Interplay of Electronic and Spin Degrees in Ferromagnetic SrRuO_{3}: Anomalous Softening of the Magnon Gap and Stiffness.

The magnon dispersion of ferromagnetic SrRuO_{3} was studied by inelastic neutron scattering experiments on single crystals as a function of temperature. Even at low temperature the magnon modes exhibit substantial broadening pointing to strong interaction with charge carriers. We find an anomalous temperature dependence of both the magnon gap and the magnon stiffness, which soften upon cooling in the ferromagnetic phase. Both effects trace the temperature dependence of the anomalous Hall effect and can be attributed to the impact of Weyl points, which results in the same relative renormalization in the spin stiffness and magnon gap.

Evidence for magnetic Weyl fermions in a correlated metal.

Weyl fermions have been observed as three-dimensional, gapless topological excitations in weakly correlated, inversion-symmetry-breaking semimetals. However, their realization in spontaneously time-reversal-symmetry-breaking phases of strongly correlated materials has so far remained hypothetical. Here, we report experimental evidence for magnetic Weyl fermions in Mn3Sn, a non-collinear antiferromagnet that exhibits a large anomalous Hall effect, even at room temperature. Detailed comparison between angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) measurements and density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveals significant bandwidth renormalization and damping effects due to the strong correlation among Mn 3d electrons. Magnetotransport measurements provide strong evidence for the chiral anomaly of Weyl fermions-namely, the emergence of positive magnetoconductance only in the presence of parallel electric and magnetic fields. Since weak magnetic fields (approximately 10 mT) are adequate to control the distribution of Weyl points and the large fictitious fields (equivalent to approximately a few hundred T) produced by them in momentum space, our discovery lays the foundation for a new field of science and technology involving the magnetic Weyl excitations of strongly correlated electron systems such as Mn3Sn.

Highly Anisotropic Magnon Dispersion in Ca_{2}RuO_{4}: Evidence for Strong Spin Orbit Coupling.

The magnon dispersion in Ca_{2}RuO_{4} has been determined by inelastic neutron scattering on single crytals containing 1% of Ti. The dispersion is well described by a conventional Heisenberg model suggesting a local moment model with nearest neighbor interaction of J=8 meV. Nearest and next-nearest neighbor interaction as well as interlayer coupling parameters are required to properly describe the entire dispersion. Spin-orbit coupling induces a very large anisotropy gap in the magnetic excitations in apparent contrast with a simple planar magnetic model. Orbital ordering breaking tetragonal symmetry, and strong spin-orbit coupling can thus be identified as important factors in this system.

Strain relaxation dynamics of multiferroic orthorhombic manganites.

Resonant ultrasound spectroscopy has been used to characterise strain coupling and relaxation behavior associated with magnetic/magnetoelectric phase transitions in GdMnO3, TbMnO3and TbMn0.98Fe0.02O3through their influence on elastic/anelastic properties. Acoustic attenuation ahead of the paramagnetic to colinear-sinusoidal incommensurate antiferromagnetic transition at ∼41 K correlates with anomalies in dielectric properties and is interpreted in terms of Debye-like freezing processes. A loss peak at ∼150 K is related to a steep increase in electrical conductivity with a polaron mechanism. The activation energy,Ea, of ≳0.04 eV from a loss peak at ∼80 K is consistent with the existence of a well-defined temperature interval in which the paramagnetic structure is stabilised by local, dynamic correlations of electric and magnetic polarisation that couple with strain and have relaxation times in the vicinity of ∼10-6s. Comparison with previously published data for Sm0.6Y0.4MnO3confirms that this pattern may be typical for multiferroic orthorhombicRMnO3perovskites (R= Gd, Tb, Dy). A frequency-dependent loss peak near 10 K observed for TbMnO3and TbMn0.98Fe0.02O3, but not for GdMnO3, yieldedEa⩾ ∼0.002 eV and is interpreted as freezing of some magnetoelastic component of the cycloid structure. Small anomalies in elastic properties associated with the incommensurate and cycloidal magnetic transitions confirm results from thermal expansion data that the magnetic order parameters have weak but significant coupling with strain. Even at strain magnitudes of ∼0.1-1‰, polaron-like strain effects are clearly important in defining the development and evolution of magnetoelectric properties in these materials. Strains associated with the cubic-orthorhombic transition due to the combined Jahn-Teller/octahedral tilting transition in the vicinity of 1500 K are 2-3 orders of magnitude greater. It is inevitable that ferroelastic twin walls due to this transition would have significantly different magnetoelectric properties from homogeneous domains due to magnetoelastic coupling with steep strain gradients.

Raman and infrared study of 4f electron-phonon coupling in HoVO3.

First-order Raman scattering and multiphonons are studied in RVO3 (R = Ho and Y) as a function of temperature in the orthorhombic and monoclinic phases. Raman spectra of HoVO3 and YVO3 unveil similar features since both compounds have nearly identical R-radii. However, the most important difference lies in the transition temperature involving the V(3+) orbitals, the V(3+) magnetic moments as well as the crystallographic structure. Particularly, the magnetic and orbital reorientations occur at T N2 = 40 K for HoVO3 instead T N2 =77 K in the case of YVO3. For both systems, anomalous phonon shifts which are related to spin-phonon coupling are observed below the V(3+) magnetic ordering temperature (T N1 ≈ 110 K) while additional phonon anomalies are exclusively observed in HoVO3 around T (*) ≈ 15 K. On the other hand, infrared (IR) transmittance measurements as a function of temperature reveal Ho(3+5)I8 → (5)I7 excitations and additional excitations assigned as vibronics. These latter combined with drastic changes in Ho(3+5)I8 → (5)I7 excitations at T N2, are indicative of a strong coupling between the Ho(3+) ions and the ligand field. This could explain the large magnetocaloric capacity shown by HoVO3.

Dynamics of photo-excited electrons in magnetically ordered TbMnO3.

Time resolved optical spectroscopy is used to elucidate the dynamics of photodoped spin-aligned carriers in the presence of an underlying magnetic lattice in the multiferroic compound TbMnO(3). The transient responses while probing d-d intersite transitions show marked differences along different crystallographic directions, which are discussed in terms of the interplay between the processes of hopping of the photo-injected electrons and the magnetic order in the material.

Spin-orbital short-range order on a honeycomb-based lattice.

Frustrated magnetic materials, in which local conditions for energy minimization are incompatible because of the lattice structure, can remain disordered to the lowest temperatures. Such is the case for Ba(3)CuSb(2)O(9), which is magnetically anisotropic at the atomic scale but curiously isotropic on mesoscopic length and time scales. We find that the frustration of Wannier's Ising model on the triangular lattice is imprinted in a nanostructured honeycomb lattice of Cu(2+) ions that resists a coherent static Jahn-Teller distortion. The resulting two-dimensional random-bond spin-1/2 system on the honeycomb lattice has a broad spectrum of spin-dimer-like excitations and low-energy spin degrees of freedom that retain overall hexagonal symmetry.

Magnetodielectric coupling in frustrated spin systems: the spinels MCr2O4 (M = Mn, Co and Ni).

We have studied the magnetodieletric coupling of polycrystalline samples of the spinels MCr(2)O(4) (M = Mn, Co and Ni). Dielectric anomalies are clearly observed at the onset of the magnetic spiral structure (T(s)) and at the 'lock-in' transition (T(f)) in MnCr(2)O(4) and CoCr(2)O(4), and also at the onset of the canted structure (T(s)) in NiCr(2)O(4). The strength of the magnetodielectric coupling in this system can be explained by spin-orbit coupling. Moreover, the dielectric response in an applied magnetic field scales with the square of the magnetization for all three samples. Thus, the magnetodielectric coupling in this state appears to originate from the P(2)M(2) term in the free energy.

Magnetic field induced ferroelectric to relaxor crossover in Tb(1-x)Ca(x)MnO(3).

The influence of magnetic field on the electrical properties of Tb(1-x)Ca(x)MnO(3) has been investigated by means of dielectric, polarization and neutron diffraction measurements. A field of 6 T applied along the b-axis induces a crossover from ferroelectric to relaxor behavior for the x = 0.02 compound at temperatures close to the ferroelectric transition. The mechanism of this field induced crossover involves a decrease in the coherence length of the Mn-spin-spiral structure due to increasing electron hopping rates associated with double exchange. Moreover, a large negative magnetocapacitance is observed at the freezing temperature for x = 0.05, which originates from suppression of the relaxor state and thus represents a new mechanism of magnetocapacitance.

Scaling behavior of the magnetocapacitance of YbMnO(3).

We observe a seemingly complex magnetic field dependence of the dielectric constant of hexagonal YbMnO(3) near the spin ordering temperature. After rescaling, the data taken at different temperatures and magnetic fields collapse on a single curve describing the sharp anomaly in nonlinear magnetoelectric response at the magnetic transition. We show that this anomaly is a result of the competition between two magnetic phases. The scaling and the shape of the anomaly are explained using the phenomenological Landau description of the competing phases in hexagonal manganites.

Transition between orbital orderings in YVO3.

Evidence has been found for a change in the ordered occupation of the vanadium d orbitals at the 77 K phase transition in YVO3, manifested by a change in the type of Jahn-Teller distortion. The orbital ordering above 77 K is not destroyed at the magnetic ordering temperature of 116 K, but is present as far as a second structural phase transition at 200 K. The transition between orbital orderings is caused by an increase in octahedral tilting with decreasing temperature.

NMR evidence for a two-step phase separation in Nd1.85Ce0.15CuO4-delta.

By Cu NMR we studied the spin and charge structure in Nd(2-x)Ce(x)CuO(4-delta). For x=0.15, starting from a superconducting sample, the low temperature magnetic order in the sample reoxygenated under 1 bar oxygen at 900 degrees C reveals a peculiar modulation of the internal field, indicative of a phase characterized by large charge droplets ("blob" phase). By prolonged reoxygenation at 4 bars the blobs break up and the spin structure changes to that of an ordered antiferromagnet. We conclude that the superconductivity in the n-type systems competes with a genuine type I Mott-insulating state.

Crossing the gap from p- to n-type doping: nature of the states near the chemical potential in La(2)-(x)Sr(x)CuO(4) and Nd(2-x)Ce(x)CuO(4-delta).

We report on an x-ray absorption and resonant photoemission study on single crystals of the high-T(c) cuprates La2-xSrxCuO4 and Nd(2-x)Ce(x)CuO(4-delta). Using an intrinsic energy reference, we find that the chemical potential of La2-xSrxCuO4 lies near the top of the La2CuO4 valence band whereas in Nd(2-x)Ce(x)CuO(4-delta) it is situated near the bottom of the Nd2CuO4 conduction band. The data clearly establish that the introduction of Ce in Nd2CuO4 results in electrons being doped into the CuO2 planes. We infer that the states closest to the chemical potential have a Cu 3d(10) singlet origin in Nd(2-x)Ce(x)CuO(4-delta) and a 3d(9)L singlet origin in La2-xSrxCuO4.