Phagocytosis of latex beads by a human monocytic Mono Mac 6 cell line and effects of low-frequency electromagnetic field interaction.

Some studies have shown that electromagnetic fields (EMFs) may impact immune response cells and their functions. The first stage of the defense from pathogens is innate immunity encompassing phagocytosis and phagocytosis-related intracellular effects. Our work aimed to determine the influence of a low-frequency electromagnetic field (7 Hz, 30 mTrms) on the phagocytosis process of latex beads (LBs), the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and viability changes in a human monocytic Mono Mac 6 (MM6) cell line as an experimental model of the phagocytosing cells in in vitro cell culture conditions. For these purposes, cells were firstly activated with infectious agents such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), or the proliferatory agent phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), and then a phagocytosis test was performed. Cell viability and range of phagocytosis of latex beads by MM6 cells were measured by flow cytometry, and the level of ROS was evaluated with the use of a cytochrome C reduction test. The obtained results revealed that applied EMF exposure mainly increased the necrosis parameter of cell death when they were pre-stimulated with SEB as an infectious factor and subsequently phagocytosed LBs (P=0.001). Prestimulation with other agents like LPS or PHA preceding phagocytosis resulted in no statistically significant changes in cell death parameters. The level of ROS depended on the used stimulatory agent, phagocytosis, and/or EMF exposure. The obtained effects for EMF exposure indicated only a slight decrease in the ROS level for cells phagocytosing latex beads and being treated with SEB or PHA, while the opposite effect was observed for LPS pre-stimulated cells (data not statistically significant). The results concerning the viability of phagocytosing cells, the effectiveness of the phagocytosis process, and the level of radical forms might result from applied EMF parameters like signal waveform, frequency, flux density, and especially single EMF exposure.

Low-frequency electromagnetic field influences human oral mucosa keratinocyte viability in response to lipopolysaccharide or minocycline treatment in cell culture conditions.

The aim of the current study was to investigate the influence of low-frequency electromagnetic field (LF-EMF) exposure on viability parameters of oral mucosa keratinocytes cultured in in vitro conditions. The effect of LF-EMF stimulation on cell viability was also specified in the simultaneous presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) infectious agent or minocycline (Mino) anti-inflammatory agent. Viability parameters such as early-, late apoptosis and necrosis of keratinocytes were analysed by the flow cytometry method (FCM). The exposure of human oral keratinocyte cell cultures to LF-EMF acting alone or combined with LPS/minocycline agents caused changes in the percentage of cells that undergo programmed or incidental cell death. The overall obtained results are compiled in a graphical form presented in Fig. 1.

The sarcopenia and physical frailty in older people: multi-component treatment strategies (SPRINTT) project: description and feasibility of a nutrition intervention in community-dwelling older Europeans.

BACKGROUND: The "Sarcopenia and Physical Frailty in Older People: Multicomponent Treatment Strategies" (SPRINTT) project sponsored a multi-center randomized controlled trial (RCT) with the objective to determine the effect of physical activity and nutrition intervention for prevention of mobility disability in community-dwelling frail older Europeans. We describe here the design and feasibility of the SPRINTT nutrition intervention, including techniques used by nutrition interventionists to identify those at risk of malnutrition and to carry out the nutrition intervention. METHODS: SPRINTT RCT recruited older adults (≥ 70 years) from 11 European countries. Eligible participants (n = 1517) had functional limitations measured with Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB score 3-9) and low muscle mass as determined by DXA scans, but were able to walk 400 m without assistance within 15 min. Participants were followed up for up to 3 years. The nutrition intervention was carried out mainly by individual nutrition counseling. Nutrition goals included achieving a daily protein intake of 1.0-1.2 g/kg body weight, energy intake of 25-30 kcal/kg of body weight/day, and serum vitamin D concentration ≥ 75 mmol/L. Survey on the method strategies and feasibility of the nutrition intervention was sent to all nutrition interventionists of the 16 SPRINTT study sites. RESULTS: Nutrition interventionists from all study sites responded to the survey. All responders found that the SPRINTT nutrition intervention was feasible for the target population, and it was well received by the majority. The identification of participants at nutritional risk was accomplished by combining information from interviews, questionnaires, clinical and laboratory data. Although the nutrition intervention was mainly carried out using individual nutritional counselling, other assisting methods were used as appropriate. CONCLUSION: The SPRINTT nutrition intervention was feasible and able to adapt flexibly to varying needs of this heterogeneous population. The procedures adopted to identify older adults at risk of malnutrition and to design the appropriate intervention may serve as a model to deliver nutrition intervention for community-dwelling older people with mobility limitations.

Comprehensive geriatric assessment in primary care practices: a multi-centered, cross-sectional study in Krakow, Poland.

BACKGROUND: Comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA), as a complex diagnostic process, allows medical specialists to recognize the capabilities and limitations of the patient in older age. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and severity of deficits typical of seniors and find relationships between CGA results and selected factors. METHODS: A cross-sectional questionnaire study was performed in Krakow among patients aged 65 years and over visiting their general practitioners (GPs). CGA was conducted using eight scales: the Activities of Daily Living (ADL), Mini-Mental State Examination, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL), Geriatric Depression Scale, Timed Up and Go Test, Mini Nutritional Assessment Short Form, Clinical Frailty Scale, and Athens Insomnia Scale. RESULTS: Four hundred and thirty-eight patients, aged between 65 and 96 years, were examined. Most of them received high scores in the assessed aspects. The most common abnormalities were sleep disorders (42 %), symptoms of frailty (33 %), and depressive tendency (32 %). Age correlated with every aspect assessed in CGA and worsened as patients grew older (in all cases p <0.05). Male gender reduced the chance of depressive disorders [odds ratio (OR) =0.6 (0.39-0.92); p =0.02]. The strongest association was found between ADL and IADL scales [OR =153.56 (34.86-676.48); p <0.001]. CONCLUSIONS: Even though patients who attended general practices were functioning well in everyday life, after analysis, they manifested deficits in some areas of CGA. The most widespread problems in the geriatric population were depressive symptoms, frailty, and insomnia, and that is why GPs should ask about sleep and mood disorders during visits and assess the occurrence of frailty. HIPPOKRATIA 2020, 24(4): 173-181.

Translation and Validation of the Spanish Version of the SARC-F Questionnaire to Assess Sarcopenia in Older People.

OBJECTIVES: The revised European consensus on sarcopenia definition and diagnosis (EWGSOP2) includes the SARC-F questionnaire, the most valid and consistent sarcopenia screening tool, as the mandatory first step. Our aim was the translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and validation of the SARC-F questionnaire as a culturally-responsive Spanish-language version for the European population. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional descriptive study, applying the two-step WHO methodology for translation and cross-cultural adaptation of health questionnaires, and harmonization with the Mexican-Spanish version. European Union Geriatric Medicine Society recommendations for SARC-F validation in European languages were considered. PARTICIPANTS: Outpatient clinics of a university hospital. INCLUSION CRITERIA: stable, ambulatory (including aids), community-dwelling population ≥65 years old. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The self-reported 5-item SARC-F questionnaire was administered; scores ≥4 indicated sarcopenia. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy-likelihood ratios, predictive values, and kappa statistics were calculated and consecutively compared with European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) and EWGSOP2 criteria. RESULTS: This Spanish version, administered in an average 70s, has adequate internal consistency (Cronbach alpha=0.779). For the validation study, 90 (43.3%) of 208 potentially eligible subjects (81.4 ± 5.9 years old, 75.6% women) were included. SARC-F identified 51 (56.7%) subjects with sarcopenia and 39 (43.3%) without the disease. Prevalence was 17.8% per EWGSOP and 25.6% per EWGSOP2 (58% accuracy and fair agreement: sensitivity, 78.3%; specificity, 50.8%). CONCLUSIONS: SARC-F is a feasible tool, suitable for bedside assessment in community-dwelling older patients. Wide diffusion of this culturally-responsible SARC-F Spanish version is expected as EWGSOP2 is adopted and sarcopenia assessment is broadly implemented in Spain.

Changes in U937 cell viability induced by stress factors - possible role of calmodulin.

Current studies were aimed to elucidate influence of magnetic field (MF) stimulation on cell viability and its effect on expression of calmodulin (CaM) and Hsp70 protein which plays a role of cell stress indicator and is a Ca2+-dependent CaM-binding protein. For the experimental model we have chosen U937 cell line exposed to chemical- and/or physical stress factors. Puromycin (PMC) was used as a chemical apoptosis inducer. Alternating (AC) (6.5rms mT, 35 Hz) magnetic field combined with 6 mT static (DC) component, or pulsed electromagnetic field (45 ± 5)mT, 50 Hz (PEMF) acted as physical stressors. Cell viability was assessed by flow cytometry, and the Western blot analysis was carried out for CaM and Hsp70 levels in cytosolic extracts of U937 cells. Cell viability in samples exposed to MF alone did not differ from sham sample, for both types of MF exposure systems. Simultaneous action of MF and PMC influenced cell viability in type of MF stimulation-dependent manner. In contrast to PEMF + PMC stimulated samples, combination of ACDCMF with PMC enhanced cell death compared to PMC control. The observed changes in cell viability were correlated with changes in level of CaM and Hsp70 proteins. Immunoblots have shown, that cytosolic content of both CaM and Hsp70 proteins was enhanced in PMC-treated sample, and further elevated for ACDCMF + PMC. For PEMF + PMC stimulated samples, level of CaM was reduced compared to PMC-treated sample. The results suggest that the changes in expression of CaM and CaM-dependent proteins might modulate effectiveness of cell death under stimulation with MF and/or cytotoxic agents.

The hemodynamic patterns in hypertensive men and women of different age.

Aging is associated with cardiovascular remodeling, which can be accelerated in arterial hypertension (AH). The aim of this study was to evaluate the relation between hemodynamic profile and age, as well as to identify the role of sex in hemodynamic patterns of aging in AH. The study comprised 326 patients with AH (mean age: 44.3 years). Two-dimensional echocardiography was performed to evaluate, that is, left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) and ejection fraction (LVEF), and ICG to evaluate, that is, acceleration time index (ACI), velocity index (VI), total arterial compliance (TAC), systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI) and thoracic fluid content (TFC). The statistical analysis included interquartile comparison in subgroups of age <19-37 years (Q1), 38-44 years (Q2), 45-51 years (Q3) and 52-68 years (Q4). Aging was associated with: (1) higher prevalence of LVDD (Q1 vs Q4: 11.0% vs 24.7%, P=0.023); (2) altered LV systolic performance-ACI (81.4 vs 64.0 1/100 Ω s(-2), P=0.0001), VI (50.5 vs 42.8 1/1000 Ω s(-1), P=0.006), LVEF (65.4% vs 67.0%, NS); and (3) increased afterload-TAC (2.25 vs 1.87 ml mm Hg(-1), P=0.0001), SVRI (2182 vs 2407 dyn s m(2) cm(-)(5); P=0.045). The 'U-shaped' relation to age was observed for TFC. The above-mentioned hemodynamic trends were more pronounced in men, whereas females presented the 'middle-aged delay'. The influence of aging on cardiovascular system shows in progressive arterial stiffness and impaired left ventricular function. Thoracic fluid reduction may be compensatory to vasoconstriction but its efficiency declines with age. The patterns of cardiovascular aging are different in men and women.

Sex determines cardiovascular hemodynamics in hypertension.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of sex on cardiovascular hemodynamics and heart remodeling in 144 patients with arterial hypertension that underwent: (1) echocardiography (that is, indices of left ventricular diastolic function: e', E/e'), (2) impedance cardiography (that is, systemic vascular resistance (SVR), total artery compliance (TAC) and Heather index (HI)) and (3) applanation tonometry (augmentation index (AI), central systolic and diastolic blood pressure (CSBP, CDBP), central pulse pressure (CPP)). Women, in comparison with men, revealed to have: (1) stiffer arteries--lower TAC (1.93±0.55 vs 2.16±0.59 ml per mm Hg; P=0.025), higher CSBP (128.7±14.9 vs 123.4±13.2 mm Hg; P=0.036), CPP (39.9±9.5 vs 33.8±9.0 mm Hg; P=0.0002), AI (31.5±8.7 vs 17.5±12.7%; P<0.00001), SVR (1257.6±305.6 vs 1091.2±240.7 dyn × s × cm(-)(5); P=0.002) and (2) higher left ventricular performance--HI (16.3±4.3 vs 11.7±3.2 Ohm × s(2); P<0.00001). In women CSBP, CPP and AI were more clearly associated with left ventricular filling pressure (e') (r=-0.39, r=-0.45, r=-0.44, P<0.01; respectively). These relations were remarkably weaker in men. Hypertensive women characterized with lower large artery compliance, more pronounced augmentation of central blood pressure and more distinctive association of central blood pressure with left ventricular diastolic function. Sex differences in cardiovascular function can impact the individualized management of arterial hypertension.