Ethynyl-B(dan) in [3+2] Cycloaddition and Larock Indole Synthesis: Synthesis of Stable Boron-Containing Heteroaromatic Compounds.

The cycloaddition of nitrile oxides with ethynyl-B(dan) (dan=naphthalene-1,8-diaminato) allowed the facile preparation of diverse isoxazolyl-B(dan) compounds, all of which displayed excellent protodeborylation-resistant properties. The dan-installation on the boron center proves vital to the high stability of the products as well as the perfect regioselectivity arising from hydrogen bond-directed orientation in the cycloaddition. The diminished boron-Lewis acidity of ethynyl-B(dan) also renders it amenable to azide-alkyne cycloaddition, Larock indole synthesis and related heteroannulations. The obtained boron-containing triazole, indoles, benzofuran and indenone exhibit sufficient resistance toward protodeborylation. Despite the commonly accepted transmetalation-inactive property derived from the diminished Lewis acidity, the synthesized heteroaryl-B(dan) compound was still found to be convertible to the oligoarene via sequential Suzuki-Miyaura coupling.

Stable Silapyramidanes.

Starting from tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)cyclobutadiene and an amidinate-supported silylene of the Roesky-type, a sequence of addition and reduction cleanly gives the elusive silapyramidane via an isolable cyclobutene intermediate with an exocyclic Si═C bond. The silapyramidane features an unusually shielded 29Si NMR resonance at -448.3 ppm for the apex silicon atom. Treatment with Fe2(CO)9 results in the formation of the corresponding silapyramidane-iron complex. Silapyramidane also reacts with the cyclobutadiene starting material to cleanly afford a fluorescent spirobis(silole).

Complexation-Triggered Fluctuation of π-Conjugation on an Antiaromatic Dicyanoanthracene Dianion.

The formation of Lewis pairs is an important chemical concept. Recently, the complexation of Lewis acidic tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane with Lewis basic moieties and subsequent reduction has emerged as a fascinating strategy for designing novel reactions and structures. The impact of the complexation and subsequent reduction of antiaromatic systems bearing Lewis base moieties has been investigated. We found how Lewis adduct formation stabilizes an antiaromatic system consisting of 9,10-dicyanoanthracene and tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane by using synthesis, X-ray crystallography, spectroscopic analysis, and quantum chemical calculations.

Synthesis and Characterization of Hypervalent Pentacoordinate Carbon Compounds Bearing a 7-6-7-Ring Skeleton.

To stabilize SN 2 transition state-like penta-coordinate carbon species, triaryl-substituted cationic carbon compounds bearing a moderately flexible 7-6-7-ring skeleton with sulfur donors were synthesized and characterized. Electronic effects of para substituents (R=Cl, F, H, CH3 , SMe, OMe) of the two equatorial aryl groups bound to the cationic central carbon were investigated systematically along with a planar bidentate thioxanthene derivative. X-ray analysis on their solid-state structures showed that the parent (R=H), chloro-, fluoro- and methyl-derivatives were tetracoordinate carbon (sulfonium) structures, while the p-MeO and thioxanthenyl system were pentacoordinate carbocation structures. The Hammett substituent constants for the para substituents (σp + ) correlates well with the bonding in these compounds. The methylthio-derivative with intermediate Hammett substituent constants (p-MeS; σp + =-0.60) showed a tetracooridnate solid-state structure, though solution UV-Vis properties suggested the presence of a penta-coordinate structure. These findings amount to the first unambiguous solution evidence of the hypervalent apical 3c-4e interactions in pentacoordinate carbon compounds.

Redox Activity of IrIII Complexes with Multidentate Ligands Based on Dipyrido-Annulated N-Heterocyclic Carbenes: Access to High Valent and High Spin State with Carbon Donors.

Synthetic strategies to access high-valent iridium complexes usually require use of π donating ligands bearing electronegative atoms (e. g. amide or oxide) or σ donating electropositive atoms (e. g. boryl or hydride). Besides the η5 -(methyl)cyclopentadienyl derivatives, high-valent η1 carbon-ligated iridium complexes are challenging to synthesize. To meet this challenge, this work reports the oxidation behavior of an all-carbon-ligated anionic bis(CCC-pincer) IrIII complex. Being both σ and π donating, the diaryl dipyrido-annulated N-heterocyclic carbene (dpa-NHC) IrIII complex allowed a stepwise 4e- oxidation sequence. The first 2e- oxidation led to an oxidative coupling of two adjacent aryl groups, resulting in formation of a cationic chiral IrIII complex bearing a CCCC-tetradentate ligand. A further 2e- oxidation allowed isolation of a high-valent tricationic complex with a triplet ground state. These results close a synthetic gap for carbon-ligated iridium complexes and demonstrate the electronic tuning potential of organic π ligands for unusual electronic properties.

Efficient one-pot synthesis of dan-substituted organo- and silyl-boron compounds.

Direct, transition metal-free B(dan)-installation into organic frameworks has been developed. Heteroaryl-H bonds were transformable into the respective heteroaryl-B(dan) bonds through deprotonation. The resulting heteroaryl-B(dan) compounds, which are otherwise difficult to access, can undergo the direct Suzuki-Miyaura coupling. The method was demonstrated to apply to a silicon nucleophile, giving Lewis acidity-diminished stable silyl-B(dan) and -B(aam) in one pot.

Synthesis and Isolation of an Anionic Bis(dipyrido-annulated) N-Heterocyclic Carbene CCC-Pincer Iridium(III) Complex by Facile C-H Bond Activation.

Meridional tridentate N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-based pincer ligands contribute to a substantial growth in modern organometallic chemistry in both homogeneous catalysis and luminescence materials. Among all NHC-based pincer ligands, the dianionic LX2-type CCC-pincer ones constitute the smallest subcategory owing to their limited ligand frameworks suitable for complexation. This work reports a one-pot, high-yield synthesis of a homoleptic anionic all-carbon bis-pincer iridium(III) complex (4) directly from a bis(aryl)-substituted dipyrido-annulated (dpaAr2) imidazolium salt and [Ir(COD)Cl]2 via a cascade of deprotonation/C-H activation processes. Both experimental complexation chemistry and computational mechanistic investigation suggest that the large bite angle and π-rich character of the dpaAr2 NHC are responsible for its facile complexation as a dianionic LX2-type CCC-pincer ligand precursor. The all-carbon ligated iridium(III) complex (4) bearing a π-conjugated ligand scaffold showed remarkably low oxidation potentials, which allows future investigations in its redox chemistry and photophysical properties.

Luminescent Di- and Tetranuclear Gold Complexes of Bis(diphenylphosphinyl)-Functionalized Dipyrido-Annulated N-Heterocyclic Carbene.

Phosphine-functionalized N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands are known to complex group 11 metal centers to form multinuclear complexes with photoluminescence properties. This study reports a structurally rigid ortho-substituted dipyrido-annulated NHC with T-shape coordination geometry and its di- and tetranuclear gold(I) complexes. The free ligand as well as all metal complexes are found luminescent at room temperature and phosphorescent at 77 K. Although metal d10-d10 interactions are evident based on their solid-state structures, their effect on the photoemission is limited, most likely due to the weak coordination of the ligand to the metal centers in solution.

Spectroscopic Observation of the Triplet Diradical State of a Cyclobutadiene.

Tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)cyclobuta-1,3-diene (1) was subjected to a temperature-dependent EPR study to allow the first spectroscopic observation of a triplet diradical state of a cyclobutadiene (2). From the temperature dependent EPR absorption area we derive a singlet→triplet (1→2) energy gap, EST , of 13.9 kcal mol-1 , in agreement with calculated values. The zero-field splitting parameters D=0.171 cm-1 , E=0 cm-1 are accurately reproduced by DFT calculations. The triplet diradical 2 is thermally accessible at moderate temperatures. It is not an intermediate in the thermal cycloreversion of cyclobutadiene to two acetylene molecules.

Isolation of Hypervalent Group-16 Radicals and Their Application in Organic-Radical Batteries.

Using a newly prepared tridentate ligand, we isolated hypervalent sulfur and selenium radicals for the first time and characterized their structures. X-ray crystallography, electron spin resonance spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations revealed a three-coordinate hypervalent structure. Utilizing the reversible redox reactions between hypervalent radicals and the corresponding anions bearing Li(+), we developed organic radical batteries with these compounds as cathode-active materials. Furthermore, an all-radical battery, with these compounds as the cathode and a silyl radical as the anode, was developed that exhibited a practical discharge potential of ∼ 1.8 V and stable cycle performance, demonstrating the potential of these materials for use in metal-free batteries that can replace conventional Li-ion batteries where Li is used in the metal form.

High-power electrochemical energy storage system employing stable radical pseudocapacitors.

The development of electrical energy storage devices that can operate at high charge and discharge rates is fundamentally important, however although electrochemical capacitors (ECs) can charge and discharge at high rates, their electrochemical storage capacity remains an order of magnitude lower than that of conventional lithium-ion batteries. Novel pseudocapasitors are developed, based on the stable persilyl-susbtituted free radicals of the heavy group 14 elements, (tBu2 MeSi)3 E(.) [E=Si (1), Ge (2), and Sn (3)], as anode materials for energy storage system. Such systems showed a remarkable cycle stability without significant loss of power density, in comparison with similar characteristics of the known organic radical batteries, the dual carbon cell, and the electrochemical capacitor. Particularly important is that these novel electrochemical energy storage systems employing stable heavy group 14 element radicals are lithium-free. The electrochemical properties and structures of the reduced and oxidized species were studied by the cyclic voltammetry (CV), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD).

Copper-catalyzed silylation of aryl and alkenyl triflates with silylboronic esters avoiding base-mediated borylation.

Silylation of aryl and alkenyl triflates is found to occur readily with silylboronic esters as a silicon source under copper catalysis. The silyl moieties are exclusively installed into the organic frameworks through the preferential generation of a silylcopper species, wherein base-mediated direct borylation is totally suppressed. The combined use of tri-n-butylphosphine and 4,4'-diphenyl-2,2'-bipyridine as a ligand combination turned out to be indispensable for achieving the high catalytic activity.

Surefire generation of stannylpotassium: highly reactive stannyl anions and applications.

Organometallic reagents such as organolithium and Grignard reagents have long been esteemed in chemical synthesis for their exceptional reactivity. In contrast, the application of their sodium and potassium counterparts has been comparatively sluggish, notwithstanding their augmented reactivity stemming from their heightened ionic character. This inertia persists due to the constrained accessibility of these heavy alkali metal reagents. In this study, our focus was directed towards devising a convenient and pragmatic approach for fabricating heavy alkali metal-based reagents, particularly those grounded in potassium. Herein, we present a novel, direct method for generating stannylpotassium (Sn-K) reagents through the simple combination of readily available silylstannanes and t-BuOK. Subsequently, the generated Sn-K reagents were effectively harnessed for stannylative substitution of aryl halides, furnishing an array of arylstannanes straightforwardly under transition metal-free conditions. This application distinctly underscores the potential utility of highly reactive Sn-K species, hitherto sparingly tapped into within the realm of synthetic organic chemistry. Furthermore, our investigation confirms that Sn-K reagents manifest notably superior reactivity compared with their well-established stannyllithium (Sn-Li) counterparts. This heightened reactivity can be ascribed to the increasing ionic character of Sn-K, which was supported by computational experiments.

Computed ammonia affinity for evaluating Lewis acidity of organoboronates and organoboronamides.

Lewis acidity of organoboronates [B(pin), B(neop), B(cat), B(eg), B(nad)] and organoboronamides [B(dan), B(aam), B(mdan)] has been found to be unifiedly evaluated by computed ammonia affinity (AA), while other methods [LUMO energies, global electrophilicity index (GEI), fluoride ion affinity (FIA)] were only partially applicable. The relationships between the AA values and such structural characters including the B-X bond lengths, the X-B-X angles, and the changes in the B-X bond lengths in the formation of the ammonia adducts were also described.

A stable silylborane with diminished boron Lewis acidity.

A new dimethyl(phenyl)silylborane having a naphthalene-1,8-diaminato (dan) substituent on the boron center, PhMe2Si-B(dan), was synthesized. Owing to the diminished boron Lewis acidity, it is highly stable toward air. Synthetic application of the silylborane to catalytic silylboration and silylation of alkynes is also described.

A boron, nitrogen-containing heterocyclic carbene (BNC) as a redox active ligand: synthesis and characterization of a lithium BNC-aurate complex.

Stabilization of low oxidation gold anions as aurate or auride by organic ligands has long been a synthetic challenge, owing to the proneness of low-valent gold centres to cluster. Despite being the most electronegative metal, isolable gold(I) aurate complexes have only been obtained from a few σ-withdrawing organo- and organo-main group ligands. Stabilization of highly-reduced gold complexes by π-modulating redox active ligands has only been achieved by cyclic (amino)(alkyl)carbene (CAAC), which is limited to 1e--reduction to form neutral gold(0) complexes. This work reports a simple modular synthesis of a boron, nitrogen-containing heterocyclic carbene (ClBNC) at a gold(I) center through metal-assisted coupling between azadiboriridine and isocyanides. The anionic electrophilic ClBNC ligand in the gold(I) complex [(ClBNC)AuPMe3] (3a and 3b) allows a 2e--reduction to form the first η1-carbene aurate complex [(BNC)AuPMe3]Li(DME) (5a, DME = dimethoxyethane). Single crystal crystallographic analysis and computational studies of these complexes revealed a highly π-withdrawing character of the neutral 4π B,N-heterocyclic carbene (BNC) moiety and a 6π weakly aromatic character with π-donating properties to the gold(I) fragment in its reduced form, showcasing the first cyclic carbene ligand that allows electronic tunability between π-withdrawing (Fischer-type)- and π-donating (Schrock-type) properties.

Photoisomerization of perfluoroaryltetrahedranes to perfluoroarylcyclobutadienes.

Two perfluoroaryl-substituted cyclobutadiene derivatives, 6 and 7, were prepared as air- and moisture-sensitive red solids by the photochemical isomerization of the corresponding tetrahedranes (4 and 5, respectively). Remarkably, the 9,10-dicyanoanthracene-sensitized photochemical reaction of 4 also proceeded, giving 6, and the mechanism of this reaction is also discussed. The first aryl-substituted cyclobutadienes were characterized by spectroscopic data as well as by X-ray crystallography for 6, showing a distorted rectangular structure with extremely long C-C single bonds.

Sulfur-substituted tetrahedranes.

The stable sulfur-substituted tetrahedrane derivatives 2-4 were synthesized by the reaction of tris(trimethylsilyl)tetrahedranyllithium 1 with diphenyl disulfide, bis(4-nitrophenyl) disulfide, and bis(2,4-dinitrophenyl) disulfide, respectively, and characterized by both NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. Phenylsulfonyltetrahedrane 5 was prepared by the reaction of 2 and m-chloroperbenzoic acid. The UV-vis absorption spectra of 2-4 suggested an interaction of the σ orbital of the tetrahedrane core and the lone-pair electrons on the sulfur atom, whereas no interaction for 5 was found. Thermal reactions of 2 and 5 are also reported; 2 underwent fragmentation into two acetylene molecules, whereas 5 gave the corresponding cyclobutadiene.

Proton to hydride umpolung at a phosphonium center via electron relay: a new strategy for main-group based water reduction.

Generation of dihydrogen from water splitting, also known as water reduction, is a key process to access a sustainable hydrogen economy for energy production and usage. The key step is the selective reduction of a protic hydrogen to an accessible and reactive hydride, which has proven difficult at a p-block element. Although frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) chemistry is well known for water activation by heterolytic H-OH bond cleavage, to the best of our knowledge, there has been only one case showing water reduction by metal-free FLP systems to date, in which silylene (SiII) was used as the Lewis base. This work reports the molecular design and synthesis of an ortho-phenylene linked bisborane-functionalized phosphine, which reacts with water stoichiometrically to generate H2 and phosphine oxide quantitatively under ambient conditions. Computational investigations revealed an unprecedented multi-centered electron relay mechanism offered by the molecular framework, shuttling a pair of electrons from hydroxide (OH-) in water to the separated proton through a borane-phosphonium-borane path. This simple molecular design and its water reduction mechanism opens new avenues for this main-group chemistry in their growing roles in chemical transformations.