Carnot Cycles in a Harmonically Confined Ultracold Gas across Bose-Einstein Condensation.

Carnot cycles of samples of harmonically confined ultracold 87Rb fluids, near and across Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC), are analyzed. This is achieved through the experimental determination of the corresponding equation of state in terms of the appropriate global thermodynamics for non-uniform confined fluids. We focus our attention on the efficiency of the Carnot engine when the cycle occurs for temperatures either above or below the critical temperature and when BEC is crossed during the cycle. The measurement of the cycle efficiency reveals a perfect agreement with the theoretical prediction (1-TL/TH), with TH and TL serving as the temperatures of the hot and cold heat exchange reservoirs. Other cycles are also considered for comparison.

Neutrophils transport antigen from the dermis to the bone marrow, initiating a source of memory CD8+ T cells.

The bone marrow (BM) has been identified as a possible organ for T cell priming, yet the fundamental mechanisms of a polyclonal immune response in the BM remain unknown. We found that after intradermal injection of modified vaccinia Ankara virus, unexpected sources of newly primed polyclonal virus-specific CD8(+), but not CD4(+), T cells were localized in the BM and the draining lymph nodes (dLNs) prior to blood circulation. We identified neutrophils as the virus-carrier cells from the dermis to the BM. In both neutrophil-depleted and Ccr1(-/-) mice, virus-specific BM CD8(+) responses were lost. Myeloid antigen-presenting cells were required for BM CD8(+) T cell priming. A systems biology analysis of dLN and BM virus-specific CD8(+) T cells revealed distinct transcriptional and multifunctional profiles for cells primed in each organ. We provide direct evidence for how antigen is transported to the BM, providing a source of virus-specific memory CD8(+) T cells.

Supersonic Rotation of a Superfluid: A Long-Lived Dynamical Ring.

We present the experimental realization of a long-lived superfluid flow of a quantum gas rotating in an anharmonic potential, sustained by its own angular momentum. The gas is set into motion by rotating an elliptical deformation of the trap. An evaporation selective in angular momentum yields an acceleration of rotation until the density vanishes at the trap center, resulting in a dynamical ring with ≃350ℏ angular momentum per particle. The density profile of the ring corresponds to the one of a quasi two-dimensional superfluid, with a linear velocity reaching Mach 18 and a rotation lasting more than a minute.

Oscillations and Decay of Superfluid Currents in a One-Dimensional Bose Gas on a Ring.

We study the time evolution of a supercurrent imprinted on a one-dimensional ring of interacting bosons in the presence of a defect created by a localized barrier. Depending on interaction strength and temperature, we identify various dynamical regimes where the current oscillates, is self-trapped, or decays with time. We show that the dynamics is captured by a dual Josephson model and involve phase slips of thermal or quantum nature.

Hepatitis E, the neglected one.

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is a worldwide disease. It is the first cause of acute viral hepatitis in the world with an estimated 20 million cases every year and 56 000 deaths. In developing countries, hepatitis E is a waterborne infection. In these countries, HEV genotypes 1 and 2 cause large outbreaks and affect young subjects with a significant mortality rate in pregnant women and patients with cirrhosis. In the developed countries, HEV genotypes 3 and 4 are responsible for autochthonous, sporadic hepatitis and transmission is zoonotic. HEV can cause neurological disorders and in immunocompromised patients, chronic infections. The progression of acute hepatitis E is most often mild and resolves spontaneously. Diagnostic tools include anti-HEV IgM antibodies in serum and/or viral RNA in the blood or stools by PCR. Ribavirin is used to treat chronic infection. A vaccine has been developed in China.

Long-term maintenance of skin immune system in a NOD-Scid IL2rγ(null) mouse model transplanted with human skin.

We developed a NOD-Scid IL2rγ(null) mouse model transplanted with human skin that brings fundamental insight on in vivo cellular mechanisms of intradermal immunization and antigen presentation by dermal dendritic and epidermal Langerhans cells for skin T-cell immunity. Indeed, T-cell immunity is a crucial checkpoint for the induction of in vivo rapid control of skin infection. With the long-term preservation of a complete human skin immune system, this model offers the unique opportunity not only to better understand mechanisms of skin immune response but also to test new compounds and devices for cutaneous routes of vaccination, as well as new therapeutics approach for skin diseases, allergies or infections.

Acute kidney injury in patients with cirrhosis: Prospective longitudinal study in 405 patients.

BACKGROUND: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common in patients with cirrhosis. In 2015, the International Club of Ascites (ICA) proposed new definitions of AKI in order to improve the prediction of outcomes. Our aim was to assess the prevalence and prognostic value of ICA 2015 - AKI criteria in hospitalised patients with cirrhosis. METHODS: We prospectively collected data from 405 consecutive cirrhotic patients admitted to the hospital between November 2016 and November 2017. AKI was diagnosed at inclusion according to ICA 2015 criteria, and was assessed to predict 30-day and 90-day in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: AKI was diagnosed in 78 (19.3%) patients. AKI was independently associated with 90-day death (HR 7.61; 95% CI 4.75-12.19; p < 0.001). In hospital, 30-day and 90-day survival was lower in the group of patients with AKI compared to the group with no AKI (72% vs. 98%, p < 0.001; 64% vs. 96%, p < 0.001; and 49% vs. 81%, p < 0.001, respectively). Patients with stage 1a AKI had a lower 30-day and 90-day survival compared to the group of patients who did not develop AKI (71% vs. 96%, p < 0.001, and 71% vs. 91%, p < 0.01, respectively) and better survival than patients with more severe AKI (71% vs. 40%, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: AKI was independently associated with mortality in patients with cirrhosis, even at the very early 1a stage. Response to treatment improved survival, and was inversely proportional to the stage of AKI, which suggests that treatment should be started at the earliest stage of AKI.

Example of a quantum anomaly in the physics of ultracold gases.

In this Letter, we propose an experimental scheme for the observation of a quantum anomaly--quantum-mechanical symmetry breaking--in a two-dimensional harmonically trapped Bose gas. The anomaly manifests itself in a shift of the monopole excitation frequency away from the value dictated by the Pitaevskii-Rosch dynamical symmetry [L. P. Pitaevskii and A. Rosch, Phys. Rev. A 55, R853 (1997)]. While the corresponding classical Gross-Pitaevskii equation and the hydrodynamic equations derived from it do exhibit this symmetry, it is--as we show in our paper--violated under quantization. The resulting frequency shift is of the order of 1% of the carrier, well in reach for modern experimental techniques. We propose using the dipole oscillations as a frequency gauge.

Immunoprotection by polyethylene glycol in organ preservation solutions is not due to an immunomasking effect.

BACKGROUND: New organ preservation solutions that contain soluble polyethylene glycol (sPEG) molecules have been associated with reduction of acute rejection episodes. METHODS: In the present manuscript we tested in vitro whether sPEG molecules were able to mask donor alloantigens and reduce graft immunogenicity. RESULTS: Immunomasking effect was only evidenced when PEG molecules were covalently bound to donor cell surface. CONCLUSION: We concluded that sPEG in preservation solution are unlikely to display 'immunocamouflage' property.

Systematic position of Ascopus Marshall, Oreosecus Marshall, Perarogula Hoffmann and Rhadinocopes Hustache (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae) with description of a new species of Ascopus from Guinea.

Type material of the described species of Ascopus Marshall, 1951, Oreosecus Marshall, 1950, Perarogula Hoffmann, 1963 and Rhadinocopes Hustache, 1931 was examined and their taxonomic status is discussed. Oreosecus Marshall, 1950 and Rhadinocopes Hustache, 1931 are proposed as junior synonyms of Tapinomorphus Hartmann, 1904, Perarogula Hoffmann, 1963 is proposed as a junior synonym of Ascopus Marshall, 1951. Rhadinocopes curvipes Hustache, 1931, R. echinatus Marshall, 1951 and Perarogula lamottei Hoffmann, 1963 are transferred as valid species to the genus Ascopus, Rhadinocopes alticola Hustache, 1939, R. orientalis Hustache, 1931 and Oreosecus porculus Marshall, 1950 are transferred as valid species to the genus Tapinomorphus. Lectotypes of Rhadinocopes orientalis Hustache, 1931 and Rhadinocopes alticola Hustache, 1939 are designated. Ascopus girardi sp. nov. from Guinea, Mt. Nimba, is described and compared with all other species of the genus. Male and female genitalia of Ascopus are described and illustrated for the first time. A key to Ascopus species is presented.

[Hepatic and extra-hepatic manifestations of hepatitis E virus infection]. / Manifestations hépatiques et extrahépatiques de l'hépatite E.

All patients with elevated transaminases in France should be tested for HEV infection. HEV can cause severe hepatitis, in particular in patients with chronic liver disease, pregnant women and the elderly. Extra-hepatic manifestations including a number of neurologic syndromes, thrombopenia and renal injury have been described. HEV can cause chronic infection in immunosuppressed patients, in particular in organ-transplant recipients, patients with hematological malignancies and individuals with HIV. In patients with hematological malignancies, viral clearance can occur at the time of remission, with a risk of acute cytolysis and acute liver failure.

Severe liver failure rather than cirrhosis is associated with mortality in patients with infectious endocarditis: a retrospective case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Data on infectious endocarditis (IE) in patients with liver cirrhosis (LC) are sparse. We aimed to describe the characteristics and predictors of mortality from IE in patients with LC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Overall, 101 patients with LC and 101 controls with IE matched for sex, age, date of IE, and diabetes were retrospectively selected in 23 liver units between 2000 and 2013. RESULTS: Mean age was 60.8±10.5 and 60.6±11.5 years in LC and controls, respectively. Causes of cirrhosis (Child-Pugh A/B/C: 10.4%/41.7%/47.9%, MELD score: 17±7.8) were excess alcohol intake (79.6%), viral hepatitis (17.3%), and metabolic syndrome (14.3%). Previous history of cardiopathy was found in 24.8% of LC (prosthetic valve 8.9%) and 37.6% of controls (P=0.07). The most frequent bacteria involved were gram-positive cocci. LC had significantly fewer aminoglycosides (P=0.0007), rifamycin (P=0.03), and valve surgery (P=0.02) than controls. The proportion of patients who died following cardiac surgery was similar between the two groups (9.7% for LC vs. 8.7% for controls, P=1). In-hospital mortality for Child-Pugh C patients was significantly higher than controls (61.4 vs. 23%, P<0.001), but not for Child-Pugh A (33.3%) or B patients (25.0%). A Child-Pugh score of above C10 was the best predictor of in-hospital mortality. In LC, Child-Pugh score (odds ratio=1.5; 95% confidence interval: 1.2-2.0; P=0.002) and history of decompensation (odds ratio=3.1; 95% confidence interval: 1.1-9.0; P=0.003) were independent predictive factors for in-hospital mortality. CONCLUSION: Severe liver failure but not cirrhosis is the strongest predictive factor of mortality related to IE in LC. Use of aminosides and rifamycin should be reassessed in LC, and cardiac surgery should be considered for selected patients.

Structure and functional analysis of the MYND domain.

The MYND domain (named after myeloid translocation protein 8, Nervy, and DEAF-1) is a conserved zinc binding domain. It is defined by seven conserved cysteine residues and a single histidine residue that are arranged in a C4-C2HC consensus. MYND domains exist in a large number of proteins that play important roles in development or are associated with cancers and have been shown to mediate protein-protein interactions, mainly in the context of transcriptional regulation. We have determined the three-dimensional structure of the MYND domain from human deformed epidermal autoregulatory factor-1 (DEAF-1). The structure reveals a novel zinc binding fold, in which the C4-C2HC motif forms two sequential zinc binding sites. The first and second zinc binding modules comprise a small beta hairpin and two short alpha helices, respectively. The sequential topology of the two zinc binding sites is distinct from the cross-brace PHD and RING finger folds but has some resemblance to LIM domains. The structure reveals that the MYND domain is a novel member of the treble-clef family of zinc binding domains. The MYND domains of BS69 and BOP bind ligands comprising a PXLXP peptide motif. On the basis of the solution structure of the DEAF-1 MYND domain we calculated a homology model of the MYND domain of the BS69 tumor suppressor. A mutational analysis of the BS69 MYND domain indicates that positively charged residues located on one face of its MYND domain are crucial for the molecular interactions of BS69. Different binding specificities of MYND domains may depend on distinct surface charge distributions.

Revision of the genus Afrosmicronyx Hustache (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Curculioninae).

The species of the Afrotropical genus Afrosmicronyx Hustache (Curculionidae, Curculioninae, Smicronychini), biocontrol agents of parasitic plants in crops (Striga, Orobanchaceae), are revised. Ten species are recognized, two of them described as new (A. mirei Haran, sp. n. and A. madagascariensis Haran, sp. n.). A key to the species with photographs of the habitus and male genitalia of type specimens is provided.

Management of patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis / Prise en charge et surveillance des cirrhoses décompensées

Management of patients with decompensated liver Cirrhosis. The main objectives in the management of decompensated cirrhosis are to go back to a compensated phase and prevent the occurrence of complications such as ascites, encephalopathy, variceal bleeding, infection or liver failure. The treatment of the cause of the disease is crucial and liver transplantation should be discussed in every patient after a first decompensation of cirrhosis. Obviously, the role of the general practitioner and the close links with the hepatologist and the multidisciplinary team of a liver transplant centre are crucial for a improving the prognosis of the disease.

Prise en charge et surveillance des Cirrhoses décompensées. La cirrhose décompensée, définie par un score de Child-Pugh supérieur à 6 (classe B ou C), compromet le pronostic du patient à court ou moyen terme. La prise en charge des patients atteints de cirrhose décompensée a pour objectif de revenir à un stade compensé et de prévenir la survenue de complications notamment d'encéphalopathie, d'hémorragie, de dénutrition, d'infection. Le traitement de la maladie causale a un rôle central, et la transplantation hépatique est le traitement qui doit toujours être évoqué dès la première décompensation. L'éducation thérapeutique est primordiale pour obtenir une observance optimale. Le rôle du médecin traitant et les liens étroits avec le spécialiste et le centre de transplantation sont cruciaux pour parvenir à améliorer durablement le pronostic de la maladie.

Topically applied virus-like particles containing HIV-1 Pr55gag protein reach skin antigen-presenting cells after mild skin barrier disruption.

Loading of antigen on particles as well as the choice of skin as target organ for vaccination were independently described as effective dose-sparing strategies for vaccination. Combining these two strategies, sufficient antigen recognition may be achievable via the transcutaneous route even with minimal-invasive tools. Here, we investigated the skin penetration and cellular uptake of topically administered virus-like particles (VLPs), composed of the HIV-1 precursor protein Pr55gag, as well as the migratory activity of skin antigen-presenting cells (APCs). We compared VLP administration on ex vivo human skin pre-treated with cyanoacrylate tape stripping (CSSS, minimal-invasive) to administration by skin pricking and intradermal injection (invasive). CSSS as well as pricking treatments resulted in penetration of VLPs in the viable skin layers. Electron microscopy confirmed that at least part of VLPs remained intact during the penetration process. Flow cytometry of epidermal, dermal, and HLA-DR+ APCs harvested from culture media of skin explants cultivated at air-liquid interface revealed that a number of cells had taken-up VLPs. Similar results were found between invasive and minimal-invasive VLP application methods. CSSS pre-treatment was associated with significantly increased levels of IL-1α levels in cell culture media as compared to untreated and pricked skin. Our findings provide first evidence for effective cellular uptake of VLPs after dermal application and indicate that even mild physical barrier disruption, as induced by CSSS, provides stimulatory signals that enable the activation of APCs and uptake of large antigenic material.

Clinical phenotype and outcome of hepatitis E virus-associated neuralgic amyotrophy.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the clinical phenotype and outcome in hepatitis E virus-associated neuralgic amyotrophy (HEV-NA). METHODS: Cases of NA were identified in 11 centers from 7 European countries, with retrospective analysis of demographics, clinical/laboratory findings, and treatment and outcome. Cases of HEV-NA were compared with NA cases without evidence of HEV infection. RESULTS: Fifty-seven cases of HEV-NA and 61 NA cases without HEV were studied. Fifty-six of 57 HEV-NA cases were anti-HEV IgM positive; 53/57 were IgG positive. In 38 cases, HEV RNA was recovered from the serum and in 1 from the CSF (all genotype 3). Fifty-one of 57 HEV-NA cases were anicteric; median alanine aminotransferase 259 IU/L (range 12-2,961 IU/L); in 6 cases, liver function tests were normal. HEV-NA cases were more likely to have bilateral involvement (80.0% vs 8.6%, p < 0.001), damage outside the brachial plexus (58.5% vs 10.5%, p < 0.01), including phrenic nerve and lumbosacral plexus injury (25.0% vs 3.5%, p = 0.01, and 26.4% vs 7.0%, p = 0.001), reduced reflexes (p = 0.03), sensory symptoms (p = 0.04) with more extensive damage to the brachial plexus. There was no difference in outcome between the 2 groups at 12 months. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with HEV-NA are usually anicteric and have a distinct clinical phenotype, with predominately bilateral asymmetrical involvement of, and more extensive damage to, the brachial plexus. Involvement outside the brachial plexus is more common in HEV-NA. The relationship between HEV and NA is likely to be causal, but is easily overlooked. Patients presenting with NA should be tested for HEV, irrespective of liver function test results. Prospective treatment/outcome studies of HEV-NA are warranted.

On the systematic position of some species of Chiloneus, Desbrochersella and Sciaphilus, with description of two new species and lectotype selection (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae).

Chiloneus globulus sp. nov. and C. tenietensis sp. nov. from Algeria are described, illustrated and compared with closely related species. The following new combinations are proposed: Chiloneus barbaricus (González, 1970) from Desbrochersella, Chiloneus innotatus (Pic, 1927) from Sciaphilus, Desbrochersella diversepubens (Pic, 1904) and Desbrochersella microps (Desbrochers des Loges, 1897) from Chiloneus, Myochlamys convexiceps (Desbrochers des Loges, 1896), Polydrusus (Leucodrusus) henoni (Allard, 1869) and Sericopholus murinus (Desbrochers des Loges, 1896) from Chiloneus. The following new synonymies are proposed: Chiloneus alboscutellaris (Pic, 1917) as a junior synonym of Chiloneus submaculatus (Pic, 1917), Chiloneus curtipennis (Pic, 1917) as a junior synonym of Desbrochersella diversepubens (Pic, 1904), Chiloneus dividuus (Pic, 1904) as a junior synonym of Chiloneus pennatus (Faust, 1885), Chiloneus inhumeralis (Pic, 1903) as a junior synonym of Chiloneus chobauti (Desbrochers des Loges, 1897), Chiloneus nasutus (Desbrochers des Loges, 1897) as a junior synonym of Chiloneus pertusicollis (Fairmaire, 1868), Chiloneus nitens (Pic, 1904) as a junior synonym of Chiloneus cinerascens (Rosenhauer, 1856), Chiloneus insulanus (González, 1970) as a junior synonym of Chiloneus innotatus (Pic, 1927), Chiloneus pilosulus Normand, 1953 as a junior synonym of Chiloneus vaulogeri (Pic, 1896), Chiloneus ruficornis (Allard, 1869) as a junior synonym of Chiloneus pertusicollis (Fairmaire, 1868), Chiloneus seminitidus (Hustache, 1941) as a junior synonym of Chiloneus cinerascens (Rosenhauer, 1856), Chiloneus subannulipes (Pic, 1917) as a junior synonym of Chiloneus minutissimus (Pic, 1904), Chiloneus subglobatus (Desbrochers des Loges, 1892) as a junior synonym of Chiloneus chevrolati Tournier, 1874, Chiloneus theresae (Pic, 1945) as a junior synonym of Chiloneus brevithorax Desbrochers des Loges, 1874, Chiloneus tuniseus (Desbrochers des Loges, 1897) as a junior synonym of Chiloneus brevipilis Desbrochers des Loges, 1893, Desbrochersella nitidipennis Pic, 1927 as a junior synonym of Chiloneus minutissimus (Pic, 1904), Pleurodirus alluaudi (Pic, 1903) as a junior synonym of Chiloneus vaulogeri (Pic, 1896), Sericopholus triangulifer (Desbrochers des Loges, 1903) as a junior synonym of Sericopholus murinus (Desbrochers des Loges, 1896). Lectotypes of the following species are designated (current names added in brackets when different): Alophinus triangulifer Desbrochers des Loges, 1903 (currently Sericopholus murinus (Desbrochers des Loges, 1896)), Alophinus triangulifer v. subuniformis Pic, 1904 (currently Sericopholus murinus (Desbrochers des Loges, 1896)), Chiloneus algericus Desbrochers des Loges, 1871 (currently Chiloneus infuscatus (Chevrolat, 1861)), Chiloneus brevi-pilis Desbrochers des Loges, 1893, Chiloneus carinidorsum Desbrochers des Loges, 1871, Chiloneus chevrolati Tournier, 1874, Chiloneus murinus Desbrochers des Loges, 1896 (currently Sericopholus murinus (Desbrochers des Loges, 1896)), Chiloneus ottomanus Desbrochers des Loges, 1892, Chiloneus veneriatus Normand, 1937, Eusomus sphaeropterus Allard, 1869 (currently Chiloneus pertusicollis (Fairmaire, 1868)), Foucartia ruficornis Allard, 1869 (currently Chiloneus pertusicollis (Fairmaire, 1868)), Holcorhinus parvus Stierlin, 1899 (currently Chiloneus chevrolati Tournier, 1874), Platytarsus vaulogeri Desbrochers des Loges, 1897 (currently Chiloneus barbaricus (González, 1970)), Sciaphilus alboscutellaris Pic, 1917 (currently Chiloneus submaculatus (Pic, 1917)), Sciaphilus alluaudi Pic, 1903 (currently Chiloneus vaulogeri (Pic, 1896)), Sciaphilus chobauti Desbrochers des Loges, 1897 (currently Chiloneus chobauti (Desbrochers des Loges, 1897)), Sciaphilus convexiceps Desbrochers des Loges, 1896 (currently Myochlamys convexiceps (Desbrochers des Loges, 1896)), Sciaphilus curtipennis Pic, 1917 (currently Desbrochersella diversepubens (Pic, 1904)), Sciaphilus diversepubens Pic, 1904 (currently Desbrochersella diversepubens (Pic, 1904)), Sciaphilus dividuus Pic, 1904 (currently Chiloneus pennatus (Faust, 1885)), Sciaphilus inhumeralis Pic, 1903 (currently Chiloneus chobauti (Desbrochers des Loges, 1897)), Sciaphilus innotatus Pic, 1927 (currently Chiloneus innotatus (Pic, 1927)), Sciaphilus microps Desbrochers des Loges, 1897 (currently Desbrochersella microps (Desbrochers des Loges, 1897)), Sciaphilus minutissimus Pic, 1904 (currently Chiloneus minutissimus (Pic, 1904)), Sciaphilus nasutus Desbrochers des Loges, 1897 (currently Chiloneus pertusicollis (Fairmaire, 1868)), Sciaphilus nitens Pic, 1904 (currently Chiloneus cinerascens (Rosenhauer, 1856)), Sciaphilus pertusicollis Fairmaire, 1868 (currently Chiloneus pertusicollis (Fairmaire, 1868)), Sciaphilus pruinosus Desbrochers des Loges, 1896 (currently Chiloneus pennatus (Faust, 1885)), Sciaphilus subannulipes Pic, 1917 (currently Chiloneus minutissimus (Pic, 1904)), Sciaphilus submaculatus Pic, 1917 (currently Chiloneus submaculatus (Pic, 1917)), Sciaphilus vaulogeri Pic, 1896 (currently Chiloneus vaulogeri (Pic, 1896)).

THE TYPES OF PALAEARCTIC HIPPORHININI (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Cyclominae) CONSERVED AT THE MUSÉUM NATIONAL D'HISTOIRE NATURELLE, PARIS.

The Palaearctic species of Curculionidae: Cyclominae: Hipporhinini conserved at the Muséum national d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris were critically revised in order to recognise the type specimens, select lectotypes or, where necessary, designate neotypes. Out of 135 species whose types were presumably preserved in the MNHN, original type specimens of 116 could be found. The holotypes of 21 species were available, either because originally designated as such, or because the species was unequivocally based on a single specimen; a paratype of another taxon, whose holotype is preserved in another collection, was also examined. The lectotypes of 93 species were designated, and a syntype of another species was also seen. Neotypes of 10 more species were designated, thus leading to a total number of species whose type is conserved at the MNHN to 126. Type specimens of five more species described by French authors, not present in the MNHN but conserved in other museums, were found as well and were included in the paper, with the further designation of three lectotypes. All types treated herein were labelled and photographed.

Tailored immunity by skin antigen-presenting cells.

Skin vaccination aims at targeting epidermal and dermal antigen-presenting cells (APCs), indeed many subsets of different origin endowed with various functions populate the skin. The idea that the skin could represent a particularly potent site to induce adaptive and protective immune response emerged after the success of vaccinia virus vaccination by skin scarification. Recent advances have shown that multiple subsets of APCs coexist in the skin and participate in immunity to infectious diseases. Induction of an adaptive immune response depends on the initial recognition and capture of antigens by skin APCs and their transport to lymphoid organs. Innovative strategies of vaccination have thus been developed to target skin APCs for tailored immunity, hence this review will discuss recent insights into skin APC subsets characterization and how they can shape adaptive immune responses.