control Group) were analyzed. BOO was confirmed by pressure-flow studies. The main outcome was glycogen deposition within the bladder wall. Bladder tissue biopsies were obtained from all patients, and histological assessment of the detrusor glycogen content was performed using Periodate Acid Schiff's (PAS) stain. The obtained glycogen score ranged from 0 (no staining of glycogen granules) to 3 (staining of glycogen granules within the detrusor adjacent to the urothelium). RESULTS: Fifty patients and 20 controls were included. Increased glycogen deposition was observed in 37 (74%) and 2 (10%) patients in the Study and Control Group, respectively (p < 0.01, OR 25.6, 95% CI 5.2-125.8). In the subgroup analysis, no statistically significant difference was found between glycogen deposition score and IPSS, maximum detrusor pressure at maximum flow (PdetQmax) and duration of LUTS. In multivariate logistic regression, history of retention was the only variable which could predict high glycogen deposition (p = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate increased detrusor glycogen deposition in patients with BOO due to BPH, but the amount of deposition did not seem to correlate with symptom severity and duration or urodynamic findings.

Using machine learning techniques to predict antimicrobial resistance in stone disease patients.

PURPOSE: Artificial intelligence is part of our daily life and machine learning techniques offer possibilities unknown until now in medicine. This study aims to offer an evaluation of the performance of machine learning (ML) techniques, for predicting bacterial resistance in a urology department. METHODS: Data were retrieved from laboratory information system (LIS) concerning 239 patients with urolithiasis hospitalized in the urology department of a tertiary hospital over a 1-year period (2019): age, gender, Gram stain (positive, negative), bacterial species, sample type, antibiotics and antimicrobial susceptibility. In our experiments, we compared several classifiers following a tenfold cross-validation approach on 2 different versions of our dataset; the first contained only information of Gram stain, while the second had knowledge of bacterial species. RESULTS: The best results in the balanced dataset containing Gram stain, achieve a weighted average receiver operator curve (ROC) area of 0.768 and F-measure of 0.708, using a multinomial logistic regression model with a ridge estimator. The corresponding results of the balanced dataset, that contained bacterial species, achieve a weighted average ROC area of 0.874 and F-measure of 0.783, with a bagging classifier. CONCLUSIONS: Artificial intelligence technology can be used for making predictions on antibiotic resistance patterns when knowing Gram staining with an accuracy of 77% and nearly 87% when identifying specific microorganisms. This knowledge can aid urologists prescribing the appropriate antibiotic 24-48 h before test results are known.

Stem cells and lower urinary tract dysfunction: Has its potential finally reached clinical maturity? ICI-RS2018.

AIMS: Efforts to engineer and repair genitourinary tissue to treat lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD) have recently increased thanks in part to advances in stem cell (SC) research. At the International Consultation on Incontinence-Research Society meeting in Bristol in 2018 a proposal was convened to address the question: has the potential of SCs in treating LUTD reached clinical maturity? METHODS: The proposal conducted a literature review and an expert consensus meeting focusing on available data from animal models and clinical trials involving the use of SCs for LUTD. RESULTS: To date, there are only small studies investigating bladder replacement using scaffolds with or without SC. Results have been conflicting because of the variability in cell numbers, biomaterials types, and graft surface differences. Similarly, preclinical results suggest a possible role of SC in bladder outlet obstruction (BOO); however, SC clinical trials for BOO are lacking. Research into the use of SC for female stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is close to reaching clinical maturity. In the Canadian phase 3 randomized controlled trial (RCT), a beneficial effect of adult muscle-derived cells (AMDC) over placebo was detected in reducing the frequency of incontinence episodes, especially after prior anti-incontinence surgery. Only two small studies have been published on male SUI. CONCLUSIONS: Questions remain regarding the mechanism of action of SC injected into the LUT and the viability of cells seeded onto grafts placed into the LUT. Also, the optimal time for intervention with SC therapy in the LUT remains to be elucidated.

Treatment of relapsed urothelial bladder cancer with vinflunine: real-world evidence by the Hellenic Genitourinary Cancer Group.

Relapsed urothelial cancer represents an unmet medical need. Vinflunine is a third-generation antimicrotubuline inhibitor and is currently the only approved drug for second-line treatment across the European Union. We conducted a retrospective analysis assessing the efficacy and safety of vinflunine in 71 Greek patients with relapsed urothelial cancer who were treated between 2005 and 2014. An overall 84% of our patients received vinflunine as second-line treatment, 77% had a performance status of Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group scale 0 or 1, and 30% had liver metastasis at the time of vinflunine administration. A median of four cycles of vinflunine were administered (range 1-16). The most common reported adverse events were constipation, fatigue, and anemia. Median progression-free survival was 6.2 months (95% confidence interval: 4.4-8.8) and overall survival was 11.9 months (95% confidence interval: 7.4-21). Two patients (3%) achieved a complete remission, seven a partial remission (10%), and 22 (31%) had stable disease according to an intention-to-treat analysis. Hemoglobin level less than 10 g/dl and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status greater than 1 were independent adverse prognostic factors. Stratification according to the Bellmunt risk model was also associated with progression-free survival and overall survival in our population. Vinflunine appears to be a safe and effective treatment modality for relapsed urothelial cancer. More effective therapies and more accurate prognostic algorithms should be sought.

Circulating Tumour DNA and Its Prognostic Role in Management of Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer: A Narrative Review of the Literature.

Current management of non-metastatic muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) includes radical cystectomy and cisplatin-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC), offers a 5-year survival rate of approximately 50% and is associated with significant toxicities. A growing body of evidence supports the role of liquid biopsies including circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) as a prognostic and predictive marker that could stratify patients according to individualised risk of progression/recurrence. Detectable ctDNA levels prior to radical cystectomy have been shown to be correlated with higher risk of recurrence and worse overall prognosis after cystectomy. In addition, ctDNA status after NAC/neoadjuvant immunotherapy is predictive of the pathological response to these treatments, with persistently detectable ctDNA being associated with residual bladder tumour at cystectomy. Finally, detectable ctDNA levels post-cystectomy have been associated with disease relapse and worse disease-free (DFS) and overall survival (OS) and might identify a population with survival benefit from adjuvant immunotherapy.

Artificial Intelligence in Urologic Robotic Oncologic Surgery: A Narrative Review.

With the rapid increase in computer processing capacity over the past two decades, machine learning techniques have been applied in many sectors of daily life. Machine learning in therapeutic settings is also gaining popularity. We analysed current studies on machine learning in robotic urologic surgery. We searched PubMed/Medline and Google Scholar up to December 2023. Search terms included "urologic surgery", "artificial intelligence", "machine learning", "neural network", "automation", and "robotic surgery". Automatic preoperative imaging, intraoperative anatomy matching, and bleeding prediction has been a major focus. Early artificial intelligence (AI) therapeutic outcomes are promising. Robot-assisted surgery provides precise telemetry data and a cutting-edge viewing console to analyse and improve AI integration in surgery. Machine learning enhances surgical skill feedback, procedure effectiveness, surgical guidance, and postoperative prediction. Tension-sensors on robotic arms and augmented reality can improve surgery. This provides real-time organ motion monitoring, improving precision and accuracy. As datasets develop and electronic health records are used more and more, these technologies will become more effective and useful. AI in robotic surgery is intended to improve surgical training and experience. Both seek precision to improve surgical care. AI in ''master-slave'' robotic surgery offers the detailed, step-by-step examination of autonomous robotic treatments.

Ureteral stent related symptoms: A comparative study.

BACKGROUND: In urology, ureteral stents are used to treat obstructive diseases. Hematuria (54%), fever, discomfort, and lower urinary system symptoms are the predominant symptoms related to ureteral stent. AIM: This article links stent symptoms to double-j width and length, as well as patient's height, weight, and body mass index (BMI). Ureteric Stent Symptoms Questionnaire (USSQ) was used to measure ureteral stent symptoms at 1st and 4th week of stent in situ as well as the 4th week after pigtail removal. METHODS: A 200-patient prospective study, where patients were allocated into four groups following ureteral stent insertion depending on the stent characteristics. Those groups were: 4.8 Fr./26 cm (Group A), 4.8 Fr./28 cm (Group B), 6 Fr/26 cm (Group C), and 6 Fr/28 cm (Group D). RESULTS: Men comprised 53.5% of 200 patients. Participants had an average age of 49 ± 15.5 years, height of 175 ± 8.94 cm, and BMI of 23.8 ± 7.6 cm. The laboratory results were identical between groups. At the first and fourth week, groups had similar urine symptoms, pain severity, health status and occupational activities. The difference in pain location was statistically significant. Group A had 82.4% renal back pain in the first week, whereas Group B had 68.8%, Group C 31.3% and Group D 62.5 (p=0.04). At the fourth week, 64.7% of Group A patients reported kidney front pain, compared to 100% of Group B, 93.3% of Group C, and 100% of Group D (p=0.04). There was statistical significance in the sexual activity of the patients. 24.4% of Group C patients stopped sexual activity before stent installation, compared to 10.6%, 8.3%, and 6.4% of the other groups (p=0.03). A moderate percentage of patients had active sexual activity at week 4 (Group A: 7.8%, Group B: 5.8%, Group C: 8.2%, Group D: 4.1%), p=0.83. In multivariate analysis, urinary catheter group, age, weight, height, and BMI did not significantly affect urine index score (UIS), pain index score (PIS), general health (GH), quality of work (QW), and quality of sex (QS). CONCLUSIONS: Despite various attempts to establish the best ureteral stent, the effect of double-j stent physical features on stent-related symptoms remained unknown. No verdict is conceivable without adequate empirical data.

Post Radical Prostatectomy Erectile Dysfunction. A Single Centre Experience.

INTRODUCTION: This study aims to determine the effects of radical retropubic prostatectomy on post-operative erectile function. MATERIALS & METHODS: A total of 50 patients were included in this study, diagnosed with localized prostate cancer, and underwent nerve-sparing radical retropubic prostatectomy. All patients completed the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) questionnaire pre-operatively and on the third, sixth, and twelfth post-operative month and completed a self-reporting of their satisfaction with their sexual performance. Patients with a history of severe heart disease, were on erectile dysfunction medication, or had a score of 7 or less on the IIEF-5 questionnaire, were excluded from the study. RESULTS: Pre-operatively it was observed that the lower the IIEF-5 score, the higher the biopsy Gleason score. Post-operatively, 16 patients stated that erectile function had returned to the pre-operative IIEF-5 category. In contrast, only 13 of them stated they were happy with their sexual performance on the self-reporting scale. The rest reported dissatisfaction despite returning to their pre-operative erectile function status. IIEF-5 scores were also different when compared amongst the four age groups, with scores indicating that younger age is related to higher IIEF-5 scores. At the 3-month follow-up, no statistically significant difference was observed between age groups. Finally, patients younger than 64 reported significantly less deterioration in post-operative erectile function. CONCLUSION: Post-radical prostatectomy erectile dysfunction remains one of the most pressing issues in prostate cancer therapy. A higher Gleason score has a more significant impact on pre-operative ED, and at the same time, the best post-operative ED results are observed in younger patients. Finally, patients need extensive follow-up, therapy, and pre-and post-operative psychological support to have the best possible erectile function.

An overview of hormonal directed pharmacotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer.

INTRODUCTION: Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy in the male. Androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) has been the mainstay in the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer however, due to the outgrowth of castration-resistant cell population the disease inevitably progresses to an aggressive, difficult to handle stage. AREAS COVERED: We have reviewed the literature regarding hormonal-directed therapy prostate cancer. New agents, namely abiraterone acetate, combined with prednisone, and next generation antiandrogens (enzalutamide, apalutamide and darolutamide) have shown considerable efficacy, not only in patients with metastatic but also in those with non-metastatic disease, either castration resistant (CRPC) or hormone sensitive (HSPC). EXPERT OPINION: The addition of abiraterone and of the second-generation antiandrogens to our therapeutic armamentarium has improved prognosis ofprostate cancer in the last decade. Abiraterone is a viable option in patients with metastatic disease (hormone-sensitive and castration-resistant), whereas all next-generation antiandrogens have demonstrated efficacy in terms of metastasis-free and overall survival in non-metastatic CRPC. In addition, enzalutamide has also been found efficacious in mCRPC and mHSPC, while apalutamide in mHSPC. Currently there are no reliable data to indicate a potential superiority of one of these agents over the others in CRPC or HSPC as there are no relevant head to head studies . Sequencing hormone treatment modalities, chemotherapies and immunotherapies have not reached a consensus as yet. Randomized controlled trials are warranted to clearly define the role of novel antiandrogens in the treatment of prostate cancer. The choice of treatment should be individualized following discussion with the patient .

Anthropometric characteristics and relationship with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer in Greece: A case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Risk factors like smoking, radiation, chronic infections and exposure to occupational chemicals are strongly associated with occurrence of bladder cancer. Association between increased body weight and bladder cancer has been controversial. The aim of this case-control study is to evaluate association of anthropometric characteristics on bladder cancer incidence in Greek population. METHODS: This case-control study was conducted at a tertiary hospital in Greece with cases being patients with bladder cancer diagnosed within the last 2 years and controls patients admitted to hospital for reason other than cancer and not related to common risk factors related to bladder cancer. Anthropometric characteristics like weight, height, body mass index, waist and hip circumference were measured. Analyses was done with R (Vienna, Austria). RESULTS: Comparison between groups showed that patients with bladder cancer had higher weight, BMI and waist circumference compared to controls. However, multivariate, binomial logistic regression showed that only age (OR 1.03, 95% CI: 1-1.05, p = 0.02), no use of smoke (OR 0.12, 95% CI: 0.07-0.23, p < 0.001) and occupation related to bladder cancer (OR 7.45, 95% CI: 2.53-27.93, p < 0.001) significantly predicted the incidence of bladder cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Bladder cancer incidence is strongly linked with specific risk factors such as smoking, occupation with exposure to chemicals and smoke, increasing age, radiation and chronic infections. Several studies have shown a weak association between anthropometric characteristics and bladder cancer, although most studies in European populations did not confirm these findings. Similarly in our case-control study in a Greek population, we found potential relationship between increased weight/BMI and waist circumference with bladder cancer, but the association disappeared in multivariate analysis.

Ureteral Stent-Related Symptoms and Pharmacotherapy: A Brief Narrative Review.

The purpose of this article is to review the effects of different types of pharmacotherapy on symptoms that affect the quality of a patient's life after stent insertion. A thorough Medline/PubMed nonsystematic review was conducted from 1987 to January 2023, using the terms: "pigtail" OR "ureteral stents" AND "lower urinary tracts symptoms" OR "LUTS" AND "pharmacotherapy" OR "drugs". Relevant studies conducted in humans and reported in English language were included. The available reviews and articles associating the use of drugs with stent-related symptoms (SRS) provide conflicting results. Most of them show a clear benefit of alpha blockers, particularly alfuzosin, on treating urinary SRS, and hence there is a strong recommendation for the use of alpha blockers for the treatment of SRS in the guidelines of the European Association of Urology. Anticholinergics and mirabegron have shown a significant benefit in dealing with irritative bladder symptoms. In contrast, the findings for combination therapies are contradictory, with some studies showing that combination therapy is no superior to monotherapy with regards to most of the subsets of the Ureteral Stent Symptom Questionnaire (USSQ), whereas others present a clear benefit of combination therapies, specifically silodosin and solifenacin, in treating stent-associated lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), in comparison with any other type of monotherapy or combination therapy. Many studies suggest that some categories of pharmacotherapy, such as alpha blockers, can alleviate SRS. However, there is conflicting evidence concerning most other types of medical treatment. Randomized trials with the largest number of patients are needed to investigate the effectiveness of novel approaches on SRS.

Ureteral stents: A brief narrative review of the different polymeric types, their characteristics, and their connection to stent-related symptoms.

Background: In routine urological practice, pigtails are frequently utilized to relieve blockage. Early signs of pigtail problems include pain, lower urinary tract symptoms, pain, hematuria (54%) and fever. Seventy percent of patients experience irritable voiding symptoms, and 80% of patients or even more report pain interfering with everyday activities. Methods: This article's goal is to evaluate the various polymeric stents that are currently on the market. In addition, a review of their fundamental bioqualities is conducted, and a connection between their physical attributes (length, size, and composition) and stent-related issues is looked into. For this review, extensive Medline, PubMed, and literature research from 1987 to January 2023 was conducted. Lower urinary tract complaints, ureteral stents, "pigtail," "materials," "characteristics," or "properties" were the search terms employed. Results: The reviews and publications that are now accessible linking certain materials to stent-related symptoms offer contradictory conclusions, and the majority of research do not specify the precise properties of the materials utilized. The results of the studies on the relationship between stents length and diameter and symptoms connected to stents are likewise inconclusive, despite the fact that there are several studies on this topic in the literature. Conclusion: Numerous studies imply a connection between the various types and properties of the utilized stents and stent-related complaints. However, the available data did not fully support this claim, necessitating additional research.

Surgical techniques to preserve continence after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy.

Radical prostatectomy significantly impacts the inherent anatomy of the male pelvis and the functional mechanisms of urinary continence. Incontinence has a considerable negative influence on the quality of life of patients, as well as their social and psychological wellbeing. Numerous surgical techniques have been demonstrated to support the preservation of continence during robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP). In this in-depth analysis, we give a general summary of the surgical techniques used in RARP and their impact on incontinence rates.

Lymphoepithelioma-Like Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma of the urinary bladder is a rare variant of infiltrating urothelial carcinoma. Diagnostic and therapeutic manipulations are not yet standardised, due to the rarity of the tumour, with surgery and chemotherapy being reported as potential therapeutic options. We report on a case of lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma of the bladder in a 93-year-old female patient and discuss the pathological features and therapeutic options of the neoplasm. Due to her increased age and associated comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus and ischemic heart disease, the patient was treated with transurethral resection of the tumour and subsequent cisplatin-based chemotherapy but unfortunately died of chemotherapy-related complications.

An up-to-date overview of the pharmacotherapeutic options for premature ejaculation.

INTRODUCTION: Premature ejaculation (PE) is a sexual dysfunction of unknown etiology affecting a substantial number of males and deteriorating sexual health and quality of life of the patient and his partner. Treatment still remains challenging; however, pharmacotherapy is considered the mainstay of therapy with behavioral and psychosexual interventions being particularly important as adjudicate procedures, within the context of a holistic approach. AREAS COVERED: The authors review the literature on the available medications for PE, both officially registered and non-registered. Currently, only dapoxetine and an anesthetic spray containing lidocaine and prilocaine (Fortacin™) are officially approved, with the rest being used off-label. Herein, updated data regarding the efficacy and safety of the pharmaceutical agents are presented. EXPERT OPINION: On-demand dapoxetine is reportedly efficacious and safe in treating lifelong PE and is the first medication to be approved for this purpose. Fortacin has also shown considerable efficacy and may be reliably used on-demand. Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5Is) have been found to be effective in the treatment of PE and are therefore recommended either as monotherapy or combined with other therapies (i.e. dapoxetine). Adverse events of any therapy should be taken under consideration. Physicians should encourage patients to discuss their needs and expectations and grade any improvement of their condition with treatment.

Optimal Delivery of Follow-Up Care for the Prevention of Stone Recurrence in Urolithiasis Patients: Improving Outcomes.

Urolithiasis is a common clinical condition with frequent recurrences. Advances in knowledge of pathophysiological mechanisms permit the categorization of patients to low and high risk for recurrence, with specific metabolic abnormalities diagnosed in the second category. Follow-up is essential for patients with urolithiasis and consists of both imaging and metabolic follow-up with urine studies. No formal guidelines or solid evidence currently exists regarding frequency and type of follow-up studies to be performed in each category. This review aims to summarize existing evidence regarding follow-up, in order to guide clinicians on how and when to follow-up urolithiasis patients according to existing clinical scenario.

Twenty-Four-Month Efficacy of Ureteroureterostomy Combined With Unilateral Nephrostomy Following Radical Cystectomy.

Introduction The purpose of this study was to evaluate the 24-month outcomes of ureteroureterostomy combined with unilateral nephrostomy following radical cystectomy in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (BC). Materials and methods This single-center study with prospectively collected data with retrospective data analysis was carried out between December 2018 and November 2021 and enrolled 36 patients, who underwent radical cystectomy combined with ureteroureterostomy and unilateral nephrostomy. Regular renal function assessment was carried out using serum creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and postoperative complications, endoscopic, ultrasound, and other radiological study findings were evaluated. The follow-up of the patients was carried out over a period of 24 months. Results After completion of the 24-month follow-up, the renal function proved to be slightly improved (mean serum creatinine and eGFR values of 1.38±0.72 mg/dL and 55.9±21.87 mL/min) compared to the first-year results (1.41±0.54 mg/dL and 52.10±19.64 mL/min). However, this improvement is statistically not significant (p=0.44, p=0.30). The 24-month follow-up imaging findings remained stable in 97.22% of patients compared to the first-year results, with preservation of bilateral ureteric dilatation and grade 1 dilatation of the non-drained kidney. No case of acute pyelonephritis was recorded after the completion of the second year of follow-up, in comparison to the eight patients (22.22%) of the 12-month follow-up, who suffered acute pyelonephritis. After completing of the 24-month follow-up, one patient was excluded from further analysis, due to the placement of a second permanent percutaneous nephrostomy in the non-drained kidney, due to ureteroureterostomy stenosis with consecutive hydronephrosis in the contralateral kidney and acute renal failure. No case of anastomotic leak was observed. Conclusions The function of the ureteroureterostomy combined with unilateral nephrostomy is proven to be a safe method of urinary diversion (UD) at 24 months, with minimal and easily manageable complications. Only one case of stenosis of the ureteroureterostomy with consecutive acute renal failure due to hydronephrosis in the non-drained kidney was observed. The renal function remained stable.

A Rare Case of an Intermittent Urinary Catheter Discovered Inside a Bladder.

Foreign objects inserted through the urethra, for sexual gratification and ending up in the urinary bladder, are rarely encountered. Patients usually present at emergency departments, reporting abdominal pain, recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs), or haematuria. Only a few cases present without any symptoms and are incidental findings, commonly during diagnostic work-up for bladder lithiasis or recurrent UTIs. We report a case of an encrusted intermittent catheter, discovered in the bladder of a 72-year-old female patient, with a history of multiple sclerosis (MS) and recurrent UTIs. The foreign body was removed following laser defragmentation of the calculus. No indication of stone recurrence was documented during the six-month follow-up.

Uretero-Ureterostomy Combined With Unilateral Nephrostomy as a Method of Urinary Diversion Following Radical Cystectomy.

Introduction Uretero-ureterostomy combined with unilateral nephrostomy is a rarely performed urinary diversion following radical cystectomy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer. The aim of this study is to assess the efficacy and safety of the procedure. Materials and methods Patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer and poor performance status were enrolled in this retrospective, observational, single-centre study, carried out between December 2018 and November 2020. The patient's renal function was regularly assessed with serum creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Evaluation of peri- and postoperative complications was performed based on clinical, laboratory, endoscopic, ultrasound and other radiological studies findings. The patient's status was assessed for 12 months. Results Thirty-six patients with a mean age of 77.4±8.6 years were enrolled in the study. 86.11% of patients had an American Society of Anesthesiologists Score ≥3 and 91.66% had an age-adjusted Charlson comorbidity index of ≥6. Slight deterioration of renal function, although not statistically significant, was observed. 36.11% of the patients developed permanent unilateral pelvic dilatation. Acute pyelonephritis, urosepsis, pyonephrosis and anastomotic leak were observed in 22.22%, 8.33%, 5.55% and 5.55% of patients, respectively; all were treated either conservatively and/or with minimally invasive procedures (nephrostomy, JJ-stent insertion) without any need for open surgical revision. Conclusions Ureteroureterostomy combined with unilateral nephrostomy is a safe and effective method of urinary diversion following radical cystectomy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer with easily manageable complications.

Prostate cancer immunotherapy.

INTRODUCTION: Medical treatment for prostate cancer (PC) targets hormonal pathways used by malignant cells. Research advances aided in gaining knowledge about implicated molecular pathways and opened the way for establishment of new types of therapies by modifying immunological mechanisms. The aim of this review is to present completed and ongoing research projects regarding PC immunotherapy. AREAS COVERED: A literature search was conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ from inception until 07/2021, to identify completed or ongoing Phase III trials regarding several immunotherapies against PC. Studies on vaccine therapies, CTLA-4 inhibitors, PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors, PARP inhibitors, PSMA-targeted therapies, and tyrosine kinase inhibitors were considered eligible. EXPERT OPINION: Although many molecules are being tested against PC cells, only sipuleucel-T has gain approval in the USA. The main reason for this delay in establishing immunotherapy as a standard option for managing PC is the heterogeneity and tumor immune microenvironment complexities. Ipilimumab and olaparib were proved to prolong overall survival significantly against placebo, but a lot of research is going on to identify which patients and at what stage of disease will benefit the most before incorporating them in clinical practice. More recent options such as PSMA-targeted treatments are currently evaluated. ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS: Intense research performed on immunotherapy for prostate cancer.Vaccine therapy with sipuleucel-T, the only approved immunotherapy for prostate cancer.Ipilimumab shows survival benefits.Olaparib shows survival benefits.Findings should be confirmed on further trials to identify target population characteristics and proper disease stage.Immunotherapy is not yet a standard due to tumor environment complex interaction between immune system and malignant cells.