Effects of intratesticular injection of hypertonic mannitol and saline on the quality of donkey sperm, indicators of oxidative stress and testicular tissue pathology.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to examine donkey sperm quality after intratesticular injection of hypertonic mannitol (HM) and saline (HS). METHODS: Randomly assigned to five treatment groups were 15 adult male donkeys: (1) Control group (no treatment), (2) Surgery group (surgical castration for testosterone control), (3) NS group (normal saline intratesticular injection), (4) HS group (hypertonic saline), and (5) HM group. We injected 20 mL per testicle. We took 5 mL blood from all donkeys before injection. Castration was performed under general anesthesia 60 days later. Samples included blood and testicular tissue. Total motility (TM), progressive motility (PM), movementy features, DNA damage, morphology, viability, and plasma membrane functionality were evaluated. Hormone analyses, histomorphometric studies and oxidative stress indices including total antioxidant capacity (TAC), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and NADP+/NADPH were evaluated. Apoptosis, pyroptosis-related Bax, Caspase-1, GSDMD, and Bcl-2 expression were also assessed. RESULTS: In HS and HM groups, testosterone, epididymal sperm count, motility, viability, and plasma membrane functionality dropped while sperm DNA damage increased. HS and HM groups had significantly lower histomorphometric parameters, TAC, GPx, SOD, GSH, and Bcl-2 gene expression. MDA, NADP+/NADPH, Bax, Caspase-1, and GSDMD gene expression were substantially higher in the HS and HM groups than in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Toxic effects of hypertonic saline and mannitol on reproductive parameters were seen following, hence, they might be considered as a good chemical sterilizing treatment in donkeys.

Improvement of the clinical signs of gait abnormality after treatment with levothyroxine in a horse with shivering and hypothyroidism.

An 11-year-old Hanoverian gelding used for jumping was evaluated for gait abnormalities and hoof problems in the hindlimbs. Clinical examinations revealed signs consistent with shivers. A thyroid gland enlargement was noticed, baseline serum thyroid hormone (TH) concentrations were low, and a low response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone administration was observed. Hypothyroidism was suspected. The horse was treated with levothyroxine for 1 year. TH concentrations returned to the normal range by week 4 of treatment. Thirty weeks after the initiation of levothyroxine therapy, the gait abnormality improved. Our findings suggest that the assessment of thyroid status and especially of the subclinical thyroid gland disorders in horses affected with shivering, as well as evaluation of the effects of levothyroxine on the improvement of clinical signs could be promising in establishing the aetiopathogenesis and/or treatment of shivering in horses.

Planimetric and Biomechanical Study of Local Effect of Pulegone on Full Thickness Wound Healing in Rat.

BACKGROUND: Pulegone as principal component of essential oil, reported to have anti-bacterial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The present study was aimed to evaluate wound healing activity of pulegone in a rat model. METHOD: Forty rats were used for excisional and incisional wound healing models. For each model twenty male white Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups (n = 4) of control (CG), Sham surgery, E1, E2 and E3. Wound size, hydroxyproline content of wound and biomechanical testing were assessed. RESULT: In E2 animals, the wound size was reduced earlier than in E1 and E2 groups (P = 0.035). However, time had significant effect on wound contraction of all wounds. Hydroxyproline contents in the groups CG, sham surgery, E1, E2 and E3 were found to be 51.25 ± 3.40, 58.41 ± 4.62, 68.59 ± 3.53, 86.32 ± 3.18, and 74.26 ± 4.73 mg g-1, respectively. Hydroxyproline contents were increased significantly in E2 compared to E1 and E3 which implied more collagen deposition compared to other experimental groups (P = 0.001). The biomechanical indices, maximum stored energy, stiffness, ultimate strength and yield strength obtained for E2 group were significantly higher than those obtained for E1 and E2 groups (P = 0.002). CONCLUSION: The pulegone showed a reproducible wound healing potential in rats.

Influence of Tacrolimus (FK506) on Nerve Regeneration Using Allografts: A Rat Sciatic Nerve Model.

PURPOSE: FK506 is an immunosuppressant agent used to prevent rejection after organ transplantation. The aim of the present study was to assess effects of tacrolimus (FK506) on peripheral nerve regeneration using allografts in a rat sciatic nerve model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty male white Wistar rats were divided randomly into a normal control (NC) group (n = 10), an allograft (ALLO) group (n = 10), and an FK506-treated (ALLO/FK506) group (n = 10). In the NC group, the left sciatic nerve was exposed through a gluteal muscle incision and, after homeostasis, the muscle was sutured. In the ALLO group, the left sciatic nerve was exposed through a gluteal muscle incision and transected proximal to the tibioperoneal bifurcation, where a 10-mm segment was excised. The same procedure was performed in the ALLO/FK506 group. The harvested nerves of the ALLO group served as allografts for the ALLO/FK506 group and vice versa. The NC and ALLO groups received sterile olive oil 300 µL intraperitoneally once a day for 1 week and the ALLO/FK506 group received FK506 300 µL (1 mg/kg) intraperitoneally once a day for 1 week. RESULTS: Behavioral, functional, and biomechanical recovery and gastrocnemius muscle mass showed earlier regeneration of axons in the ALLO/FK506 than in the ALLO group (P < .05). Histomorphometric and immunohistochemical studies also showed earlier regeneration of axons in the ALLO/FK506 than in the ALLO group (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Administration of FK506 could accelerate functional recovery of the sciatic nerve after nerve allografting. It could have clinical implications for the surgical management of patients after facial nerve transection.

Stromal vascular fraction combined with silicone rubber chamber improves sciatic nerve regeneration in diabetes.

PURPOSE: To study the effects of transplantation of characterized uncultured stromal vascular fraction (SVF) on sciatic nerve regeneration. METHODS: A 10-mm sciatic nerve defect was bridged using a silicone conduit filled with SVF. In control group, silicone conduit was filled with phosphate-buffered saline alone. In sham-operated group, the sciatic nerve was only exposed and manipulated. The regenerated nerve fibers were studied 8 and 12 weeks after surgery. RESULTS: Behavioral and functional studies confirmed faster recovery of regenerated axons in SVF transplanted animals than in control group (p<0.05). Gastrocnemius muscle mass in SVF transplanted animal was found to be significantly more than that in control group. Morphometric indices of the regenerated fibers showed the number and diameter of the myelinated fibers to be significantly higher in SVF transplanted animals than in control group. In immunohistochemistry, the location of reactions to S- 100 in SVF transplanted animals was clearly more positive than that in control group. CONCLUSION: SVF transplantation combined with silicone conduit could be considered as a readily accessible source of stromal cells that improves functional recovery of sciatic nerve. It may have clinical implications for the surgical management of acute diabetic patients after facial nerve transection.

Influence of insulin-like growth factor I on nerve regeneration using allografts: a sciatic nerve model.

Effects of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF I) on peripheral nerve regeneration was studied using allografts in a rat sciatic nerve model. Thirty male white Wistar rats were divided into 3 experimental groups (n = 10) randomly: normal control group (NC), allograft group (ALLO), and IGF I-treated group (ALLO/IGF). In the NC group, the left sciatic nerve was exposed through a gluteal muscle incision and, after homeostasis, the muscle was sutured. In the ALLO group, the left sciatic nerve was exposed through a gluteal muscle incision and transected proximal to the tibioperoneal bifurcation where a 10-mm segment was excised. The same procedure was performed in the ALLO/IGF group. The harvested nerves of the rats of the ALLO group were served as allograft for the ALLO/IGF group and vice versa. The NC and ALLO groups received 10 µL of sterile phosphate buffered saline intraperitoneally once a day for 1 week, and the ALLO/IGF group received 10 µL of IGF I (100 ng/kg per day) intraperitoneally once a day for 1 week. Behavioral testing, sciatic nerve functional study and the gastrocnemius muscle mass showed earlier regeneration of axons in the ALLO/IGF group than in the ALLO group (P < 0.05). Administration of IGF I could accelerate functional recovery after nerve allografting in the sciatic nerve and may have clinical implications for the surgical management of patients after facial nerve transection.

Effect of local administration of cyclosporine A on peripheral nerve regeneration in a rat sciatic nerve transection model.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of cyclosporine A (CsA) loaded in chitosan conduit on bridging the sciatic nerve defects in a rat model. METHODS: A 10 mm sciatic nerve defect was bridged using a chitosan conduit filled with 10 µl carrier-drug dilution (10 µg/L CsA). In control group, the conduit was filled with the same volume of carrier dilution alone. The regene-rated fibers were studied 4, 8 and 12 weeks after surgery. RESULTS: The functional study confirmed faster recovery of the regenerated axons in treatment group than control group (P<0.05). There was statistically significant difference of the gastrocnemius muscle weight ratios between treatment and control groups (P<0.05). Morphometric indices of regenerated fibers showed that the number and diameter of the myelinated fibers in CsA-treated animals were significantly higher than those in control group. In immunohistochemistry, the location of reactions to S-100 in CsA group was clearly more positive than control group. CONCLUSION: CsA loaded in a chitosan conduit results in improvement of functional recovery and quantitative morphometric indices of sciatic nerve. It is easily available without any complications compared with its systemic administration.

Curcumin-Polyethylene Glycol Loaded on Chitosan-Gelatin Nanoparticles Enhances Infected Wound Healing.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate effects of curcumin-polyethylene glycol loaded on chitosan-gelatin nanoparticles (C-PEG-CGNPs) on healing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)-infected wounds in rat as a model study. Forty male Wistar rats were randomized into 5 groups of 8 animals each. In CNTRL group, no infected/no treated wounds were covered with sterile saline 0.9% solution (0.1 mL). In MRSA group, MRSA-infected wounds were only treated with sterile saline 0.9% solution (0.1 mL). In MRSA/CP group, 0.1 mL curcumin nanoparticles (1 mg/mL) was applied topically to treat MRSA-infected wounds. In MRSA/CG group, 0.1 mL CG (1 mg/mL) was applied topically to treat MRSA-infected wounds. In MRSA/CP-CG group, 0.1 mL CP-CG (1 mg/mL) was applied topically to treat MRSA-infected wounds. Microbiological examination; planimetric, biochemical, histological, morphometric studies, angiogenesis, hydroxyproline levels, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for caspase 3, Bcl-2, and p53 showed significant difference between rats in MRSA/CP-CG group in comparison with other groups (P < .05). Accelerated and improved healing in wounds infected with MRSA were observed in animals treated with C-PEG-CGNPs. Via increasing solubility of curcumin in C-PEG-CGNP, this harmless and easily available composition could be considered to be topically applied in infected wounds.

Comparison of the sedative and cardiovascular effects of the combination of acepromazine-clonidine versus acepromazine-xylazine in horses.

The aim of this study was to compare the sedative and cardiovascular effects of the combination of acepromazine-clonidine versus acepromazine-xylazine in horses. Four healthy cross-bred horses were included in the study. They were assigned to two treatments. In treatment I (T1), the animals received xylazine hydrochloride (1.00 mg kg-1) in combination with acepromazine maleate (0.05 mg kg-1) intravenously (IV). In treatment II (T2), the animals received intra-gastric administration of clonidine (0.002 mg kg-1) followed by acepromazine (0.05 mg kg-1; IV) after 60 min. Head height above the ground (HHAG) and echocardiographic indices were evaluated. In T1, recordings were made 5 min before and 5, 15, 30, 60, and 90 min after drug administration. In T2, recordings were made 5 min before clonidine, 55 min after clonidine administration, and then 5, 15, 30, 60, and 90 min after acepromazine injection. Analyses of the data showed there were not significant differences regarding HHAG and echocardiographic indices between two treatments. For sedation of healthy horses, it was concluded that intra-gastric administration of clonidine and IV administration of acepromazine showed similar sedative and cardiovascular effects compared to IV acepromazine-xylazine administration.

Effects of undifferentiated cultured omental adipose-derived stem cells on peripheral nerve regeneration.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Employment of regenerative properties of stem cells at the service of nerve repair has been initiated during recent decades. Effects of transplantation of undifferentiated cultured omental adipose-derived stem cells (uADSCs) on peripheral nerve regeneration were studied using a rat sciatic nerve transection model. METHODS: A 10-mm sciatic nerve defect was bridged using a silicone rubber chamber filled with uADSCs. In control group, the silicone conduit was filled with phosphate-buffered saline alone. The regenerated nerve fibers were studied 4, 8, and 12wk after surgery. In sham-operated group, the sciatic nerve was only exposed and manipulated. RESULTS: Functional study confirmed faster recovery of regenerated axons in uADSC-transplanted animals than in control group (P<0.05). Gastrocnemius muscle mass in uADSC-transplanted animals is found to be significantly more than that in control group. Morphometric indices of the regenerated fibers showed that the number and diameter of the myelinated fibers were significantly higher in uADSC-transplanted animals than in control group. In immunohistochemistry, location of reactions to S-100 in uADSC-transplanted animals was clearly more positive than that in control group. CONCLUSION: uADSC transplantation could be considered as a readily accessible source of stromal cells that improve functional recovery of sciatic nerve.

Betamethasone-enhanced vein graft conduit accelerates functional recovery in the rat sciatic nerve gap.

PURPOSE: The objective of the study was to assess the effect of topically administered betamethasone on peripheral nerve regeneration and functional recovery after sciatic nerve transection in the rat. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-five healthy male white Wistar rats were divided into 3 experimental groups (n = 15), randomly. In the treatment group, a 10-mm sciatic nerve defect was bridged by use of an inside-out vein graft filled with 10 µL betamethasone (0.1 mg/kg) (IOVG/BETA group). In the control group, the vein was filled with phosphate-buffered saline solution alone (IOVG group). In the sham surgery group, the sciatic nerve was exposed with no further deleterious manipulations (SHAM group). Each group was subdivided into 3 subgroups of 5 animals each, and the regenerated nerve fibers were studied 4, 8, and 12 weeks after surgery. RESULTS: Functional study confirmed faster recovery of regenerated axons in the IOVG/BETA group than in the IOVG group (P < .05). Gastrocnemius muscle mass in the IOVG/BETA group was found to be significantly greater than that in the IOVG group (P < .05). Morphometric indices of the regenerated fibers showed that the number and diameter of the myelinated fibers were significantly higher in the IOVG/BETA group than in the control group (P < .05). By use of immunohistochemistry, the location of reactions to S-100 in IOVG/BETA was clearly more positive than that in the IOVG group. CONCLUSIONS: When loaded in a vein graft, betamethasone resulted in improvement of functional recovery and quantitative morphometric indices of sciatic nerve. Topical application of this readily available agent offers the benefit of cost savings, as well as avoiding the complications associated with systemic administration.

Functional effects of local administration of thyroid hormone combined with chitosan conduit after sciatic nerve transection in rats.

PURPOSE: To assess the local effect of triiodothyronine (T3) on peripheral nerve regeneration in a rat model of sciatic nerve transection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-five male healthy white Wistar rats were divided randomly into 3 experimental groups (n = 15): sham operation, control (CHIT), and T3 treatment (CHIT/T3). In the sham-operated group, the left sciatic nerve was exposed under anesthesia through a gluteal muscle incision and the muscle was sutured after homeostasis. In the CHIT group, the left sciatic nerve was exposed the same way and transected proximal to the tibioperoneal bifurcation, leaving a 10-mm gap. Each proximal and distal stump was inserted into a chitosan conduit, which was filled with phosphate buffered solution 10 µL. In the CHIT/T3 group, the defect was bridged using a chitosan conduit filled with T3 10 µL. Each group was subdivided into 3 subgroups of 5 animals each and studied 4, 8, and 12 weeks after surgery. Data were analyzed statistically by factorial analysis of variance and the Bonferroni test for pairwise comparisons. RESULTS: Behavioral testing and sciatic nerve function study confirmed a faster and better recovery of regenerated axons in the CHIT/T3 group than in the CHIT group (P < .05). Gastrocnemius muscle mass was significantly larger in the CHIT/T3 group than in the CHIT group. Morphometric indices of regenerated fibers showed that the number and diameter of the myelinated fibers were significantly larger in the CHIT/T3 group than in the CHIT group. Immunohistochemistry showed that the locations of reaction to S-100 were clearly more positive in the CHIT/T3 group than in the CHIT group. CONCLUSIONS: The response to local treatment showed that thyroid hormone influenced and improved the functional recovery of peripheral nerve regeneration.

Local effect of celecoxib on peripheral nerve repair combined with silicone tubulization in rat.

OBJECTIVE: To assess local effect of celecoxib on nerve regeneration in a rat sciatic nerve transection model. METHODS: Forty-five male healthy white Wistar rats were randomly divided into three experimental groups (n equal to 15 for each): sham-operation (SHAM), control (SIL) and celecoxib treated (SIL/CLX) groups. In SHAM group after anesthesia left sciatic nerve was exposed and after homeostasis muscle was sutured. In SIL group the left sciatic nerve was exposed in the same way and transected proximal to tibioperoneal bifurcation leaving a 10 mm gap. Proximal and distal stumps were each inserted into a silicone tube and filled with 10 microlitre phosphate buffered solution. In SIL/CLX group defect was bridged using a silicone tube filled with 10 microlitre celecoxib (0.1 g/L). RESULTS: Functional study and gastrocnemius muscle mass confirmed faster and better recovery of regenerated axons in SIL/CLX than in SIL group (P less than 0.05). Morphometric indices of regenerated fibers showed number and diameter of the myelinated fibers in SIL/CLX were significantly greater than those in control group. In immunohistochemistry, location of reactions to S-100 in SIL/CLX was clearly more positive than that in SIL group. CONCLUSION: Response to local treatment of celecoxib demonstrates that it influences and improves functional recovery of peripheral nerve regeneration.

Vascular endothelial growth factor promotes peripheral nerve regeneration after sciatic nerve transection in rat.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the local effect of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) on transected sciatic nerve regeneration. METHODS: Sixty male white Wistar rats were divided into four experimental groups randomly (n equal to 15). In transected group the left sciatic nerve was transected and the stump was fixed to adjacent muscle. In treatment group the defect was bridged using a silicone graft filled with 10 microlitre VEGF. In silicone group the graft was filled with phosphate-buffered saline. In sham-operated group the sciatic nerve was exposed and manipulated. Each group was subdivided into three subgroups with five animals in each and nerve fibers were studied 4, 8 and 12 weeks after operation. RESULTS: Behavioral test, functional study of sciatic nerve, gastrocnemius muscle mass and morphometric indices confirmed a faster recovery of regenerated axons in VEGF group than in silicone group (P less than 0.05). In immunohistochemical assessment, reactions to S-100 in VEGF group were more positive than that in silicone group. CONCLUSION: Local administration of VEGF will improve functional recovery and morphometric indices of sciatic nerve.

Protective effects of propolis on ischemia-reperfusion injury in a rat testicular torsion and detorsion model.

The torsion model of testis in a rat was adopted for evaluation of possible effects of propolis (Prop) on ischemia-reperfusion (IS/REP) injury. The healthy male Wistar rats (totally 24 animals) were randomized into four groups (n = 6) and animals experienced bilateral testicular torsions as follows: In sham group just, laparotomy was performed and in IS group, animals experienced a 3 hr period testicular IS. In IS/REP group, a 3 hr period of IS followed by a 3 hr period of testicular REP for left testis and a one-week testicular REP for right testis were done. In this group animals were gavaged by 1.00 mL normal saline 1 hr before the onset of IS. In IS/REP/ Prop group, the same procedures for IS/REP animals were followed as well as gavage of 1.00 mL Prop extract solution 1 hr before the onset of IS. Analyses of biochemistry, histology, inflammatory biomarkers and sperm parameters were carried out. In IS/REP/Prop group, nitric oxide synthase malondialdehyde, myeloperoxidase and 8-hydroxy-2 deoxyguanine in IS/REP/Prop group were significantly decreased and, superoxide dismutase, total glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glutathione S-transferase were significantly increased compared to the other animals. In IS/REP/Prop group, seminiferous tubules (with normal spermatogenesis) showed all stages of spermatogenic cells with plentiful spermatozoa. Tubular deterioration and atrophy and spermatogenic cell loss in were seen in a limited extent. The mean concentrations of Interleukin-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha in IS/REP/Prop were significantly decreased. Sperm quality was significantly improved by Prop in IS/REP/Prop group. It was concluded that Prop could be supportive in diminishing IS/REP injury in testicular tissue exposed to ischemia.

Effects of topically administered FK506 on sciatic nerve regeneration and reinnervation after vein graft repair of short nerve gaps.

OBJECT: Despite the development of various nerve coaptation materials and techniques, achievement of desired functional peripheral nerve regeneration is still inadequate, and repair of peripheral nerve injuries is still one of the most challenging tasks and concerns in neurosurgery. The effect of an FK506-loaded vein graft as an in situ delivery system for FK506 in bridging the defects was studied using a rat sciatic nerve regeneration model. METHODS: A 10-mm sciatic nerve defect was bridged using an inside-out vein graft (IOVG) filled with 10 µl of a carrier-drug dilution (10 ng/ml FK506) in the IOVG/FK506 group. In the IOVG control group, the vein was filled with the same volume of carrier dilution alone. The regenerated fibers were studied 4, 8, and 12 weeks after surgery. RESULTS: Functional study confirmed faster recovery of the regenerated axons in the IOVG/FK506 group than in the IOVG group (p < 0.05). There was a statistically significant difference between the mean gastrocnemius muscle weight ratios of the IOVG/FK506 and IOVG control groups (p < 0.05). Morphometric indices of regenerated fibers showed that the number and diameter of the myelinated fibers were significantly higher in the IOVG/FK506 group than in the IOVG control group. Immunohistochemical analysis showed more positive immunoreactivity to S100 protein in the IOVG/FK506 group than in the IOVG control group. CONCLUSIONS: When loaded in a vein graft, FK506 resulted in improvement of functional recovery and quantitative morphometric indices of sciatic nerve. Topical application of this readily available agent offers the benefit of cost savings as well as avoiding the complications associated with systemic administration.

Homeopathic treatment for peripheral nerve regeneration: an experimental study in a rat sciatic nerve transection model.

AIM: Effects of homeopathic treatment with Hypericum perforatum (Hypericum) on peripheral nerve regeneration was studied using a rat sciatic nerve transection model. METHODS: Fifty-four male healthy White Wistar rats were divided into three experimental groups (n = 18), randomly: Sham-operation (Sham), control: silicon tube (Sil) and treatment: silicon tube + Hypericum (Sil/Hypericum). In the Sham group after anesthesia left sciatic nerve was exposed through a gluteal muscle incision and after homeostasis muscle was sutured. In the Sil group the left sciatic nerve was exposed the same way and transected proximal to tibio-peroneal bifurcation leaving a 10-mm gap. Proximal and distal stumps were each inserted into a silicone tube. In the Sil/Hypericum group a silicone tube was implanted the same way and each animal received three oral drops of Hypericum 30c twice daily for 1 week. Each group was subdivided into three subgroups of six animals each studied 4, 8, 12 weeks after surgery. RESULTS: Data were analyzed statistically by factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA) and, the Bonferroni test for pair-wise comparisons. Functional study showed faster and better recovery of regenerated axons in Sil/Hypericum than in Sil group (P < 0.05). Gastrocnemius muscle mass in Sil/Hypericum was significantly greater than in Sil group. Morphometric indices of regenerated fibers showed number and diameter of the myelinated fibers in Sil/Hypericum were significantly higher than in control group. Immunohistochemistry, showed the location of reactions to S-100 in Sil/Hypericum was clearly more positive than in Sil group. CONCLUSION: Hypericum improves functional recovery of peripheral nerve regeneration in rats.

Evaluation of Effect of Biologically Synthesized Ethanolic Extract of Propolis-Loaded Poly(-Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid) Nanoparticles on Wound Healing in Diabetic Rats.

Wound healing is interaction of a complex cascade of cellular/biochemical actions leading to restoration of structural and functional integrity with regain of injured tissues strength. This study was aimed at evaluation of application of ethanolic extract of propolis-loaded poly(-lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (EEP-PLGA NPs) on wound healing in diabetic rats. Sixty rats were randomized into four groups of 15 rats each: In control group (Control) diabetic wound was treated with normal saline. In Carrier 1 group diabetic wound was treated with PLGA nanoparticles based solution. In Carrier 2 group the diabetic wound was treated with EEP. In Treatment group animals received EEP-PLGA NPs on the wound. Wound size was measured on 7, 14 and 21 days after surgery. The expression of p53, bcl-2, Caspase III, were evaluated using reverse-transcription PCR and Immunohistochemical staining. The Treatment group had significantly reduced the wound size compared to other groups (P = 0.001). histological and morphometric studies, and mean rank of the qualitative studies demonstrated that there was significant difference between Treatment group and other groups (P < .05). Observations demonstrated that ethanolic extract of propolis-loaded PLGA nanoparticles significantly shortened the inflammatory phase and accelerated the cellular proliferation. Accordingly, the animals in Treatment group revealed significantly (P < .05) higher fibroblast distribution/one mm2 of wound area and rapid re epithelialization. The mRNA levels of bcl-2, p53 and caspase III were remarkably (P < .05) higher in Treatment group compared to control and animals. The immunohistochemical analyzes confirmed the RT-PCR findings. EEP-PLGA NPs offered potential advantages in wound healing acceleration and improvement through angiogenesis stimulation, fibroblast proliferation and granulation tissue formation in early days of healing phases, acceleration in diabetic wound repair associated with earlier wound contraction and stability of damaged area by rearrangement of granulation tissue and collagen fibers.

Curcumin-Polyethylene Glycol Loaded on Chitosan-Gelatin Nanoparticles Enhances Burn Wound Healing in Rat.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate effects of curcumin-polyethylene glycol loaded on chitosan-gelatin nanoparticles (C-PEG-CGNPs) on burn wound healing in rat as a model study. Sixty healthy male White Wistar rats were randomized into four experimental groups of 15 animals each: Control group (Control) was treated with normal saline. Carrier group was treated with CGNPs-based ointment (0.05 mg/ml). Silver sulfadiazine group was treated with silver sulfadiazine 1% ointment. Treatment group was treated with C-PEG-CGNPs (0.05 mg/ml). Wound size was measured on 7, 14, and 21 days after surgery. The expression of p53, Bcl-2, caspase-3 were evaluated using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical staining. Reduction in wound area indicated that there was significant difference between Treatment group and other groups (P < .05). Quantitative histological and morphometric studies, and mean rank of the qualitative studies demonstrated that there was a significant difference between Treatment group and other groups (P < .05). Observations demonstrated C-PEG-CGNPs significantly shortened the inflammatory phase and accelerated the cellular proliferation. Accordingly, the animals in Treatment group revealed significantly (P < .05) higher fibroblast distribution/one mm2 of wound area and rapid reepithelialization. The mRNA levels of Bcl-2, p53, and caspase-3 were remarkably (P < .05) higher in Treatment group compared to control animals. The immunohistochemical analyses confirmed the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction findings. C-PEG-CGNPs offered potential advantages in burn wound healing acceleration and improvement.

Cinnamon Nanoparticles Loaded on Chitosan- Gelatin Nanoparticles Enhanced Burn Wound Healing in Diabetic Foot Ulcers in Rats.

The objective of this work was to investigate impact of Cinnamon nanoparticles loaded on chitosan- gelatin nanoparticles on burn wound healing in diabetic foot ulcers in rat. We included sixty male rats into four groups. There were 15 animals in each group as follow: DFU group: We treated the burn wounds with normal saline (0.1 mL). DFU/SSD group: In this group, the wounds were with silver sulfadiazine 1% ointment. DFU/CGNP: In this group, the burn wounds were treated with chitosan-gelatin nanoparticles based ointment (0.05 mg/mL). DFU/CNP-CGNP group: In this group, the wounds were treated with CN-CGNPs (0.05 mg/mL). Wound area reduction measurements, biochemistry, histomorphometrical studies, hydroxyproline levels and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for caspase 3, Bcl-2, and p53 showed significant difference between rats in DFU/CNP-CGNP group in comparison with other groups (P < .05). Accelerated repair of the wounds in DFU/CNP-CGNP group showed that local application of Cinnamon nanoparticles loaded on chitosan- gelatin nanoparticles could be taken into consideration in burn wound healing in diabetic foot ulcers.